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| a universal statement of the nature of things that allows reliable predictions of future events |
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| What features does a good theory have? |
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| logical and orderly; empirically grounded; parsimonous; testable |
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What is the difference between laws and theories? |
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Laws- comprehensive fundamental Theories-boundaries and conditions don't always apply |
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| Can multiple theories be true? |
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| the same behavior is often produced by many different causes |
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| predictions about specific events that are derived from one or more theories |
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| basing knowledge on observations |
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| Reasoning from specific instances to general principles |
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You never know when you have done enough observing |
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Reasoning from general to the Specific. Theory--> Hypothesis |
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| you can prove a theory false but never true |
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| Define: Positive Test Bias |
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| people attempt to confirm rather than to disconfirm the hypothesis |
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| Define: Behavioral Confirmation |
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| Tendency for social preceivers to elicit behaviors from a person that are consistent with their intial expectancies of the person |
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| Reseachers Attempt to gather evidence that supports or confirms a theory or hypothesis |
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An Approach to hypothesis testing in which researchers attempt to gather evidence that invalidates or disconfirms a theory or hypothesis |
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| carefully documented obsercations of a specific group or person |
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| a concound that occurs when a measure designed to assess a specific construct example: self-esteem, time pressure |
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| every person in th study has an equal chance of being assigned to an of the conditions of the study |
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| a design problem in which some addtional variable exists that may influence the dependent vairable... THIS IS NOT A THREAT TO INTERNAL VALIDITY |
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| a method of assigning partiipants to experimental conditions. This is done to gain some degree of comparibility between conditions |
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| a confound that occurs in a laboratory experiment or quasi-experiment when a researcher mistakenly allows a second variable to vary along with a manipulated variable. |
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occurs when an experimenter systematically alters the levels of a variable (Ie the IV)
The goal is too see if change in the IV = change in the dv |
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| extraneous variable/ influences the dv/ not a threat to validity |
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| the finding that people recognize most words more quickly than usual when they have been exposed to words that have a similar meaning |
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| the degree to which the physical setting in an experiment is similar to the real world setting in which the experiment independent and dependent variables are most likely to operate. |
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| the degree to which a research study is psychologically meaningful to research participants. |
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| a measure taken to see if participants in different experimental conditions were, in fact, experiencing different levels of the variable u were hoping to manipulate |
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| a research design in which someone tests a claim about a variable by exposing people to the variable of interest and noting that these people feel think or behave as expected... not real experiments |
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| a group that is used as a standard of comparison for assessing the effects of an experimental manipulations or psychological treatment |
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| Choosing research participants from a nonrepresentative sample by using imperfect techniques rather than true random sampling.THIS IS A THREAT TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY |
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| occurs in research when a substatnial proportion of those invited to take part in a study refuse to do so. If those who agree to take part are different from those who refuse, the resulting bias is similar to selection bias and represents a threat to EXTERNAL VALIDITY |
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| refers to changes that occur more or less across the board in a very large group of people |
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| the specific developmental or experiemental changes that occur in a in a particular person or a particular age cohort, over time |
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| Regression toward the mean |
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| the tendency for people who receive high or low scores on a particular measure to score closer to the mean on a subsequent testing. |
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| the increases in productivity that may occure when workers believe that their behavior is being studied or believe that they are receiving special treatment. Because participants who are receiving an experimental treatment are more likely to believe these things than are participants in a control condition, Hawthorne effect may be mistaken for treatment effects and thus are a THREAT TO INTERANL VALIDITY |
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| the tendency for most participants to perfrom better on a test or personality measure the second time they take it |
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| the failure of some of the participants in an experiment to complete the study |
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| studies in whic there is an equal level of attrition across all of the experimental condition suffer from the term |
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| occurs when the attrition rates in two or more conditions of an experiments are noticeably different. |
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| Participant Reaction bias |
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| people realize they are being studied and behave in ways that they normally wouldn't |
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| participants consciously or unconsciously try to behave in ways they believe to be consistent with the experimenters hypothesis |
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| characteristics of an experoment itself that subtly suggest how people are expected to behave |
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| the tendency for them to try and disconfirm an experiemnters hypothesis |
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| people's concerns about being judged favorably or unfavorably by another person |
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| researchers make bias observations about the experiment or when they treat their participants differently |
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| both the experimenter and research participants are kept unaware of hte participants treatment |
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| any situation in which some additional variable varies systematically with the independent variable and dependent variable. |
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| a variable that is held constants and that might represent a resticted context under which the effect will be observed |
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