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Consciousnes, Learning, & Thinking
Exam 3
110
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/25/2010

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Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
biological processes that systematically vary over a period of 24 hours.
Term
Examples of Circadian Rhythms
Definition
Blood pressure, secretion of different hormones, and pain sensitivity (peak & dip each day)
Term
Beta Brain Waves
Definition
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness.
Term
Alpha Brain Waves
Definition
Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness & drowsiness
Term
What brain waves are associated with Stage 1 of sleep?
Definition
Theta Waves
Term
What brain waves are associated with Stage 2 of sleep?
Definition
Delta Waves
Term
Stage 3: What % of brain activity are Delta Waves?
Definition
20%
Term
Stage 4: What % of brain activity are Delta Waves?
Definition
50%
Term
Sleep spindles
Definition
Stage 2; brief bursts of brain acitivy
Term
K Complexes
Definition
Stage 2; single high-voltage spikes of brain activity
Term
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Definition
brief, vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the transition to light sleep
Term
NREM sleep
Definition
4 stages, lasts first 50-70 minutes of sleep
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
Brain becomes more active, generating smaller & faster brain waves. Dreams occur.
Term
Sleep Paralysis
Definition
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening.
Term
When do sleep cycles begin?
Definition
The last trimester of prenatal development.
Term
When do the typical 90-minute sleep cycles begin?
Definition
Over the first few years of life.
Term
At age 2 how long are sleep cycles?
Definition
75-minutes
Term
Restorative Theory of Sleep
Definition
Sleep promotes physiological processes that restore and rejuvenate the body and mind.
Term
What is NREM for in the Restorative Theory of Sleep?
Definition
Restoring the body
Term
What is REM for in the Restorative Theory of Sleep?
Definition
Restoring the brain and mental functions
Term
Adaptive Theory of Sleep
Definition
Sleep patterns exhibited by different animals, including humans, are the result of evolutionary adaptation.
Term
What have sleep deprivation studies taught us?
Definition
People who go without sleep for a day or more also experience disruptions in mood, mental abilities, reaction time, perceptual skills, and complex motor skills.
Term
What kind of memories are formed during NREM sleep?
Definition
Episodic memories (personal experiences?
Term
What kind of memories are formed during REM sleep and NREM stage 2?
Definition
Procedural memories
Term
Sleep Disorders
Definition
Serious disturbances in the normal sleep pattern that interfere with daytime functioning and cause distress
Term
Dyssomnias
Definition
Sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep
Term
Parasomnias
Definition
Sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activity during sleep.
Term
Insomnia
Definition
A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep or stay asleep.
Term
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Definition
A sleep disorder in which the person stops breathing during sleep.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses of sleep during the day
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense emotion.
Term
Hypocretins
Definition
A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness.
Term
Sleep Tips
Definition
Monitor your intake of stimulants, establish a quiet bedtime routine, create the conditions for restful sleep, establish a consistent sleep-wake schedule.
Term
Dream
Definition
A storylike episode of unfolding mental imagery during sleep.
Term
Freud's Theory Regarding Dreams
Definition
Disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes; release of unconscious and unacceptable urges.
Term
Freud's Theory of Dreams: Manifest Content
Definition
Dream images
Term
Freud's Theory of Dreams: Latent Content
Definition
the disguised psychological meaning of the dream
Term
Who created the activation-synthesis model of dreaming?
Definition
Hobson & McCarley
Term
Activation-Synthesis model of dreaming
Definition
The experience of dreaming sleep is due to the automatic activation of brainstem circuits at the base of the brain
Term
Why do I yawn?
Definition
Unsure; yawning is typically followed by an increase of activity.
Term
Is yawning contagious?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What can I do to stifle my yawning?
Definition
Breathe through nose, cool pack on head.
Term
Why do I get sleepy?
Definition
Lack of Adenosine.
Term
Do the things people say when they talk in their sleep make any sense?
Definition
Sometimes.
Term
Is it true that "sleeping on a problem" can help you solve a difficult decision?
Definition
Very common. But not research approved.
Term
Is it dangerous to wake a sleepwalker?
Definition
In most cases, no.
Term
Do animals dream?
Definition
It is quite possible that mammals dream.
Term
What do blind people see when they dream?
Definition
Dreams involve other sensations-sound, taste, smell, & touch.
Term
Is it possible to control your dreams?
Definition
Yes, if you have a lucid dream (become aware that you are dreaming while you're asleep).
Term
Can you predict the future with your dreams?
Definition
Simply by chance.
Term
Are dreams in color or black & white?
Definition
80% contain color.
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, & behavior
Term
Posthypnotic Suggestion
Definition
A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction after the hypnotic session.
Term
Posthypnotic Amnesia
Definition
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic session.
Term
Hypermnesia
Definition
The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic session.
Term
Dissociation
Definition
The splitting of consciousness into 2 or more simultaneous streams of mental activity.
Term
Meditation
Definition
group of techniques that induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness.
Term
Effect of meditation
Definition
Lowered physiological arousal, decrease in heart rate, lowered blood pressure, and changes in brain waves.
Term
Classical conditioning
Definition
The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response.
Term
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Definition
The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without prior learning.
Term
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Definition
The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited.
Term
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Definition
a formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response.
Term
Conditioned Response (CR)
Definition
The learned, reflexive response to a CS.
Term
Who founded Behaviorism?
Definition
Watson
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
School of psychology that emphasizes the scientific study of observable behaviors.
Term
Stimulus Generalization
Definition
Occurs when stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus also elicit the conditioned response.
Term
Stimulus discrimination
Definition
Occurs when a particular conditioned response is made to one stimulus, but not the other, similar stimulus.
Term
Extinction
Definition
The gradual weakening and apparent disappearance of conditioned behavior. Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented with the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Term
Robert Rescorla
Definition
Reliable signals with rats.
Term
Classical Conditioning vs. Operant Conditioning
Definition
Classical-involuntary, Operant-Voulntary
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Explains learning as a process in which behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences.
Term
Who studied taste aversions
Definition
John Garcia
Term
Who created the law of effect with operant conditioning?
Definition
Thorndike.
Term
The Law of Effect
Definition
Responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while responses followed by a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Adding something to reinforce a good behavior.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
Taking something away to reinforce a good behavior.
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
adding something negative to help stop behavior.
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
Taking away something positive to try to stop bad behavior.
Term
Primary Reinforcer
Definition
A stimulus that is naturally or inherently reinforcing. Such as food, water, or other biological necessities.
Term
Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcer
Definition
One that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer (example: money).
Term
Discriminative Stimulus
Definition
The specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular operant is more likely to be reinforced.
Term
Shaping
Definition
Selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until that behavior is displayed.
Term
Continuous Reinforcement
Definition
A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced.
Term
Partial Reinforcement
Definition
A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer.
Term
Extinction (in operant conditioning)
Definition
the gradual weakening and disappearance of conditioned behavior. Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer.
Term
Schedule of reinforcement
Definition
The delivery of reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of reponses or the time interval between responses.
Term
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule
Definition
Reinforcer is delivered after a fixed number of responses has occured.
Term
Variable-Ration (VR) schedule
Definition
Reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably.
Term
Fixed Interval (FI) schedule
Definition
Reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a preset time interval has elapsed.
Term
Variable-Interval (VI) schedule
Definition
Reinforcer is delivered for the first reponse that occurs after an average time interval, varies unpredictably.
Term
Learned Helplessness
Definition
Martin Seligman, a phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behavior
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Learning that takes place through observing the actions of others.
Term
Who did the Bobo doll experiment?
Definition
Albert Bandura
Term
Intelligence
Definition
The global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment.
Term
Binet
Definition
Came up with the idea of a child's mental age to identify students who need special help.
Term
Who created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
Definition
Lewis Terman
Term
How to calculate IQ per Terman
Definition
Mental Age/Actual age times 100
Term
Army Alpha Test
Definition
adiministered in writing
Term
Army Beta Test
Definition
Administered orally
Term
Who created the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?
Definition
David Wechsler
Term
Achievement Test
Definition
Designed to measure a person's level of knowledge, skill, or accomplishment in aparticular area
Term
Aptitude Test
Definition
A test designed to assess a person's capacity to benefit from education or training.
Term
Standardization
Definition
The administration of a test to a large, representative sample of people under uniform conditions for the purpose of establishing norms.
Term
Reliability
Definition
The ability of a test to produce consistent results when adminitered or repeated occassions under similiar conditions
Term
Vailidity
Definition
The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure.
Term
What theory of intelligence did Charles Spearman come up with?
Definition
General intelligence
Term
What theory of intelligence did Louis Thurstone come up with?
Definition
intelligence is a cluster of abilities.
Term
What theory of intelligence did Robert Sternberg come up with?
Definition
3 forms of intelligence
Term
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Definition
Sternberg's theory that there are 3 forms of intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical
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