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| A condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige or status based on nonnatural conventions exist |
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| A two-directional relationship, one that goes bothy ways; master-slave nexus |
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| The notion that everyone is created equal at birth, used to justify material inequality |
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| Idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social prestige and power because the rules of the game are the same for every one (ex: Monopoly) |
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| Society of commerce (modern capitalist society) in which maximization of profit is the primary business incentive |
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| The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point, affirmative action |
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| Position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game" |
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| When more than one person is responsible for getting something done, the incentive is for each person to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the extra weight |
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| Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility |
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| Religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility |
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| An economically based hierarchical system characterized by cohesive, oppositional groups and somewhat loose social mobility |
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| Contradictory Class Locations |
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| Idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure that fall between the two "pure" classes |
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| A system of stratification based on social prestige |
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| Elite-Mass Dichotomy System |
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| System of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold power in society |
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| Society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability and achievement |
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| An individual's position in a stratified social order |
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| Money received by a person from work, transfers (gifts, inheritance, government aid) or returns on investments |
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| A family's or individual's net worth (total assets minus total debts) |
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| Individuals with non-manual jobs that pay more than the poverty line - highly debated and expansive territory (particularly in the US) |
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| The movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society |
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| Horizontal Social Mobility |
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| One social status to another on the same rung of the ladder |
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| Rise/fall from one social stratum to another (ascending and descending, individual and group) |
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| Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy |
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| If we hold the changing distribution of jobs fixed, individuals trade jobs not one-to-one but in a way that ultimately balances out |
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| Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and education; seeks to specify attributes of people in more desirable occupations |
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| Poor people adopt practices that differ from those of middle-class, "mainstream" society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances |
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| Notion that the poor are not only different from mainstream society in their inability to take advantage of what society has to offer but also are increasingly deviant and dangerous to everyone else |
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| Reward structures that lead to suboptimal outcomes by stimulating counterproductive behavior (welfare) to the extent that it discourages work efforts |
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| The point at which a household's income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to sustain its members |
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| A measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location |
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| Parenting Stress Hypothesis |
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| Low income, unstable employment, lack of cultural resources and a feeling of inferiority from social class comparisons exacerbate household stress levels...leads to detrimental parenting (yelling and hitting) |
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