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| how does consciousness fit into psch? |
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Definition
| 2 components of consciousness: contents and level. they differentiate between doing things consciously and unconsciously. monists and dualists, structuralists (wundt), fucntionalists (james), subconscious (freud) |
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| moment to moment awareness of external and internal worlds; the subjective experience of the world and mental activity; reflectiong on one's current thoughts or surroundings |
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| percepts of the worlds. hard to study because consciousness is subjective and cant see internal info |
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| person who has sleep/wake ccles but don't respond to their surroundings |
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| what part of the brain is cut for split-brain patients |
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| right hemisphere controlls left arm and left hemisphere interprets what is seen in the right visual field. left arm grabs for something unseen. Person doesn't know why they grabbed what they grabbed, so their brain fills in the gaps and makes up a connection to what is seen on the right side and what they grabbed that relates to the left. |
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| why is the left side the interpreter? |
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Definition
| the left side interprets the right, since the right isn't able to articulate what it has seen |
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| split brain patients shows what 3 things about the brain and consciousness |
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Definition
| division of labor (localization of functioning) in brain, nonconscious processing (not subconscious), and the mind fills gaps |
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Definition
| menal events that occur outside of consciousness (not the same as freuds subconscious). Has two parts- automatic (outside of awareness, like driving a car which becomes natural and you don't notice you're doing it) and controlled (controlling active movements). The more often you do nonconscious processing and those things are fired, the more space is made to do new things |
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| Bargh, Chen, and Burrows (1996) with nonconscious effects on behaviors that most describe as purposeful/intentional |
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Definition
| unscramble sentences study- mujch of our behavior occurs without our awareness or attention, such as rude sentences lead to rude behavior; or old-based sentences slow the speed of walking of participants. |
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| what else does nonconscious processing impact? |
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Definition
| mood, motivation, competiveness, speed of walking, aggressiveness, perception of others |
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| when can consciously thinking undermine good decision-making? |
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Definition
| verbal overshadowing- how talking it out changes perception!! |
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| eye movement, muscle tension, electrical activit in brain (measured by EEG), cameras to watch bod movements |
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| not a sleep stage, alpha waves, brain slows down, bod relaxes |
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| easily awakened, body jerks, daydreaming, THETA WAVES, fantastical images of geometric shapes, sensations that you are falling or your limbs are jerking |
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| sleep spindles- burts of BETA WAVES |
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| Rapid Eye Movement- intense brain activity (dreaming, sleep paralysis, REM periods get longer as night progresses |
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Definition
| 1,2,3,4,3,2, REM. 1-2 is about 90 minutes |
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Definition
Evolutionary/Circadian Rhythms- sleep while predators are around (go to bed and wake up at same time).
Restoration Model- sleep helps restore brain and body tissue (exercise and keep bed for sleeping/sex every day)
Mental Consolidation- neuronal connections that serve as the basis for new learning is strenghtened during sleep |
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Definition
| optic nerve detects light, suprachasmatic nucleus tells pineal gland to release melatonin (and visa versa) |
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Freud- dreams are manifest content to the person but latent content is the real meaning
Hobson- Activation-Synthesis theory- pons/amygdala release patterns and the mind interprets these patterns |
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Definition
| social interaction during which a person experiences a change in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action |
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| people who are highly suggestible and have rich imaginations, also those who believe in hypnosis |
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| sociocognitive theory of hypnosis |
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Definition
| people behave as they would expect to behave in hypnosis- it's not real |
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| does hypnosis help with pain? |
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Definition
| yes- helps with dealing with pain as well as recovery from surgery |
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Definition
| meditation where you concentrate on breathing, and image, or a phrase |
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Definition
| meditation where you let your thoughts flow freely |
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| what does evidence show about hte relationship between meditation and cognitive processes like attention? |
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Definition
| metitation helps with attention, stress reductions, and ignoring distractions |
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Term
| what is the ingredient in marijuana? |
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Definition
| THC, or tetrahydrocannabinol, which results in an uplifted mood, relaxed or happy state |
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| how does marijuana affect consciousness |
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Definition
| perceptions more vivid, affects taste, relaxed mental state, uplifted mood |
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| cocaine and crack cocaine |
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Definition
| affect dopamine= inhipits reuptake, feel good, excited, alert, awake, social. Leads to paranoia, psychotic behavior, and violence |
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Definition
| dopamine- inhibit reuptake AND increases production |
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| less dopamine and more serotonin, leads to memory loss, difficulty doing complex tasks, and depression when drug wears off |
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Definition
| heroine, codine, morphine. works on opiate receptors and dopamine receptors |
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| alcohol abuse- problems and 4 factors |
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Definition
car accidents, violence, unwatned sexual experiences, STDs
1-power 2-sex 3- risk 4- responsibilities |
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| things we see and measure, sensory organs reespont to an external stimuli and send it to the brain (aka transduction) |
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Definition
| processing, organization, and interpretation of the sensory signals- results in an internal representation of stimulus |
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| detecting a stimulus requires making a judgment about it's presence or absense |
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| presented and not detected |
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| presented and not detected |
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| not presented and detected |
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| not presented and not detected |
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| detecting tendency in ambiguous trial |
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| decrease in sensitivity due to constant stimulation |
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| vision, hearing, smelling(olfaction), tasting(gestation), touching, and propriception (internal body analysis) |
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| sensory receptors convert stimulus into neural impluse |
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Definition
cornea (adjusts to light)-lens-refracts image upside down on retina-optic nerve- occiptial lobe
rods- darkness and motion on sides
cones- fine detail and color close to center
short waves- blue
medium- green
long-red
TRICHROMATIC THEORY |
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Definition
ear canal-eardrum-osacles vibrate-cochlea fluid vibrates-receptor cells- brain
loudness (more hairs bend), pitch (fluid waves peak earlier) |
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Definition
| nasal passage-olfactory epithelium-nasal cavity fluids-receptor cells-olfactory nerve-frontal cortex and amygdala |
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receptor cells-medulla-thalamus-cotrex
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami |
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Definition
receptor cells-thalamus-somatosensory cortex
pressure, temperature, pain (myelinated=fast, nonmyelinated=slow) |
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Definition
| spall point at the optic nerve where there are no rods and cones |
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Definition
short wavelength- blue
medium wavelength- green
long wavelength- red |
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Definition
| not true- says opposing colors (red and green) can fire at the same time |
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| cones are specialized- small, medium, and large, and ganglion cells are speicalized |
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I brain psychology
i heart psychology |
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Definition
| perception occurs in the brain, not the heart |
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| Gestalt principle of proximity |
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Definition
| the closer two figures are, the more likely we group them together |
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| Gestalt principle of simliarity |
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Definition
| the more simliar two figures are, the more likely we will group them together |
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| Gestalt principle of continuation |
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Definition
| we perceive lines as being continuous even if they are interrupted |
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| Gestalt principle of closure |
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Definition
| we complete figures that have gaps |
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| perceptula sstem is acting as a judge..? |
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Definition
our perceptual system uses cues to make conclusions
top-down processing= context affects perception |
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Definition
| parallel lines appear to converge |
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| a near object occludes (blocks) an object that is far away |
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| we know how large familiar objects are, so we can tell how far away they are by the size of their retinal images |
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| far off objects project smaller retinal images than close objects do |
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| closer shows uniformity, further away makes it more densely packed |
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| position relative to horizon |
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Definition
| closer to horizon is further away |
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| brain uses binocular cues |
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Definition
| brain uses two images produced by each eyes to compute distances |
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Term
| carpentered versus uncarpentered worlds |
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Definition
uncarpentered worlds shows little experience with 2D, and will see lines below as equal
<--->
>---< THIS IS MUELLER-LYER ILLUSION |
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| windows and floor tiles are crooked on a ramp to make kids shrink and grow at the same time |
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two horizontal lines appear to be different sizes but are the same
/\
------
/ \
/ \
------
/ \ |
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| horizontal/vertical illusion |
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Definition
horizontal lines appear shorter than vertical lines
l
l
l
------- |
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| V.S. Ramachandran with phantom limb pain |
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| psychological testing goal |
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| methods for measuring psychological constructs |
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| test about accomplishments |
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| no interpretation, no coding to grade by, straight forward multiple choice or number scale testing |
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| Rorshek Tests (ink blot) and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)- subjective process, involves interpretation for answer |
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Definition
| sees if the psychology test meaures what it's supposed to be measuring (as in what topic is the test over) |
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Definition
| does it capture ALL the content- as in equal questions of chapter 1-3 not just 1 |
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Term
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| does it seem like it masures construct? as in does it ask questions about the right topic? |
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| does one test represent the grade on another similar test? (SAT and IQ) if there's good evidence on both, it's doing it's job with good construct validity |
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| diverges from construgt that doesn't relate, so results don't match up with a test that doesn't relate |
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| what are test makers concerned about when they are concerned with reliability of tests |
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Definition
| consistency/reliability, stability of time/situation, items (questions), raters/graders |
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Definition
same test given twice should have the same score
scored: compares test 1 and 2 |
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same test in a group should have consistent answers
scored: individual items on the test |
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two observers seeing the same behavior should score consistently
scored: scores between graders/raters |
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| validity and reliability relationship |
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Definition
valid=reliable
reliable not equal valid |
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| what are test makers concerned about when they run an item analysis |
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Definition
| how well individual questions contribute to validity of the test |
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| how hard it is to get item right, measure b proportion that answer points to construct |
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| how well categorizes people on the construct |
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| stimuli evokes natural, reflexive response (like scary movie makes heart beat faster) |
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| thing we don't have a response to, what's stimulating you (dog food) |
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Definition
| the response to unconditioned stimulus (salivate) |
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Definition
| way you're being stimulated (bell) |
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| Response to conditioned stimulus (salivate) |
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Definition
| conditioned response 'dies' without stimulus-conditioned stimulus response |
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Definition
| recovery of contitioned response |
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Definition
| stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus evokes conditioned response (a different bell) |
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Definition
| similar stimuli can be distinguished from another (only certain tone of bell works on a dog) |
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Term
| second-order conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioned stimulus created because of a conditioned stimulus (hearing dentist office (conditioned stimulus) makes you think of a dentist drill (conditioned stimulus)) |
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Definition
| exaggerated response by learning |
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Definition
| pair phobia with no response or something pleasant |
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| baby who proved phobias can be explained by classical conditioning (white rat and banging sound) |
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Definition
| easier to condition a fear of a naturally fear-inducing object |
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Definition
| food with sickness association |
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| classical conditioning is relatively passive |
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Definition
| girl with beer- you think of her while you drink the beer, but you don't rush to buy the beer after seeing her ad |
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Term
| positive reinforcement- +++ |
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Definition
| something is added and it's positive, behavior increases |
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| negative reinforcement- --+ |
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Definition
| something is taken away and it's negative, behavior increases |
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Definition
| something is added and it's negative, behavior decreases |
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Definition
| something is taken away and it's positive, behavior decreases |
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| classical conditioning vs operant conditioning |
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Definition
classical- pairing unnatural response
operant- cause and effect |
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Definition
| number of times between rewards is fixed |
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Definition
| number of times between reward is an average |
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Definition
| amount of time between reward is fixed |
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Definition
| amount of time between rewards is average |
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| rapid learning/rapid extinction |
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| slower learning/slower extinction |
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| two stage learning theory |
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Definition
classical conditioning of motivating response (situation paired with trauma leads to fear)
operant conditioning of avoidance response(response which escapes learned fear is reinforced by fear reduction) |
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| biological constraints to operant conditioning |
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Definition
| animals won't do something because it is innate to them (some learning can't be explained) |
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| we observe to learn behaviors |
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| only attend to info that is relevant to current task at hand |
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Definition
| failing to detect large changes in a scene |
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| why do we have blindness? |
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Definition
| mental representation of world is sparse, and preceptual system fills in blanks on an as-needed basis |
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Definition
| like typing info, a way of putting info into brain |
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Definition
| STM or LTM in a certain part of the brain |
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Definition
| going back and getting info |
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Definition
| way of organizing memories |
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| unaltered, outside awareness, ustain sensation long enough to identify if important |
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| sperlings study about sensory memory |
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Definition
| echoic: 3 seconds, iconic: 5 seconds |
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| working memory/short term memory |
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Definition
| conscious work, thinking, chunks info |
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Definition
| brekaing info into digestible chunks (7 +/- 2 intems) |
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| mental representations of sounds (like our inner voice) when ou repeat numbers in your head |
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| integrates/manipulates information from the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad, integrates information about self (puts sound and visual together) |
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| directs overall action, controls the focus of attention, and integrates information in the episodic buffer |
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Definition
primacy effect- better recall for words at the beginning of list (LTM)
recenty effect- better recall for words at the end fo the list (STM) |
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| H.M. and how he distinguishes between short and long term memory |
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Definition
| henry gustav molaison, had medial temporal lobes and hippocampi removed- no new memories or STM |
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| studying notes every night |
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Definition
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| mastering a topic, becoming automaticity |
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| penny demo- what does it suggest about attention and memory |
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Definition
| memory is general, not specific with details |
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conscious, deliberate- can describe in words
episodic and semantic memory |
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Definition
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| specific memories (episodes) in life |
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| nonconscoius, automatic (conditioning effects) |
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| what memory was damaged in HM with respect to explicit vs. implicit |
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Definition
| implicit- procedural (new movements) and primary (new responses) |
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| examples of implicit memories |
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Definition
| conditioning (new response), procedural memory (new motor), priming (new response) |
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Definition
| remembering to remember (or perform intended action) |
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Definition
the deeper the encoding the more likely to remember- associating with emotion- Amygdala, procedural memory, hippocampi
setting association
mental state
any stimulus can be retreval cue! |
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