Term
|
Definition
| Awareness of ourselves (internal) and our environment (external) |
|
|
Term
| Name the three spontaneous states of consciousness. |
|
Definition
| Daydreaming, Drowsiness, Dreaming |
|
|
Term
| Name the three physiologically induced states of consciousness. |
|
Definition
| hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation |
|
|
Term
| Name the three psychologically induced states of consciousness. |
|
Definition
| sensory deprivation, hypnosis, meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a twenty-four hour period. "circa" + "diem" |
|
|
Term
| Define Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
|
Definition
-In hypothalamus
-Internal clock
-Responds to light input from the retina. (90% goes through thalamus but not really.)
++Regulates melatonin via pineal gland by sensing fading light (esp blue waves)
-Can be disrupted during transcontinental flights or change in shifts. |
|
|
Term
| Why does caffeine keep us awake? |
|
Definition
muscles>adenosine>decreased neuron firing in brain, sleepy
caffeine>blocks adenosine>increased neuron firing>pituitary gland:"emergency">adrenaline |
|
|
Term
| Name four factors that affect sleep |
|
Definition
| Serotonin, temperature, alcohol, and sleeping pills (decrease RapidEyeMovement) |
|
|
Term
| How does alcohol affect sleep? |
|
Definition
1. Alcohol ligthens sleep and suppresses REM - an important stage of sleep.
2. Disrupts the total time you are asleep. You may wake up frequently throughout the night and have problems falling back asleep as the alcohol works through your system.
3. Increases the prevalence of pre-existing sleep disorders (ex. sleep apnea) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
With EEG that monitors brain electrical activity.
-About every 90 minutes we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 characteristics of brain-waves and the four EEG patterns? |
|
Definition
| Amplitude (height), Frequency (cycles per second), Beta waves, Alpha waves, Theta waves, and Delta waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
13-24 cps
-Normal waking thought, alert problem solving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
8-12 cps
-Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Less than 4 cps
-Deep sleep |
|
|
Term
| Describe a person that is Awake and Alert. |
|
Definition
| During strong mental engagement brain exhibits low amplitude, fast, irregular beta waves. A person awake in conversation shows beta activity. |
|
|
Term
| Describe a person that is Awake but Relaxed. |
|
Definition
| When eyes are closed, but the individual is awake, brain activity slows down to large amplitude, slow, regular alpha waves. A meditating person exhibits alpha brain activity and a person getting drowsy. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sleep Stages 1-2. |
|
Definition
during early light sleep, the brain enters a high amplitude, slow, regular wave form called theta waves.
Stage 1: hypnogogic hallucinations can happen.
Sleep spindles intersperse stage 2 sleep
We spend most of the night in stage 2 sleep
If woken during this stage you will probably think you weren't sleeping. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sleep Stages 3-4. |
|
Definition
During deepest sleep, brain activity slows down.
There are large amplitude, slow delta waves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Known as REM sleep or paradoxical sleep.
After reaching stage 4, the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low amplitude, fast and regular beta waves much like awake-aroused state.
Reports vivid dreams.
Your voluntary muscles are normally paralyzed in REM. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in each 90 minute sleep cycle? |
|
Definition
Stage 4 sleep decreases.
The duration of REM sleep increases. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when you wake up naturally? |
|
Definition
| You are coming out of REM sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Sleep Deprivation. |
|
Definition
If an individual remains awake for several days they deteriorate, in terms of immune function, concentration and accidents.
1. fatigue and subsequent death.
2. impaired concentration
3. emotional irritability
4. depressed immune system
5. greater vulnerability, increased mistakes. |
|
|
Term
| Define Fatal Familial Insomnia. |
|
Definition
| A rare genetic sleep disorder that shows us what can happen without sleep. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Adaptive Theory? |
|
Definition
Sleep Protects.
Sleeping in the darkness when predators loom kept our ancestors out of harms way. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Restorative Theory? |
|
Definition
Sleep Recuperates.
Sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue.
-Non-REM seems more physically restorative
-REM is especially important for maintaining neural pathways involved in memory- and processing emotions. |
|
|
Term
| Does sleep help with memory? |
|
Definition
| Yes. Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading memories. |
|
|
Term
| How is sleep related to growth? |
|
Definition
During deep slow wave sleep, pituitary gland releases growth hormone.
Older people release less of this hormone and also sleep less. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleepwalking during non REM deep sleep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear accompanied by physiological reactions (ex. rapid heart rate, perspiration) during non-REM deep sleep. |
|
|
Term
| What is REM behavior disorder? |
|
Definition
| A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Frightening dreams during REM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transition between REM and awake.
Glycine and GABA are responsible for paralysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A failure to breathe when sleep |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the Information Processing of a dream? |
|
Definition
| Dreams may help sit, and fix a day's experiences in our memories. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Cognitive Development of a dream? |
|
Definition
| Some researchers argue that we dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Physiological Function of a dream? |
|
Definition
Dreams provide periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways.
-Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing; therefore, they need more sleep
-Those recovering from brain injury tend to sleep a lot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Information Processing
2. Cognitive Development
3. Physiological Function |
|
|
Term
| What is the manifest content of a dream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the latent content of a dream? |
|
Definition
| The hidden meaning of a dream that is only expressed in symbols. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sigmund Freud's interpretation about dreams? |
|
Definition
Sigmund Freud suggested the dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings. The dream’s manifest content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings.
May also be interpreted as underlying fears.
How a dream is/was interpreted depends on what else is going on in your life |
|
|
Term
| State the Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis. |
|
Definition
States that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem of cortical cells during REM sleep periods.
Frontal lobes are mostly shut down but the brain stem still sends random signals/ neuronal firings. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Activation-Information Model? |
|
Definition
| Information from waking hours influences the synthesis of dreams. |
|
|
Term
| What is Negative Emotional Content. |
|
Definition
| 8 out of 10 dreams have negative content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dreams about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
These dreams are sparse.
Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10.
Sexual dreams in women are 1 in 30. |
|
|
Term
| What are Dreams of Gender? |
|
Definition
Women dream of men and women equally.
Men dream more about men than women. |
|
|
Term
| What is so unique about Dolphin's dreams? |
|
Definition
Dolphins do not have REM sleep.
They have unilateral sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Do sleeping pills produce marked changes in pattern of sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an Altered State of Consciousness? |
|
Definition
| State in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking consciousness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four elements of hypnosis? |
|
Definition
1. the hypnotist tells the person to focus on what is being said.
2. the person is told to relax and feel tired.
3. the hypnotist tells the person to "let go" and accept suggestions easily.
4. the person is told to use vivid imagination. |
|
|
Term
| What is hypnotic susceptibility? |
|
Definition
| degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. create amnesia for whatever happens during the hypnotic session, at least for a brief time.
2. relieve pain by allowing a person to remove conscious attention from pain.
3. alter sensory perceptions.
4. help people relax in situations that normally would cause them stress, such as flying on an airplane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. give people superhuman strength.
2. reliably enhance memory.
3. regress people back to childhood.
4. regress people to some "past life." there is no scientific evidence for past-life regression. |
|
|
Term
| Explain hypnosis as dissociation. |
|
Definition
| Hypnosis works only in a person's immediate consciousness, while a hidden "observer" remained aware of all that was going on. |
|
|
Term
| What is the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis? |
|
Definition
| Theory that assumes that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of people are very responsive to hypnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who tend to be more susceptible and responsive to hypnosis, respectively? |
|
Definition
| Children and people who can become easily absorbed in fantasies. |
|
|
Term
| What percent of adults are difficult to hypnotize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 9 applications of hypnosis that have been demonstrated with research. |
|
Definition
1. Smoking cessation
2. The treatment of chronic pain conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
3. The treatment and reduction of pain during childbirth.
4. The reduction of the symptoms of dementia.
5. Hypnotherapy may be helpful for certain symptoms of ADHD.
6. The reduction of nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy
7. Control of pain during dental procedures.
8. Elimination or reduction of skin conditions including warts and psoriasis.
9. Alleviation of symptoms association with Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Define Psychoactive Drugs and name 4 of the psychoactive drugs. |
|
Definition
Drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory. Their chemical composition allows them to act on receptors in our brains that are meant for substances the body produces naturally.
1. stimulants
2. depressants
3. narcotics
4. hallucinogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Moderate use of substance that does not interfere with normal functioning. |
|
|
Term
| Define Substance Intoxication. |
|
Definition
| Physiological reaction to substance ingestion. |
|
|
Term
| What is Physical Dependence? |
|
Definition
| Condition where a person's body becomes unable to function normally without a particular drug. |
|
|
Term
| What is Drug Tolerance and Withdrawal? |
|
Definition
-A person finds they need larger and larger doses of the drug to feel the same effect that they received the first time they used.
-Symptoms begin to occur when lack of the drug is present. Body feels deprived of that substance. |
|
|
Term
| What is psychological Dependence? |
|
Definition
| Belief that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well-being. |
|
|
Term
| What do Stimulants do and what does it include? |
|
Definition
They cause people to be more active and alert and can elevate mood. It includes amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine.
It is the most commonly used class of psychoactive drugs in the US. |
|
|
Term
| What are Amphetamines used for and what does it include? |
|
Definition
-Stimulant
-Help lose weight or stay awake for period of time.
-Ritalin, MDMA, Crystal Meth, Speed, Diet pills |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of Amphetamines? |
|
Definition
Dilation of pupils, chills, nausea, confusion, impaired judgement and functioning, euphoria, seizures.
Initially feel an elevated mood, but then "crash" and become depressed or tired.
Tolerance builds quickly. |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms and withdrawals of Cocaine? |
|
Definition
Stimulant
Symptoms are similar to amphetamines (Dilation of pupils, chills, nausea, confusion, impaired judgement and functioning, euphoria, seizures). They also include paranoia in at least 2/3 users and can make heart beat irregular.
Short-lived effects.
-Extreme apathy boredom, bored with everyday activities. |
|
|
Term
Explain Nicotine.
-How many Americans use it?
-How does it enter body?
-What are the withdrawals?
-What are the death counts?
-What is the relapse rate? |
|
Definition
-Stimulant
-25% of Americans, 38.5% of adults ages 18-24.
-Inhaled into lungs>enters bloodstream>enters brain after 7-19 seconds.
-Depressed mood, insomnia, irritability, anxiety, problems concentrating, increased appetite.
-1215 deaths daily in US. 14,000 deaths daily worldwide.
-60-98% of quit attempts result in relapse. Urge increases around cues.
Considered the easiest substance to become addicted to and the most difficult to quit. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used stimulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Caffeine do and what are the withdrawals? |
|
Definition
-Stimulant that elevates mood and prevents fatigue
-Headaches, drowsiness, unpleasant mood |
|
|
Term
| What do Depressants do and what does it include? |
|
Definition
-Result in behavioral sedation
-Alcohol, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics |
|
|
Term
| What are some statistics on alcohol use? |
|
Definition
23% of Americans binge drank in the past month.
42.2% of college students report binge drinking in the past month.
15 million US adults are alcohol dependent.
Drinking at ~11-14 years is predictive of later alcohol use disorders. |
|
|
Term
| What are some short term effects on alcohol? |
|
Definition
| Relaxed, slurred speech, lack of coordination, unsteady gait. |
|
|
Term
| Where is alcohol metabolized? |
|
Definition
| In the liver. Liver can metabolize 1 drink per hour. |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that effect the rate of absorption of alcohol? |
|
Definition
| food in stomach, weight, gender, alcohol concentration. |
|
|
Term
| Define blood alcohol content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if BAC is 0.03-0.08. |
|
Definition
| Euphoric (judgement, fine motor and attention affected) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if BAC is 0.09-0.25. |
|
Definition
| Sensory problems (vision blurry), judgement, motor and attention disrupted |
|
|
Term
| What happens if BAC is 0.18-0.30. |
|
Definition
| Confusion, dizziness, agitation |
|
|
Term
| What happens if BAC is 0.25-0.40. |
|
Definition
| Stupor, Movement severely impairment, lapse in and out of consciousness. |
|
|
Term
| What happens if BAC is 0.35-0.50. |
|
Definition
| Unconsciousness and Death |
|
|
Term
| What is commonly mistaken as a stimulant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some health problems/long-term effects of alcohol? |
|
Definition
*Liver disease*
Pancreatitis
Cardiovascular disorders
Brain damage
Dementia
Osteoporosis
Korsakoff’s syndrome (vitamin B deficiency)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Heart enlargement
Cancer of esophagus, pancreas, and stomach
Memory Problems
Loss of inhibition |
|
|
Term
| Why are sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics prescribed and what does it result in? |
|
Definition
For sleeping and anxiety-related problems.
It results in calming effect. |
|
|
Term
| Name two common types of sedatives, hypnotics, and anxiolytics and define each. |
|
Definition
Barbiturates: major tranquilizer
Benzodiazepines: minor tranquilizer. |
|
|
Term
| What are Narcotics (opiates) and give two common examples. |
|
Definition
Derivative of plant-based substance: opium.
Suppress the sensation of pain.
Usually injected, but can be smoked, snorted, or taken orally.
Decrease in body's ability to naturally regulate pain.
Examples: morphine, heroin |
|
|
Term
| What are some immediate effects of narcotics? |
|
Definition
Dreamlike euphoria.
-Duplicate the action of endorphins. |
|
|
Term
| What are some long term effects of narcotics? |
|
Definition
Mood and sleep
-Body stops producing natural endorphins |
|
|
Term
| Narcotics cause an increased risk of what? |
|
Definition
| AIDS, violence, and suicide |
|
|
Term
| High doses of narcotics can lead to what? |
|
Definition
| Comatose state, convulsions |
|
|
Term
| What are some manufactured hallucinogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input (hallucinations).
Strong chemical resemblance to serotonin, achieves effects by interacting with serotonin receptors.
Responses to drug range from euphoria to anxiety/panic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hallucinogen.
Most commonly used illegal drug.
Can create powerful psychological dependence.
Immediate effects are: relaxed, happy, some feel anxious panicky, short-term memory problems |
|
|
Term
| What are some long term effects of marijuana? |
|
Definition
Depends on age.
Your frontal lobe continues developing until about 23
-Decision making, impulse control, planning, executive functioning
Possible psychological dependence – often used to self-medicate
If smoked- in general, smoking is just not good for you.
Correlation with psychosis/schizophrenia in 20s (correlation does NOT equal causation – a lot we don’t understand) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you bind Stimulants and depressants? |
|
Definition
| Impairs ability to tell how intoxicated you are; increased chance of overdose |
|
|
Term
| What do stimulants cause? |
|
Definition
lower seizure threshold by acting on dopamine,; complicated relationship w/ depressants/GABA
-Also extra tax on liver can cause decreased tolerance. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Dopamines effect on the body. |
|
Definition
-Important for learning, attention, emotion, involved in impulse control, reward system.
-helps control our appetites for food and sex; increased D produces feeling of pleasure or reward
-too much leads to psychotic sx
-not enough leads to Parkinson's. |
|
|
Term
| What are some neuronal connections with drugs and neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
-Too much stimulation, brain tries to self-correct and so decreases those types of connections
-if not getting enough, brain may increase number of receptors.
-but these things take time, and can't always go back to the way things were.
-this is the root of the brain chagnes due to chronic use. |
|
|
Term
| Describe Drug action of Cocaine and Amphetamines and their effects. |
|
Definition
Cocaine, methylphenidate (Ritalin)- Blocks reuptake
Amphetamines- stimulate release
Non-therapeutic effects: psychomotor agitation, repetitive and obsessive behavior, paranoia, psychosis |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain controls most of reward/plesure center of the brain that uses dopamine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does stimulants effect dopamine? |
|
Definition
| It increases dopamine, then causes withdrawal. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when there is depletion of dopamine? |
|
Definition
Brain stops making as much naturally
Parkinsonian symptoms
Impulsive bx, disturbed judgment, aggression |
|
|
Term
| What is hypothesized about dopamine and addiction? |
|
Definition
| people with decreased dopamine and/or sensitivity may be more prone to addictive behaviors; largely genetic. |
|
|
