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Condon Bio
N/A
75
Science
Undergraduate 1
03/01/2012

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Term
oncogenes
Definition
codes for proteins that control critical functions and tells the cell to divide
Term
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Definition
code for proteins that prevent tumors and tells the cell not to divide
Term
Neoplasia
Definition
formation of new, abnormal growth of tissue
Term
I.) In situ (Neoplasia)
Definition
still in place it began
Term
II.) Local Invasion (Neoplasia)
Definition
went through basement membrane
Term
III.) Lymph Nodes involvement (Neoplasia)
Definition
.. take your headphones out
Term
IV.) Metastatic Cancer (Neoplasia)
Definition
process by which cancer cells spread through circulatory system
Term
genomic instability
Definition
cells ability to maintain conditions is eroding
Term
invasiveness
Definition
cancer cell has ability to eat away at and move around
Term
angiogenesis
Definition
development of new blood vessels
- wound healing
Term
malignant tumors
Definition
deadly, can spread quickly
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue
Term
Sarcoma
Definition
derived from connective tissue
Term
1. Fix (tissue observation)
Definition
enzymatic activity makes something decay, so tissues must be fixed with formalin
Because formalin will fix proteins, enzymes (made of proteins) will be fixed as well.
Paraffin (fats) will not perfuse the tissue since it is made of mostly water
Term
2.) Dehydrate (tissue observation)
Definition
one must dehydrate tissue with ethyl alcohol and water, slowly, in order to keep cell intact. Cell will not collapse until 100% alcohol/ethanol is reached.
Term
3.) Embed (tissue observation)
Definition
it must be embedded in paraffin to be able to cut a thin slice because tissue alone is rubbery
Term
4.) Section (tissue observation)
Definition
“meat slicer” - device that allows for cuts at small increments called microtome
Term
5.) Clear (tissue observation)
Definition
must use solvent xylene to rid of paraffin
Term
6.) Stain (tissue observation)
Definition
must add water-based stain, but will not penetrate paraffin.
H + E (hematoxalin and eosin, sticks to protein) is the most common form of stain.
Term
Hematoxalin
Definition
purple/blue & sticks to nucleic acids
Term
Eosin
Definition
red/pink & sticks to proteins
Term
Tissue
Definition
group of cells with a common function
Term
Four Primary Tissue Types
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Term
Epithelial
Definition
- Must line something
- Secrete Basal Lamina/act as a gland
- Tend to be polarized, meaning having a clear top and bottom
Term
Cell-to-cell junctions
Definition
Because epithelial cells line something, it is important that these are used to link the cells
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
form the site of attachment between certain epithelial cells.
Term
Epithelial Tissue Sub-catagories (5)
Definition
- columnar

- cubodial

- squamous

and can be further divided into:
- simple

- stratified: layering, ex. skin cells
Term
Basal Lamina
Definition
secreted by epithelial cells
Term
Connective tissue
Definition
- joins one tissue type to another, ex. blood, ligaments, bone
- should never see free surface
- have lots of extracellular matrix, ex. collagen is e.c.m. in tendons and ligaments
- Rectangular lamina
Term
Rectangular lamina
Definition
secreted by connective tissue
Term
Fiber proteins
Definition
made of proteins such a collagen, elastic, and fibronectin
Term
Muscle tissue & its subcatagories (3)
Definition
perform some kind of contracting function
- skeletal
- cardiac
- smooth
Term
Skeletal (muscle tissue)
Definition
run parallel to each other so they can work together and have striations
Term
Cardiac (muscle tissue)
Definition
cells branch in multiple directions and have striations. When they join with neighboring cells, thick ____ between cells exists, called intercalated discs
Term
Smooth (muscle tissue)
Definition
aka visceral, muscle not attached to bone, but in the walls of various internal organs such as the stomach, lining of airways, or blood vessels. Blunted on ends, tapers at ends, no striations.
Term
1.) G1 phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Cells increase in size in Gap 1. The G1 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis. Doesn’t care about cell division, consists of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins
Term
2) S Phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
DNA replication
Term
3) G2 phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis, the cell will continue to grow. The G2 checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M (mitosis) phase and divide.
Term
4) Mitosis M Phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells. A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis (Metaphase Checkpoint) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division.
Term
5) G0 Phase (Cell Cycle)
Definition
aka senescence phase, cells that go into this phase have no intention to divide and goes into division retirement
Term
The cell always does a __________ throughout the cycle: Did I do ______ well? Yes -> Next stage. No -> ______
Definition
The cell always does a checkpoint throughout the cycle: Did I do DNA replication well? Yes -> Next stage. No -> Apoptosis.
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
A programed cell death, ex. webbing between hands and toes
Term
Necrosis
Definition
cells dying in response to toxic/ mechanical damage- artificial external damages.
Term
necr
Definition
latin word for kill
Term
Mutagenesis
Definition
is a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation. It may occur spontaneously in nature, or as a result of exposure to mutagens. It can also be achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures. In nature mutagenesis can lead to cancer and various heritable diseases, but it is also the driving force of evolution.
Term
Mutation
Definition
- can occur spontaneously or due to exposure to mutagens
- can also be achieved experimentally using laboratory procedures
- can lead to cancer and various heritable diseases, but it is also the driving force of evolution
Term
Cell can repair damaged DNA with....
Definition
excision repair
Term
Cell can repair damaged DNA with excision repair. In doing so, it...
Definition
...chops off a few bases and DNA polymerase replicates and rebuilds DNA. DNA polymerase cannot seal backbone so DNA Ligase seals up the sugar phosphate backbone.
Term
Stages of Mutagenesis
Definition
1.) Initiation
2.) Promotion
3.) Progression
Term
1.) Initiation (Stages of Mutagenesis)
Definition
mutation in either two. Cell is not cancerous yet, but this is the first step towards it.
- genotoxic step
- possible for immune system to kill off or apoptosis
Term
2.) Promotion (Stages of Mutagenesis)
Definition
making many copies of itself & increasing probability of cancerous cell. May also be called “clonal expansion”
- tumor promoter: ethyl alcohol
- “complete carcinogen”: smoke & drink alcohol
Term
3.) Progression (Stages of Mutagenesis)
Definition
mutation of cell
- every time cell gets a mutation, it makes it harder to recognize/protect
Term
Point-Mutation (2)
Definition
mutation at one base
- Transition
- Transversion
Term
Transition
Definition
turn purine into another purine or a pyrimidine into another pyrimidine
Term
Transversion
Definition
turn purine into pyrimidine or pyrimidine into purine
Term
Purine
Definition
guanine, adenine
Term
Pyrimadine
Definition
cytosine, thymine, uracil
Term
Pyrimidine Dimer
Definition
molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions, like with UV light. These premutagenic lesions alter the structure of DNA and consequently inhibit polymerases and arrest replication. Photo ligase can break bond and can tolerate UV exposure.
Term
Clastogenic
Definition
form of radiation that snaps and breaks DNA all over the place and isn’t very repairable
Term
Stages of Mitosis (4)
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
Term
Prophase
Definition
Chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and becomes visible in the light microscope as chromosomes. The nucleolus disappears. Centrioles begin moving to opposite ends of the cell and fibers extend from the centromeres. Some fibers cross the cell to form the mitotic spindle.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus. This line is referred to as the metaphase plate. This organization helps to ensure that in the next phase, when the chromosomes are separated, each new nucleus will receive one copy of each chromosome.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
The paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell. Motion results from a combination of kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules and through the physical interaction of polar microtubules.
Term
Telophase
Definition
Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell, and new membranes form around the daughter nuclei. The chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope. The spindle fibers disperse, and cytokinesis or the partitioning of the cell may also begin during this stage.
Term
Autosome
Definition
a chromosome that is not directly involved in determining sex, not a sex chromosome
Term
Sex linked
Definition
a gene located on either sex chromosome. Most sex linked genes are on the X chromosome and show distinctive patterns of inheritance, very few genes are on Y chromosome
Term
Gamete
Definition
a haploid reproductive cell such as an egg or sperm. Gametes unite during sexual reproduction to produce a haploid zygote
Term
Diploid
Definition
a cell containing two sets of chromosomes one from each parent
Term
Sex chromosome
Definition
a chromosome responsible for determining the sex of an individual
Term
Genotype
Definition
the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an organism
Term
Allele
Definition
any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
Term
Phenotype
Definition
the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by its genetic makeup
Term
Gene
Definition
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA
Term
Codominance
Definition
the situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways.
Term
Haploid
Definition
a cell containing one set of chromosomes.
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