Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what valves are formed by endocardial cushion formation? |
|
Definition
| mitral and triscuspid valves |
|
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Term
| ductus venosus connects __ and __, skipping the __. |
|
Definition
| ductus venosus connects umbilical v. and IVC, skipping the liver |
|
|
Term
| ductus arteriosus connects __ and __, skipping the __ |
|
Definition
| ductus arteriosus connects left pulmonary a. and aorta, skipping the lungs |
|
|
Term
| how many umbilical veins are there? how many umbilical arteries? which one is oxygenated? |
|
Definition
| 1 umbilical v., 2 umbilical aa.; veins are oxygenated |
|
|
Term
| how is cyanosis defined in terms in Hb and oxygen saturation? |
|
Definition
| Hb<4g/dl or oxygen saturation 80-85% |
|
|
Term
| response to chronic left-to-right shunt is increased pulmonary pressure and eventual reversal of shunt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of ASDs? |
|
Definition
| sinus venosus, ostium secundum, and ostium primum |
|
|
Term
| where are the 3 ASDs located? |
|
Definition
| ostium primum: near AV valves; ostium secundum: near foramen ovale; sinus venosus: near SVC |
|
|
Term
| what abnormality often presents with sinus venosus ASD? what about for ostium primum? |
|
Definition
| sinus venosus with abnormal pulmonary v. drainage; ostium primum with mitral or triscupid valve abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| of the 3 ASDs, which is most common? |
|
Definition
| ostium secundum (75%), ostium primum (15%), sinus venosus (10%) |
|
|
Term
| paradoxical embolism is associated with... |
|
Definition
| patent foramen ovale in pts with high RA pressure |
|
|
Term
| children present with respiratory infections; adults present with atrial arrhythmias; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| left parasternal RV heave, fixed S2 split, pulmonic systolic murmur; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RHF, failure to thrive; harsh holosystolic murmur, loud P2; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 50% spontaneously close by 2yo; otherwise, surgery and endocarditis prophylaxis |
|
|
Term
| ductus arteriosus branches off of the aorta [proximal/distal] to the left subclavian a. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for patent ductus arteriosus (3) |
|
Definition
| rubella, prematurity, high altitude birth |
|
|
Term
| what metabolic changes occur at birth to close the ductus arteriosus? |
|
Definition
| increase O2, decrease prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
| acyanotic defects are [L to R/R to L] shunts |
|
Definition
| acyanotic defects are left to right shunts |
|
|
Term
| patent ductus arteriosus causes [left/right] heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ASD and VSD cause [left/right] heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| continuous machine-like murmur at left subclavicular region; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx for patent ductus arteriosus in neonates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adult male, presents in mid-life with stenosis due to calcified valves; what would you see on an echo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 20% of pts with congenital aortic stenosis also present with ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systolic diamond murmur radiating to the neck; what other phonograph findings might you expect in severe disease? |
|
Definition
| systolic click (opening of stenosed valves), reversed S2 split with A2 after P2 |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of aortic stenosis? |
|
Definition
| bicuspid valve, subaortic stenosis, supravalvular aortic stenosis |
|
|
Term
| congenital pulmonic stenosis causes [left/right] heart failure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diamond murmur at left sternal border that diminished upon inspiration; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in aortic coarctation, adults present with [pre/post] ductal and neonates present with [pre/post] ductal |
|
Definition
| adults: postductal; neonates: preductal |
|
|
Term
| differential cyanosis; dx? |
|
Definition
| aortic coarctation in neonate |
|
|
Term
| blood pressure in right arm > left arm; where is the aortic coarctation? |
|
Definition
| proximal to left subclavian a. |
|
|
Term
| pt presents with notching of inferior rib surface; what do you expect to see on a phono? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 characteristics of tetralogy of Fallot? |
|
Definition
| VSD, subvalvular pulmonic stenosis, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
| is tetralogy of Fallot a right->left shunt or left->right shunt? |
|
Definition
| right->left (and therefore, cyanotic) |
|
|
Term
| most common cyanotic congenital heart defect after infancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 25% of cases of tetralogy of Fallot is associated with __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 5th characteristic of pentology of Fallot is __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| child has "spells" that are relieved with squatting; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would you find on a phono in a pt with tetralogy of Fallot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| boot-shaped heart on chest xray; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cause of cyanosis in neonatal period |
|
Definition
| transposition of great arteries |
|
|
Term
| cyanotic neonate without murmurs; dx? |
|
Definition
| transposition of great arteries |
|
|
Term
| what is a Rashkind procedure and what is it indicated for? |
|
Definition
| balloon septostomy to create an interatrial communication; used for TGA |
|
|
Term
| what is a Jantene procedure? |
|
Definition
| cut great arteries above semilunar valves and reposition |
|
|
Term
| point of impulse is felt on the right sternal border; dx? |
|
Definition
| transposition of great arteries |
|
|
Term
| Eisenmenger Syndrome occurs in what congenital heart defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| erythrocytosis and hyperviscosity are complications of___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| louder P2, prominent jugular a wave, no murmur; dx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what would you find on a chest xray in a pt with Eisenmenger syndrome? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary a. root dilation and peripheral tapering |
|
|
Term
| Down syndrome: cardiac defects? |
|
Definition
| ASD, VSD, PDA, AV canal defects |
|
|
Term
| Turner syndrome: heart defects? |
|
Definition
| bicuspid aortic valve, aortic coarctation, hypoplastic left heart |
|
|
Term
| Williams syndrome: heart defects? |
|
Definition
| supravalvular aortic stenosis, pulmonary a. stenosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no parathyroid, small thymus, hypocalcemic, tetralogy of Fallot |
|
|
Term
| Holt-Oram: heart defects? |
|
Definition
| heart-hand syndrome; ASD, VSD |
|
|
Term
| Noonan syndrome: heart defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what acyanotic defects cause right heart failure? which ones cause left heart failure? |
|
Definition
| ASD, VSD -> RHF; patent ductus arteriosus -> LHF |
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