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Connective Tissue
Dr. Klement
65
Biology
Professional
08/03/2008

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Cards

Term
What is the Origin of Connective Tissue?
Definition
Mesenchyme cells that develop from mesoderm (except craniofacial)
Term
What are the things that distinguish different connective tissues from each other?
Definition
Cells, Fibers, Ground Substance
Term
What is the most abundant protein in the body and whta is it's function?
Definition
Collagen: provides flexibility and strength
Term
What amino acids are unique to collagen?
Definition

Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine

(Every 3rd AA is also Gly)

Term
How many polypeptides form a pro-collagen molecule?
Definition
3 alpha chains that are coded for by different genes. The 3 chains coil into a triple helix.
Term
What special sequences are synthesized at both ends of a collagen polypeptide?
Definition

Registration peptides are placed there by the RER. The help the 3 alpha chains get into a triple helix(procollagen).

It leaves the cell and then is cleaved by Procollagen Peptidase to become collagen(Tropocollagen)

 

Term
What are the 4 types of collagen that we need to know for Dr. Klement?
Definition

Type I: Most abundant in bone.

Type II: Cartilage

Type III: Don't find it by itself. More in embryonic tissue but forms basis for reticular fiber.

Type IV: Basal Lamina

Term
What amino  acids are unique to Elastic?
Definition

Desmosine and Idodesmosine which are formed from 4 lysine residues.

Came from protein Elastin.

Term
What are the 2 proteins present in Elastic fibers?
Definition

Microfibrils: made of protein Fibrillin

Elastin

Term
What cell types are elastic fibers found in?
Definition
Fibroblast, Smooth Muscle, Chondrocytes (cartilage)
Term
How do you recognize elastic fibers at the EM level?
Definition

Big block of Elastin surrounded by Microfibrils

Term
How do you recognize collagen at the EM level?
Definition
64nm banding pattern
Term
What are the physical characteristics of Elastic fiber?
Definition

-Stretches easily, returns to shape.

-Fibers branch

-Froms cloth-like structure in some blood vessel walls.

-Need special stain (Weigert's stain)

-Resistant to boiling and proteinase digestion

Term
What locations would you find elastic fibers?
Definition

-Loose/Elastic CT

-Elastic cartilage

-Elastic arteries

-Ligaments

-Dermis

Term
How are reticular fibers organized?
Definition
Thin fibers that branch to from "woven basket" like structures. Can surround different groups.
Term
How do you stain for Reticular fibers?
Definition
PAS or Argyrophilic(silver loving)
Term
What are reticular fibers composed of?
Definition
Type III collagen(heavily glycosylated, Glycoproteins, and Proteoglycans. and other collagen)
Term
What types of cells are rich in reticular fibers?
Definition
Fibroblasts, Reticular cells, Schwann cells
Term
What locations are reticular cells found in?
Definition
Spleen, Lymph nodes, Endocrine glands
Term
What is ground substance composed of?
Definition

Glycoaminoglycans(GAGs)

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

Term
What is the function of ground substance?
Definition

Fills spaces

Lubricant

Barrier

Binds cells to fibers

Term
How do you stain for ground substance?
Definition

You can't.

Colorless/Transparent

Gel-like consistancy

Term
What is a glycoaminoglycan(GAG) composed of?
Definition

Uronic acid

Hexosamine

Term
What are the physical characteristics of GAG?
Definition

Linear polysaccharides

Most sulfated

If present, location of sulfate group determines the type.

 

Term
What is a proteoglycan aggregate?
Definition
A bunch of  proteoglycans branching off of a HA bachbone
Term
What is Hyaluronic acid (HA)?
Definition

-a GAG

-Simplest, Widespread, Non-Sulfated, Long chains

Term
What is a proteoglycan composed of?
Definition
A core protein(backbone) with GAGs coming off like branches.
Term
What is a Glycoprotein?
Definition

Protein dominant with branch carbs coming out of it. Plays a role in adhesion.

Binds to intergrins anchored in cell membranes.

Term
What are some examples of Glycoproteins?
Definition

Fibronectin: found in Fibroblasts/Ep cells.FXN adhesion

Laminin: found in Ep cells. FXN basal lamina

Term
What are Fibroblasts?
Definition
Most common(least specialized) type of cell in CT. Sythesizes fibers and ground substance.
Term
What are the 3 types of Wandering cells?
Definition
Macrophage, Plasma cell, Mast cell
Term
What is a Macrophage?
Definition

They go around and digest dead cells, debris, and bacteria.

Contains lysosomes.

Immune response present antigens to lymphocytes.

Term
How do you identify Macrophage at EM level?
Definition
Have to dye living tissue before you kill it. The Macrophage will come around and digest it.
Term
What are Plasma cells? From what do the develop?
Definition

-Synthesize and release antibodies. Common where bacteria enter(intestinal mucosa/mammary glands)

-Develop from B lymphocytes

Term
What are Mast cells?
Definition

Contain Histamine and Heparin granules.

Histamine: allergic response/inflammatory response

Heparin: anticoagulant

Term
Where is Loose Connective tissue(Areolar) found?
Definition

The most abundant.

Fills spaces at dermis, cavities, glands and supports Ep tissue.

-Delicate and flexible

Term
What is Irregular Dense Conective tissue?
Definition

Collagen bundles without orientation. Resistant to stress in all directions.

Found in Dermis, digestive tract, capsules around organs.

Term
What is Regular Dense connective tissue?
Definition

Collagen bundles arranged in pattern.

Resistant to traction forces.

Found in tendons. Can see fibroblast nuclei

Term
What is Elastic Connective tissue?
Definition

Rare

Bundles of thick elastic fibers. Appears yellow(fresh)

Found in ligaments of vertebral column and suspensory ligament of penis.

Term
What is Reticular Connective Tissue?
Definition

Specialized loose connective tissue.

Provides framework.

Term
What is Mucous connective tissue?
Definition

Contains lots of ground substance(mostly HA)

Jelly consistancy.

Mostly fibroblasts

Term
Locations of Mucous CT
Definition

Nucleus Pulposes of Invertebral disk.

Umbilical cord(Wharton's jelly)

Pulp of young teeth.

Term
What is the function of Adipose tissue?
Definition

Store energy(triglycerides)

Shock absorber.

Thermal insulation.

Fills spaces

Term
What are the characteristics of Adipose tissue?
Definition

Large blood supply.

Uni or Multiocular

Term
Where are Multiocular Adipose CT usually found?
Definition

On newborns.

Helps regulate temperature.

Term
What determines the distribution of Uniocular Adipose CT?
Definition
Distribution by age and sex
Term

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

Definition
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage
Term
What is Hyaline Cartilage? Where is it found?
Definition

Most common type.

Responsible for long bone growth.

Found in moveable joints (Articular Surfaces)

Term
What is the lineage of Cartilage cells?
Definition
Mesenchyme→ Chondroblasts(Perichondrium)→ Chondrocytes(Cartilage)→ Isogenous Groups (Chondrocytes that kept dividing and stayed in a cluster)
Term
What is the Perichondrium?
Definition

Layer of dense CT that surround cartilage. Contains vascular supply.

Nutrients diffues through.

Articular and Fibrocartilage do NOT have perichondrium.

Term
What types of collagen(s) are found in each type of cartilage?
Definition

Hyaline and Elastic: Type 2, 4, 5, 6

Fibrocartilage: Type 1, 2

Term
What places can elastic cartilage be found?
Definition

Outter ear and auditory tubes.

Epiglottis and Laryngeant Cartilage

Term
How is Fibrocartilage characterized?
Definition

Intermediate between dense connective tissue and Hyline cartilage.

Develops from Dense CT

Term
How is Fribrocartilage arraged?
Definition
Irregular bundles parallel to stresses acting on it.
Term
Where is the major place that Fibrocartilage is found?
Definition
Vertebral disks
Term
What are the invertebral disks and what are the 2 layers?
Definition

Act as cushions between the vertebrae, allowing movement.

Annulus Fibrosus

Nucleus Pulposus

Term
What is the Annulus Fibrosus of the invertebral disks?
Definition
-external layer of dense CT that lay between vertebral disks.
Term
What is the Nucleus Pulposus of the invertebral disk?
Definition

Center of Annulus Fibrosus.

Lots of HA and mucous CT.

Smaller in adults because it is partially replaced with fibrocartilage over time.

Term
How does cartilage get nutrients?
Definition

It is Avascular so nutrients diffuse through matrix from blood vessels in perichondrium.

Lots of cell surface to help with exchange.

Low metabolic activity.

Size is limited.

Term
What are the 2 mechanisms of cartilage growth?
Definition

Interstitial- Division of pre-existing chondrocytes

Appostional- Perichondrial cell differentiates and growth happens in a girth direction.

Term
Cartilage Damage
Definition

Regenerates in young children. Perichondrial cells.

Scar of dense CT

Term
What are the 3 type of Synathroses joints?
Definition

Synostosis- bone to bone to bone. No movement(skull)

Synchondrosis- bone joined by Hyaline cartilage. Limited movement(how ribs attach to sternum)

Syndesmosis- bone joined by dense connective tissue. Some movement

Term
What is the Diarthrosis joint?
Definition

Permits free movement.

Unites long bones.

Term
What comprises the Diarthrosis joint capsule?
Definition

Fibrous layer- dense CT continous with periosteum

Synovial membrane- inner layer that lines articular cavity.

Term
What cells make up the synovial membrane?
Definition

A-cells- phagocytic, clear debris

B-cells- produce synovial fluid

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