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Consciousness, Learning and Memory
Modules 10-17
105
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/23/2009

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
An awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings that one is attending to at a given moment.
Term
Attention
Definition
A state of awareness consisting of the sensations, thoughts, and feelings that one is focused on at a given moment.
Term
Cocktail Party Phenomenon
Definition
The ability to attend selectively to one person's speech in the midst of competing conversations.
Term
Selective Attention
Definition
The ability to focus awareness on a single stimulus to the exclusion of other stimuli, as in the cocktail party phenomenon.
Term
Divided Attention
Definition
The ability to distribute one's attention and simultaneously engage in two or more activities.
Term
Stroop Test
Definition
A color-naming task that demonstrates the automatic nature of highly practiced activities such as reading.
Term
Subliminal Message
Definition
A stimulus that is presented below the threshold for awareness.
Term
Priming
Definition
The tendency for a recently presented word or concept to facilitate, or prime, responses in a subsequent situation.
Term
Prosopagnosia
Definition
A condition stemming from damage to the temporal lobes that disrupts the ability to recognize familiar faces.
Term
Blindsight
Definition
A condition caused by damage to the visual cortex in which a person encodes visual information without awareness.
Term
Biological Rhythm
Definition
Any periodic, more or less regular fluctuation in a biological organism.
Term
Circadian Rhythm
Definition
A biological cycle, such as sleeping and waking, that occurs approximately every twenty-four hours.
Term
Microsleep
Definition
A brief episode of sleep that occurs in the midst of a wakeful activity.
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
The rapid-eye-movement stage of sleep associated with dreaming.
Term
NREM Sleep
Definition
The stages of sleep not accompanied by rapid eye moments.
Term
Lucid Dreaming
Definition
A semiconscious dream state in which a sleeper is aware that he or she is dreaming.
Term
Manifest Content
Definition
According to Freud, the conscious dream content that is remembered in the morning.
Term
Latent Content
Definition
According to Freud, the unconscious, censored meaning of a dream.
Term
Activation-Synthesis Theory
Definition
The theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep.
Term
Insomnia
Definition
An inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get the amount of sleep needed to function during the day.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by irresistible and sudden attacks of REM sleep during the day.
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
A disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep and awakens gasping for air.
Term
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Definition
A condition in which the skeletal muscles are not paralyzed during REM sleep, enabling a sleeper to act on his or her nightmares, often violently.
Term
Presleep
Definition
Alpha waves, beta waves, tensed muscles
Term
NREM Stage 1
Definition
Theta waves
Term
NREM Stage 2
Definition
Sleep spindles
Term
NREM Stages 3-4
Definition
Delta waves, sleepwalking, talking in your sleep
Term
REM Sleep Stage
Definition
Paralyzed muscles, genital arousal, increased blood flow to brain
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
Attention-focusing procedures in which changes in a person's behavior or mental state are suggested.
Term
Hypnotic Susceptibility
Definition
The extent to which an individual is characteristically responsive to hypnosis.
Term
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Definition
A suggestion made to a subject in hypnosis to be carried out after the induction session is over.
Term
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Definition
A reported tendency for hypnosis subjects to forget events that occurred during the induction.
Term
Hyperamnesia
Definition
A term referring to the unsubstantiated claim that hypnosis can be used to facilitate the retrieval of past memories.
Term
Dissociation
Definition
A division of consciousness that permits one part of the mind to operate independently of another part.
Term
Psychoactive Drug
Definition
A chemical that alters perceptions, thoughts, moods or behavior.
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
A physiological addiction in which a drug is needed to prevent symptoms of withdrawal.
Term
Psychological Dependence
Definition
A condition in which drugs are needed to maintain a sense of well-being or relief from negative emotions.
Term
Sedatives
Definition
A class of depressant drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system.
Term
Stimulants
Definition
A class of drugs that excite the central nervous system and energize behavior.
Term
Hallucinogens
Definition
Psychedelic drugs that distort perception and cause hallucinations.
Term
Opiates
Definition
A class of highly addictive drugs that depress neural activity and provide temporary relief from pain and anxiety.
Term
Specific Hallucinogens
Definition
Marijuana, LSD, PCP(Angel Dust)
Term
Specific Opiates
Definition
Morphine, Heroin, Codeine
Term
Specific Sedatives
Definition
Benzodiazepines, Valium, Librium, Xanax, Barbiturates, Alcohol
Term
Specific Stimulants
Definition
Amphetamines, Nicotine, MDMA(Ecstasy), Cocaine, Caffeine
Term
Ethologists
Definition
Scientists who study the behavior of animals in their natural habitat.
Term
Fixed Action Pattern
Definition
A species-specific behavior that is built into an animal's nervous system and triggered by a specific stimulus.
Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from experience.
Term
Habituation
Definition
The tendency of an organism to become familiar with a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure.
Term
Classical Conditioning
Definition
A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate one stimulus with another(Pavlovian conditioning).
Term
Unconditioned Response
Definition
An unlearned response(salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus(food).
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus(food) that triggers an unconditioned response(salivation).
Term
Conditioned Stimulus
Definition
A neutral stimulus(bell) that comes to evoke a classically conditioned response(salivation).
Term
Conditioned Response
Definition
A learned response(salivation) to a classically conditioned stimulus(bell).
Term
Acquisition
Definition
The formation of a learned response to a stimulus through the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus(classical conditioning) or reinforcement(operant conditioning).
Term
Extinction
Definition
The elimination of a learned response by removal of the unconditioned stimulus(classical conditioning) or reinforcement(operant conditioning).
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Discrimination
Definition
In classical and operant conditioning, the ability to distinguish between different stimuli.
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
A law stating that responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated, whereas those followed by negative outcomes are not.
Term
Skinner Box
Definition
An apparatus, invented by B.F. Skinner, used to study the effects of reinforcement on the behavior of laboratory animals.
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
The process by which organisms learn to behave in ways that produce reinforcement.
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
In operant conditioning, any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response.
Term
Punishment
Definition
In operant conditioning, any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a prior response.
Term
Shaping
Definition
A procedure in which reinforcements are used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a specific behavior.
Term
Partial-Reinforcement Effect
Definition
The tendency for a schedule of a partial reinforcement to strengthen later resistance to extinction.
Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs but is not exhibited in performance until there is an incentive to do so.
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning that takes place when one observes and models the behavior of others.
Term
Memory
Definition
The process by which information is retained for later use.
Term
Information-Processing Model
Definition
A model of memory in which information must pass through discrete stages via the processes of attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
A memory storage system that records information from the senses for up to three seconds.
Term
Short-Term Memory
Definition
A memory storage system that holds about seven items for up to twenty seconds before the material is transferred to long-term memory or is forgotten.
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
A relatively permanent memory storage system that can hold vast amounts of information for many years.
Term
Iconic Memory
Definition
A fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second.
Term
Echoic Memory
Definition
A brief sensory memory for auditory input that lasts only two to three seconds.
Term
Chunking
Definition
The process of grouping distinct bits of information into larger wholes, or chunks, to increase short-term-memory capacity.
Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
The use of sheer repetition to keep information in short-term memory.
Term
Working Memory
Definition
Term used to describe short-term memory as an active workspace where information is accessible for current use.
Term
Serial-Position Curve
Definition
A U-shape pattern indicating the tendency to recall more items from the beginning and end of a list than from the middle.
Term
Long-Term Memory
Definition
A relatively permanent memory storage system that can hold vast amounts of information for many years.
Term
Elaborate Rehearsal
Definition
A technique for transferring information into long-term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way.
Term
Procedural Memory
Definition
Stored long-term knowledge of learned habits and skills.
Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
Stored long-term knowledge of facts about ourselves and the world.
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
A complex web of semantic associations that link items in memory such that retrieving one item triggers the retrieval of others as well.
Term
Lexical Decision Making
Definition
An experimental task that requires subjects to decide as quickly as possible whether a string of letters briefly presented is a word or nonword.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
A portion of the brain in the limbic system that plays a key role in encoding and transferring new information into long-term memory.
Term
Anterograde Amnesia
Definition
A memory disorder characterized by an inability to store new information in long-term memory.
Term
Retrograde Amnesia
Definition
A memory disorder characterized by an inability to retrieve long-term memories from the past.
Term
Explicit Memory
Definition
The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollections in response to direct questions.
Term
Implicit Memory
Definition
A nonconscious recollection of a prior experience that is revealed indirectly, by its effects on performance.
Term
Free Recall
Definition
A type of explicit-memory task in which a person must reproduce information without the benefit of external cues.
Term
Recognition
Definition
A form of explicit-memory retrieval in which items are represented to a person who must determine if they were previously encountered.
Term
Encoding Specificity
Definition
The principle that any stimulus encoded along with an experience can later jog one's memory of that experience.
Term
Forgetting Curve
Definition
A consistent pattern in which the rate of memory loss for input is steepest right after input is received and levels off over time.
Term
Mnemonics
Definition
Memory aids designed to facilitate the recall of new information.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
The tendency for previously learned material to disrupt the recall of new information.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
The tendency for new information to disrupt the memory of previously learned material.
Term
Schemas
Definition
Preconceptions about persons, objects, or events that bias the way new information is interpreted and recalled.
Term
Misinformation Effect
Definition
The tendency to incorporate false postevent information into one's memory of the event itself.
Term
Autobiographical Memory
Definition
The recollections people have of their own personal experiences and observations.
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition
Highly vivid and enduring memories, typically for events that are dramatic and emotional.
Term
Childhood Amnesia
Definition
The inability of most people to recall events from before the age of three or four.
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
The tendency to think after an event that we knew in advance what was going to happen.
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