Term
Label for a specific set symptoms or criteria that professionals agree upon
-Not an exact science
- Culturally biased |
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Definition
| How do people get diagnosed with mental health disorders? |
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Term
-Subjective
-Often difficult to make concrete
-May have contradictory information
-Thought problems
- Language problems, abnormal speech patterns, loose association, preservation, tangentiality
-Affect disruption
-orientation disruption
-Memory problems
-Confabulation
-Energy and Motor problems |
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Definition
| Symptoms of mental health disorders |
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Term
| Concrete thinking, delusions, obsessions, etc. |
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Definition
Thought problems of General mental health conditions
include |
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Term
| Flat, labile (emotional and affect swings between extremes) Anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure) |
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Definition
| Types of Affect disruption in mental health conditions (3) |
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Term
3 spheres of orientation:time, place, and person
Time usually affected 1st and person last
Recorded as 0x3 if fully oriented |
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Definition
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Term
1) Procedural- the automatic sequence of behavior
2) Declarative- memory for specific facts
3) Sematics-knolwedge of meaning of words and ability to classify information/ideas
4) Episodic- memory of personal experiences
5) Prospective- memory needed to carry out actions in the future "to remember to remember" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
if a person is having deficits in their memory they may try and "fill in the gaps" by saying things that are not true. NOT LYING because they do not realize what they are doing. |
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Term
Energy and Motor Problems
of Mental Health Disorders |
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Definition
-Due to medications -Sleep cycle disruption -Catatonia- severe rigidity, almost coma like except the person is aware of their surroundings but not able to communicate -Stereotypy- repetition of an action over and over -Tics- twitching or spasms, often in face or hands -Compulsions- repetitive irrational behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| What is the most common neurodegenerative disease? |
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Term
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Definition
Autosomal- dominant disorder in which the offspring of affected individuals have a 50% chance of developing the disease
Symptoms generally begin between 30 and 50 years of age
Death typically occurs 15-25 years after the appearance of symptoms
Neuropathology involves destruction of medium spiny neurons in the caudate and putamen that cause a decrease in the activity of the subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
Symptoms
Chorea, muscle rigidity and dystonia, slow eye movements , impaired gait, posture, speech, swallowing, disorganized, mania, depression, slow word finding |
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Term
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Definition
Degeneration of spinal cord and cerebellum
Autosomal dominant; over 30 variants
Symptoms
Decreased coordination
Spasticity- velocity-dependent, associated with fast movement |
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Term
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Definition
Increasing in prevalence because people growing older and living longer
Progressive decline in speed, flexibility, fluidity, coordination (fine and gross) of extremities, trunk, face, voice
Difficulty initiating motion is the hallmark of the disease
Characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies
Neuronal degeneration progresses beyond substantia nigra and brainstem and can affect other NT systems
Decreased dopamine→ deficits in speed and quality of motor movements, postural stability, cognitive skills and affective expression
Dopaminergic denervation + serotonergic loss (slower pace of progression) |
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Term
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Definition
Motor symptoms: resting tremor, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia
Tremor→ usually noted initially in hand on one side and sometimes in foot
In the hand, frequently described as “pill-rolling”
Tremors usually variable
Disappear when person is asleep or calmly resting
Increase under stress or intense mental activity |
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Term
Parkinson’s Disease
Cognitive impairments→ |
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Definition
visuospatial, memory, frontal lobe functions
Sensory loss |
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Term
Gait disturbances referred to as “festinating gait” → short-stepped or shuffling with reduced arm swing
Dexterity and coordination difficulties
Involuntary immobilization
Micrographia
Cognitive impairments→ visuospatial, memory, frontal lobe functions
Sensory loss
Muffled speech
Frequent swallowing
Postural instability
Poor balance
Oculomotor impairments
Reduced perception of and expression of emotions
Sleep disturbances
Reduced bowel and bladder function
Painful cramping
Sexual dysfunction
Low blood pressure
Seborrhea
Depression or anxiety
Fatigue |
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Definition
| What are some secondary symptoms of PD? |
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Term
Signs and symptoms
Slow, insidious
Bradykinesia
Rigid extremities
“Pill-rolling” tremors in the fingers aggravated by stress, fatigue, anxiety
(stigmatization, disparity, depression, cognition, anxiety, impulse, sleep , vision, pain |
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Definition
| What are the 5 main signs and symptoms of PD? |
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Term
Tremor-dominant PD:
Nontremor-dominant PD: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relative absence of other motor symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| akinetic-rigid syndrome and postural instability gait disorder |
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Term
Preclinical period→ neurons have begun to degenerate, no symptoms yet evident
Prodromal period→ can last months or even years
--during this phase generalized symptoms such as depression, anxiety, constipation, REM, behavior disorder and fatigue may appear
Symptomatic period→ classic motor PD symptoms are evident followed by progressive nonmotor symptoms |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| does not have a known genetic link; accounts for 90% of cases |
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Term
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Definition
| known genetic link; accounts for 10% of cases |
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Term
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Definition
Disorder affecting both upper and lower motor neurons
Sparing sensations
Some cognitive impairment due to prefrontal neurons
A motor neuron disease, DOES NOT AFFECT SENSORY NEURONS
Degenerative CNS disorder, with loss of upper and lower motor neurons, resulting in progressive weakness and death from respiratory muscle failure |
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Term
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Definition
A fatal, progressive, degenerative motor neuron disease in which scars form on the UMNs in the corticospinal pathways and functionally linked LMNs in motor nuclei of the brainstem and anterior horn cells of SC
Neurodegeneration is also found in corpus callosum, extramotor cerebral regions and frontotemporal lobes
Cytosolic and mitochondrial pathway dysfunction may result in buildup of proteins that lead to motor neuron death
Evidence of an inflammatory component in mechanisms of disease process |
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Term
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Definition
Most common initial symptom is weakness of small muscles of the hand or an asymmetrical foot drop
Night cramps especially in the calf may be present
Progressive loss of muscle movement, spasticity, difficulty speaking and swallowing, loss of emotional control and reduced body temperature regulation are common symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
Significant cognitive deficits→ reduced executive functions and changes in language abilities or personality
Related to frontotemporal involvement
Progressive neurodegeneration of CNS eventually leads to respiratory failure |
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Term
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Definition
Weakness, strength ok, muscle bulk preserved, slow, imprecise, spasticity, limb stiffness, and increased reflexes
UMN or LMN signs of ALS? |
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Term
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Definition
Weakness, severe symptoms, loss of muscle tissue, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased reflexes
UMN or LMN signs of ALS? |
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Term
| Lower motor neuron dysfunction Corticospinal tract dysfunction Corticobulbar tract dysfunction |
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Definition
| Signs and symptoms of ALS are progressive, distal→ proximal pattern, divided into three areas: What are they? |
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Term
| Lower motor neuron dysfunction |
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Definition
focal and multifocal weakness, atrophy, cramps, muscle twitching.
What area of symptoms of ALS? |
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Term
| Corticospinal tract dysfunction |
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Definition
muscle spasticity, weakness, hyperresponsive reflexes
What area of symptoms of ALS? |
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Term
| Corticobulbar tract dysfunction |
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Definition
slow/labored/distorted speech often with a nasal quality, hyperactive gag reflex, tongue atrophy, dysphasia (No pain or sensory symptoms)
What area of symptoms of ALS? |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the CNS Debilitating immunological and neurodegenerative disease Genetically susceptible person’s own immune system attacks the myelin sheath surrounding the brain, SC and optic nerve Characterized by chronic inflammation and diffuse demyelination in white matter, gray matter and axons CNS demyelination→ scar tissue formation or plaques→ reduce axons’ ability to conduct impulses Visual, motor, sensory, cognitive, psychological, and bowel and bladder systems can be affected |
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Term
Benign→
Relapsing-Remitting-Nonprogressive→
Relapsing-Remitting-Progressive→
Primary Progressive→ |
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Definition
| 4 types or patterns of MS |
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Term
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Definition
1-2 episodes of neurological deficits with no residual impairments
What type or pattern o MS? |
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Term
| Relapsing-Remitting-Nonprogressive |
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Definition
person returns to previous level of function after each exacerbation with no residual deficits
hat type or pattern o MS? |
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Term
| Relapsing-Remitting-Progressive→ |
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Definition
some residual impairment with each remission, course is unpredictable with varied patterns of exacerbation and remission
hat type or pattern o MS? |
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Term
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Definition
a steady decline in function without remissions and exacerbations
hat type or pattern o MS? |
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Term
Unhealthy individuals
Viral or bacterial infections
Disease of major organ systems
Major and minor stress |
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Definition
| Exacerbating factors of MS (4) |
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Term
| motor, sensory, visual and autonomic systems |
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Definition
| What general systems are affected by MS? (4) |
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Term
Visual deficits→ diplopia or unilateral optic neuritis
Often one of the earliest signs of MS
Nearly 80% of all persons who have MS have some loss of visual acuity
Sensory disturbances→ dysesthesia or paresthesia
Urinary incontinence or retention
Erectile dysfunction
Muscle weakness
Gross and fine motor incoordination
Pain, weakness
Spasticity
Fatigue→ Most common and often most debilitating symptom
Ataxia
Dysphagia
Dysarthria
Vestibular dysfunction
Cognitive or emotional disturbances |
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Definition
| What are some of the specific symptoms of MS? (14) |
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Term
Complex Attention
Executive Function
Learning and Memory
Language
Perceptual-Motor
Social Cognition |
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Definition
| What are the 5 neurocognitive domains from the DSM-V that are used to differntiate Neurocog disorders? |
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Term
Acute onset
Cognitive fluctuations over hours or days
Impaired consciousness and attention
Altered sleep cycles |
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Definition
| What are the 4 distinguishing signs of delirium? |
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Term
Fever can bring on delirium, but it is usually a sign of an underlying condition.
Adverse medication side effects
Substance intoxication or withdrawal
Infection
Metabolic disturbances
Traumatic head injury
Vascular injury
Cancer
Inflammatory disorders |
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Definition
| What are some of the underlying conditions that can cause delirium? (9) |
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Term
Risk Factors
Increased severity and complexity of physical illness
Use of many prescription medications
Extremes in age
Presence of a baseline cognitive impairment, such as an NCD |
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Definition
| What are risk factors for delirium? (4) |
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Term
Hyperactive
Hypoactive
Mixed → Symptoms of both hyper and hypoactive types |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Agitation, restlessness and excessive emotional reactivity or emotional lability
Which subtype of delirium? |
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Term
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Definition
Somnolence, withdrawal, decreased responsiveness, apathy
Associated with increased length of hospital stay and morbidity.
Which subtype of delirium? |
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Term
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Definition
→ Symptoms of both hyper and hypoactive types
Which subtype of delirium? |
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Term
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Definition
| What neurocog disorder is considered a medical emergency? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 3 stages of AD? |
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Term
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Definition
| How long does the mild stage of AD last? |
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Term
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Definition
| How long does the moderate stage of AD last? |
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Term
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Definition
| How long does the severe stage of AD last? |
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Term
Amyloid rich senile plaques
Neurofibrillary tangles
Neuronal degeneration |
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Definition
| What are the 3 neuropathological hallmarks of AD? |
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Term
Supportive Care for the patient
Supportive care for the family or caregiver
Disease treatment
Symptom treatment, including cognitive, mental, and behavioral |
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Definition
| What are the 4 pillars of complete dementia care? |
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Term
Age of onset = between 16 and 30 → typically earlier for males
Diagnosis after age 45 is unusual
Childhood onset = diagnosis before age of 13 and characterized by insidious onset with multiple neurodevelopmental impairments prior to onset of psychotic or negative symptoms
Adolescent onset usually has a clear first episode |
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Definition
| What is the age of onset for schizophrenia? |
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Term
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Definition
| True or false: Symptoms of schizophrenia can be gradual or acute |
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Term
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Definition
| a marked psychomotor disturbance marked by extreme negativism, mutism, and excessive motor activity that does not make sense or have purpose and is not necessarily influenced by any external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Catatonia is present with what condition? |
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Term
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Definition
| Catatonia, mutism, alogia, echolalia, avolition, hallucinations, and anosognosia are associated with what condition? |
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Term
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Definition
| a pathological, senseless repetition of a word or phrase just spoken. parrot like repetition |
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Term
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Definition
| experience of particular sensations that are not real to others and that are experienced while awake |
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Term
| Most common form is auditory, other types include, visual, gustatory, olfactory, and tactile |
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Definition
| what are the types of hallucinations? |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of ability to recognize and accept their disorder |
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Term
| memory, attention, language, executive function |
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Definition
| Four of the common/general cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia include: |
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Term
| flat affect, inability to identify and express emotions, mood disturbances are commonly seen |
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Definition
| Affective symptoms of schizophrenia include: |
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Term
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Definition
| when early signs of dysfunction in premorbid functioning. This can last from weeks to years before full onset |
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Term
| delusions, disorganized thinking, grossly disorganized behavior or catatonia, negative symptoms, positive symptoms |
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Definition
| 5 categories of symptoms of schizophrenia: |
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Term
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Definition
| fixed beliefs that are typically due to a misinterpretation of an event or experience |
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Term
| Categorized as bizarre (beliefs that are clearly impossible and not related to everyday experiences) or non-bizarre (e.g. That coworkers are talking about the person) |
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Definition
| 2 categories of delusions (schizophrenia): |
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Term
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Definition
| Person believes they are victimized, ridiculed, or placed under surveillance (e.g. paranoia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Person believes that common cues from environment (facial expressions of celebrities on TV, casual comments in daily conversation, newspaper stories) hold a special meaning or message |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by beliefs that involve the person’s body (e.g. believing they underwent a secret operation while under anesthesia or that she is pregnant) |
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Term
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Definition
| may believe they are Jesus Christ or acting out direct orders from God |
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Term
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Definition
| believing that one is all powerful or important |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that another person, often one unknown to the individual, is in love with the individual |
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Term
| persecutory, referential, somatic, religious, grandiose, erotomania |
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Definition
| Common types of delusions include (6): |
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Term
| grossly disorganized behavior or catatonia with schizophrenia |
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Definition
| unpredictable, socially inappropriate behavior that interferes with daily activities (agitated or angry outbursts, sexually acting out in public) |
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Term
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Definition
| features that represent an absence of function or experience |
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Term
Diminished emotional expression
Avolition |
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Definition
| two prominent features of negative symptoms with schizophrenia |
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Term
| hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech |
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Definition
| positive symptoms of schizophrenia include: |
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Term
| alogia, anhedonia, asociality |
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Definition
| 3 other common symptoms of schizophrenia include: |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of pleasure in previously enjoyed activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased interest in socialization and maintenance of relationships |
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Term
| psychotropic medications, psychotherapy and counseling |
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Definition
| treatment for schizophrenia includes |
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Term
| Relative excess of functional activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine in neuronal tracts in the brain |
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Definition
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Term
1. typical or "first-generation" antipsychotics
2. atypical or "second-generation" antipsychotics |
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Definition
| two types of medications (general) for schizophrenia |
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Term
-Supportive/counseling
-Personal therapy
-Social skills therapies
-Vocational sheltered employment rehabilitation therapies |
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Definition
| Psychotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Individual (4) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Psychotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Group |
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Term
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Compliance therapy |
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Definition
| Psychotherapeutic Approaches to the Treatment of Schizophrenia: cognitive behavioral |
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Term
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Definition
| other psychotic disorders share the common features of |
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Term
| schizophreniform disorder |
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Definition
Total duration of the illness is more than 1 month, but less than 6 months
Occupational performance deficits may not be present |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of schizophrenia present, but a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| typical age of onset for schizoaffective disorder |
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Term
Bipolar type
Depressive type |
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Definition
| 2 subtypes of schizoaffective disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms include presence of delusions lasting at least 1 month. Olfactory or tactile hallucinations may be both present and prominent of they relate to the delusion. Age of onset is highly variable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by sudden onset of psychotic symptoms or highly disorganized or catatonic behavior lasting between 1 day and 1 month |
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Term
|
Definition
| average age of onset for brief psychotic disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Brief episode followed by return to premorbid functioning
May or may not be a stressor
These individuals experience great confusion or dramatic mood shifts and are more at risk for suicide due to impulsivity |
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Term
| psychotic disorder due to another medical condition |
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Definition
| direct result of a general medical condition, such as epilepsy, brain lesions, Huntington’s, hepatic or renal disease, lupus, or auditory or visual nerve injuries. |
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Term
| psychotic disorder due to another medical condition |
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Definition
Can be a single episode or recurrent
Psychotic symptoms can remain even after underlying medical condition is resolved |
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Term
| Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder |
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Definition
| directly due to effects of drug or toxin exposure |
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Term
| Substance/Medication-Induced Psychotic Disorder |
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Definition
In withdrawal, delusions and hallucinations are more severe and present well beyond what would be expected.
Onset can be due to a single use or prolonged use |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of multiple catatonia symptoms |
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Term
| Other Specified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder |
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Definition
| used when individuals present with some psychotic symptoms and significant functional impairments that do not meet the full criteria for an specific psychotic disorder. |
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Term
| Unspecified Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorder |
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Definition
| applies to individuals whose symptoms do not meet full criteria for any of the other schizophrenia spectrum disorders. |
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Term
| generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
Excessive and unrealistic worry lasting 6 months or longer with physical symptoms such as:
Muscle tension, gastrointestinal upset, heart palpitations, or headaches
Women twice as likely to be affected |
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Term
|
Definition
Recurrent episodes of apprehension, terror, or impending doom
Anxiety in its most severe form |
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Term
|
Definition
Symptoms: heart palpitations, chest pain, sweating, trembling, and feeling of choking
Women twice as likely to be affected |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
Persistent exaggerated thoughts or actions that reflect exaggerated fear
Some thoughts are violent, others worries about contamination |
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Term
| obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
Some people perform ritualistic, repetitive, involuntary and compulsive behaviors (e.g. counting, touching, hand washing, repeated “checking”)
Women twice as likely as men to be affected |
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Term
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Definition
Persistent and irrational fear compels one to avoid perceived hazard
Individuals know the fear is irrational but are unable to control it |
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Term
|
Definition
Affects 7-15% of population
Women twice as likely to be affected
When confronted with feared object/situation→ severe anxiety, dizziness, loss of bladder/bowel control, tachypnea, feelings of pain, shortness of breath |
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Term
|
Definition
Fear of embarrassing oneself in public or social situations
People may avoid public situations or isolate and restrict their functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
Cannot do basic everyday tasks outside of their home
Men and women affected equally but different types of social situational triggers |
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Term
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Definition
Fear of being in specific situations with large groups or being alone
Situations avoided→ prove fear and fear that they cannot escape the situation
More common in women |
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Term
Public transportation
Open spaces
Enclosed places
Standing in line or a crowd
Being outside of the home alone |
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Definition
| With agoraphobia, there is a fear of being in one of 5 situations: |
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Term
|
Definition
| difficulty letting go or getting rid of possessions due to false belief. Sanitation and safety issues can compromise ability to function. |
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Term
| post-traumatic stress disorder |
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Definition
Psychological consequences persist for at least one month after a traumatic event outside the realm of usual human experiences
Occurs with distress after a traumatic event
Common among veterans |
|
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Term
| amygdala (where emotional reactions are formed) |
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Definition
| research on this part of the brain hopes to determine the cause of PTSD |
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Term
|
Definition
| What percent of the US population is affected by PTSD? |
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Term
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Definition
| T or F: With PTSD, symptoms may not start for weeks to months after trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| T or F: With PTSD, it is common to start around 3rd month after exposure to trauma |
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Term
| flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance of the place related to the trauma, emotional numbing or detachment from others, changes in emotional responses, dissociation or feeling detached from oneself, suicidal thoughts, depression, excessive drug/alcohol use |
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Definition
| symptoms of PTSD include: |
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Term
|
Definition
Must reach level of difficulty functioning in many everyday tasks for diagnosis
Symptoms longer than 3 months→ considered chronic
If chronic, symptoms can lessen but complete recovery is unlikely |
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Term
| psychotherapy, medications or both, group and individual therapy, CBT, EMDR, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications |
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Definition
|
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Term
-American Psychological Society DSM-V
-Insurance Providers
-Mental Health Association |
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Definition
| Diagnoses of mental health disorders and diseases are classified by the |
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Term
-Appearance
-Speech
-Motor Activity
-Mood
-Perceptions-Hallucinations are false perceptions, perceiving something or someone that is not really there
-Thought content-Delusions are false beliefs
-Judgments |
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Definition
| Assessment for suspected mental disorder includes |
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Term
-Criteria and description of all disorders, including diagnostic features, associated features, and differential diagnosis issues
-Definitions of specifiers that provide greater description of the current or most recent mood episodes |
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Definition
| DSM-5 Layout for mood disorders are divided into 2 sections to assisting diagnosing problems with mood: |
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Term
| Mood episodes are building blocks of most mood disorders |
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Definition
|
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Term
-Quality of mood (High or Low)
-Required time
-Required symptoms
-Degree of disability
-Exclusions not result of general medical conditions or substance |
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Definition
| Building blocks of mood episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
Feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, despair, difficulty working, sleeping, enjoying life. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorders with Peripartum Onset (PPND) |
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Definition
-Affects about 14% of population, generally affects women more but can affect fathers -Rare forms of psychosis (including hallucinations and delusions) can occur -Symptoms occur over weeks and months |
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Term
| Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder with Peripartum Onset (PPND) |
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Definition
Mild to severe symptoms of: loss of appetite, lack of joy in life, insomnia that creates overwhelming fatigue, loss of interest in sex, difficulty bonding with the baby, thoughts of harming the baby or self, and feelings of guilt or shame |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder with Seasonal Pattern |
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Definition
-Affects 5% of the population in its severe form, affects women more than men -Milder form affects about 14% of the population -Symptoms increase in fall and winter, decrease in spring and summer -Client complaints: sleep too much, have little energy, crave sweets and starchy foods, feel depressed |
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Term
| Persistent Mild Depressive Disorder (dysthymia) |
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Definition
-Serotonin is a chemical messenger in the brain known to play a role in depression -Less severe form of depression, long-term chronic symptoms lasting at least 2 years -Symptoms not disabling, but prevent client from feeling good or functioning well -Many also suffer major depressive episodes at some point |
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Term
|
Definition
| -Essential features: Either depressed mood OR loss of interest or pleasure plus four other depressive symptoms -Duration: At least two weeks -Common rule-outs: medical condition, medications, substance use, bipolar disorder, or a psychotic disorder. |
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Term
| Major depressive disorders result from a functional deficiency of norepinephrine or serotonin at synapses in the CNS |
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Definition
From Mary Lou Brubaker’s lecture (Depression)
Causes: |
|
|
Term
-MAO inhibitors (MAOIs)
inhibit monoamine oxidases that metabolizes norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine
-Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
block reuptake transporters of both norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT)
-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
selectively inhibit serotonin (5-HT) transporters
-Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
block NE and 5-HT transporters, but lack the alpha blocking, anticholinergic and antihistaminic actions of TCAs
-5-HT2 receptor antagonists
block this subgroup of serotonin receptors with only minor effects on amine transporters
-Heterocyclics
antidepressants of varying chemical structures, characteristics do not strictly conform to any of the above designation |
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Definition
From Mary Lou Brubaker’s lecture (Depression)
Medication: |
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Term
|
Definition
Cycling between depression and mania; also called manic-depression Can be dramatic switches, but more often are gradual May last for weeks or months 15-50% of those diagnosed attempt suicide |
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|
Term
-Mood that is abnormally elevated and expansive (sometimes irritable)
-Heightened mood has existed for a minimum of one week
-Must specifically meet three (3) of the following criteria: (in addition to 2 previous bullet points)
1) Increased self esteem
2) Decreased sleep
3) Pressured speech
4) Racing thoughts
5) Increase in physical activity
6) Goal agitation
7) Risk taking behavior
-At least one lifetime manic episode is required for the diagnosis of Bipolar I
-Classic triad of manic episode
Heightened self-esteem
Increased motor activity
Pressured speech |
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Definition
| Bipolar Disorder Manic Episode Criteria Must meet five (5) overall criteria |
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Term
Heightened self-esteem
Increased motor activity
Pressured speech |
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Definition
| Classic triad of manic episode |
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Term
Hypomanic
Episode Criteria: “Watered down” version of a manic episode |
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Definition
-Quality of mood that is euphoric, but without the driven quality present in a manic episode -Mood must be qualitatively different from normal non-depressed mood -Disturbance in mood is observable by others -Is NOT severe enough to cause marked impairment -Client must have symptoms for a period of four (4) days -These episodes are common in Bipolar I Disorder, but are not required for a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorde |
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Term
| Hypomanic Episode Criteria: |
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Definition
-Same number of symptoms from the same list required for manic episode: At least three (3) symptoms must be present during previous four (4) days. If mood is irritable than four (4) symptoms are required. |
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Term
| Depressive Episode Criteria |
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Definition
-One of the most common problems for why people seek help. -Must meet following criteria: -Depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure -Existed most of the day, nearly every day, for at least 2 weeks -Accompanied by at least five (5) symptoms, where one (1) symptom must be depressed mood or loss of pleasure -Death wishes/suicidal ideation -Mood disturbance cannot be due to a GMC or use of substances -Major Depressive episodes are common in Bipolar I Disorder, but are not required for a diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder. |
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Term
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Definition
Clients have at least one manic episode with or without previous episodes of depression |
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Term
-Clients have at least 1 episode of depression and at least 1 hypomanic episode that is not as severe or long-lasting as a manic episode.
-In hypomania, clients generally continue to function in their daily routine. The periods of depression are typically much longer than the periods of hypomania. |
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Definition
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Term
-Represents a chronic (at least 2 years), but less severe, mood disturbance involving both hypomanic behaviors and depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for either a manic or major depressive episode
-Etiology is essentially unknown |
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Definition
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Term
CBT
Family-focused treatment
Interpersonal psychotherapy
Psychoeducation about disorder
Chart the precipitants, nature, duration, frequency, and seasonality of dysfunctional mood to avoid future episodes.
Medication
-Lithium
-Anticonvulsants (Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal)
-Atypical Antipsychotics (Risperdal, Seroquel) |
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Definition
| Treatment of Bipolar I & II |
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Term
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) |
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Definition
| -Rationale for adding new disorder -Essential feature: Severe temper outbursts with underlying persistent angry or irritable mood -More common in males -No empirically supported treatments yet -Need more research -Avoid bipolar medications |
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Term
-Bipolar disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, depressive disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, separation anxiety disorder, substance, medication, or medical condition
-If ODD present, do not diagnose DMDD |
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Definition
| Common rule-outs for Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) |
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Term
-Coping skills for thoughts, feelings, and behavior
-Parent training
-Parent support group |
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Definition
| Consider CBT treatments used for depression in children: |
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Term
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Definition
-A set or pattern of behaviors and experiences that prevent a person from maintaining healthy relationships with others and from adapting to everyday situations in their environment
-- Patterns of behavior and communication evoke negative reactions from others
-The pattern is pervasive and continuous rather than episodic or short duration |
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Term
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Definition
-Inflexible and maladaptive in their environment
-Have few strategies for forming and maintaining relationships
-Lack resilience, unable to adapt to changes |
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Term
General types include
-Antisocial: disregard for rights of others
-Borderline: attention seeking and excessive emotions
-Narcissistic: lack of empathy; need for admiration and grandiosity
-Avoidant: feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to criticism |
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Definition
| General types of personality disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality disorders includes: disregard for rights of others? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality disorders includes: attention seeking and excessive emotions? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality disorders includes: lack of empathy; need for admiration and grandiosity? |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of personality disorders includes: feelings of inadequacy; hypersensitivity to criticism? |
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Term
| Psychological and physical |
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Definition
| Addiction is both __________________ and ____________________. |
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Term
| substance-use disorders and substance-induced disorders |
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Definition
| 2 groups of Substance-Related disorders: |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of substance related disorder- a combination of symptoms related to cognitive, behavioral and physiological symptoms; two main features |
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Term
Tolerance: increased substance use to achieve previous effects
Withdrawal: negative physical symptoms that occur after periods of abstinence |
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Definition
| Substance-use disorders has 2 main features..... |
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Term
Intoxication: recent ingestion of substance, significant behavioral or psychological changes
Withdrawal |
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Definition
| Substance-induced disorders include two conditions: |
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Term
| Alcohol related disorders |
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Definition
-Symptoms: individuals unable to control their drinking even when it becomes the underlying cause of serious harm, including medical disorders, marital difficulties, job loss, and traffic accidents
-Experience impaired control, unable to stop drinking once they start
-Withdrawal symptoms of: nausea, sweating, shaking, anxiety
-Drink to stop these symptoms= greater tolerance for alcohol |
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Term
| Psychoactive Drug Disorders: |
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Definition
-Abuse of opiates or narcotics, tobacco, caffeine, stimulants, sedatives/hypnotics, or anxiolytic (depressants), THC, hallucinogens and inhalants. Also includes over-the-counter medications and anabolic steroids
-Symptoms depend on the drug and can include: needle marks, scars from skin abscesses, rapid HR, constricted pupils and a relaxed or euphoric state |
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Term
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Definition
-Vascular injury
-Blood flow and oxygen supply are impaired |
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Term
Location
Mechanism or etiology
Extent of the injury |
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Definition
| Neurological deficits and prognosis of stroke are determined by: (3) |
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Term
| Ischemic (embolic stroke) |
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Definition
Type of stroke:
-Result from obstructions in the vessel
-This can happen after traumatic injuries
-The moving embolus causes damage where it lodges |
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Term
| Ischemic (thrombotic stroke) |
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Definition
Type of stroke:
-Result from obstructions in the vessel
-Can happen after traumatic injuries
-Moving causes damage where it lodges |
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Term
| Hemorrhagic (cerebral hemorrhage) |
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Definition
Type of stroke:
-Results from a weakened blood vessel
-There is a rupture or bleed of an artery
-Has 2 subtypes |
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Term
Aneurysms
Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) |
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Definition
| Two types of Hemorrhagic (cerebral hemorrhage) stroke: |
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Term
| Anterior Cerebral Artery Stroke |
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Definition
When the following symptoms occur, where/what type is the stroke?
-Paralysis of the lower extremity, usually more severe than that of the upper extremity, contralateral to the occluded vessel
-Loss of sensation in the contralateral toes, foot, and leg
-Loss of conscious control of bowel or bladder
-Balance problems in sitting, standing, and walking
-Lack of spontaneity of emotions, whispered speech, or loss of all communication
-Memory impairment |
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Term
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Definition
When the following symptoms occur, where/what type is the stroke?
-A variety of visual disturbances, including impaired coordination of the eyes
-Impaired temperature sensation
-Impaired ability to read and/or name objects
-Vertigo, dizziness
-Disturbances in balance when standing or walking (ataxia)
-Paralysis of the face, limbs, or tongue
-Clumsy movements of the hands
-Difficulty judging distance when trying to coordinate limb movements (dysmetria)
-Drooling and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
-Localized numbness
-Loss of memory
-Drop attacks in which there is a sudden loss of motor and postural control resulting in collapse, but the individual remains conscious |
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Term
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Definition
When the following symptoms occur, where/what type is the stroke?
-Classic brainstem stroke that is also referred to as lateral medullary syndrome
-It occurs as a result of an occlusion of a vertebral or cerebellar artery
-May produce contralateral pain and temperature loss, ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome (sinking of the eyeball, ptosis of the upper eyelid, and a dry, cool face on the affected side
-Ataxia
-Facial sensory loss
-Ischemia to the ipsilateral cranial nerve fibers VIII, IX, and X results in palatal paralysis
-Hoarseness
-Dysphagia and vertigo
-Brainstem strokes often result in coma because of damage to the centers involved with alertness and wakefulness
-Rare
-Quickly accompanied by loss of consciousness
-Usually fatal
-If patient survives recovery is often good |
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Term
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Definition
Type of brain damage that is.....
Focal (localized) or diffuse, created by:
-direct impact, acceleration, deceleration, and rotation of the brain
-By intrusion into the brain by a penetrating object (e.g. gunshot)
-Blast waves from an explosion
-Diffuse lesions occur throughout multiple brain areas and may result from:
--An explosion
--MVAs
--Sports collisions |
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Term
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Definition
Type of brain damage that...
-Occurs within hours and days of impact
-May include inflammatory responses, raised intracranial pressure, and decreased cerebral blood flow or ischemia
-Complications include: single or multiple seizures and hydrocephalus |
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Term
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Definition
| direct damage is incurred as the cerebrum rotates on the more stable brainstem while accelerating from the force of impact |
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Term
| Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI): |
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Definition
-stretching and shearing of brain cell axons→ profound coma and poor outcome
-Complications include: hyperventilation, hormonal changes, electrolyte disturbances of salt and water, altered temperature regulation, dysfunctional awareness of hunger
-Small lesions in and shearing of white matter tracts of cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, corpus callosum, brainstem and cerebellum
-Cognitive deficits in working memory, processing speed and memory, and planning and executive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| #1 predictor for TBI for both children and the elderly |
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Term
-mTBI or concussion
-Moderate TBI
-Severe TBI |
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Definition
| Range of injury severity for TBI: |
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Term
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Definition
TBI that....
-Represents 80% of brain injury and about 85% recover without intervention over 3 month period
-Symptoms include: headaches, dizziness, fatigue, visual disturbance, memory, and executive function difficulties during the first week following injury
-Difficulties may persist from 3 months to lifetime→ causing significant distress and disruption of daily activities
loss of consciousness of <30 minutes
-Posttraumatic amnesia of <24 hours
-Disorientation and confusion
-Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15 |
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Term
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Definition
TBI that...
-Loss of consciousness of 30min to 24 hours
Posttraumatic amnesia of 24 hours to 7 days
-GCS score of 9-12 |
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Term
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Definition
TBI that....
-Loss of consciousness of more than 24 hours
Posttraumatic amnesia of more than 7 days
-GCS score of 3-8 |
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Term
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Definition
| Acquired brain injuries include: (3) |
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Term
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Definition
-defined as a complex pathophysiologic process affecting the brain, induced by traumatic biomechanical forces secondary to direct or indirect forces to the head.
-Blow does not have to be directly to the head, person does not have to lose consciousness |
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Term
Physical:
-Headache
-Nausea/Vomiting
-Balance Problems
-Numbness/Tingling
-Sensitivity to Light/ Noise
-Visual Problems
-Dizziness
-Dazed or Stunned
Cognitive:
-Feeling mentally Foggy
-Difficulty Concentrating
-Difficulty Remembering
-Repeats Questions
-Feeling Mentally slowed Down
-Forgetful or Recent Information
-Confused About Recent Events
-Answers Questions Slowly
Emotional:
-Irritability
-Sadness
-More Emotional
-Nervousness
Sleep:
-Drowsiness
-Sleeping less than usual
-Sleeping more than usual
-Trouble falling asleep |
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Definition
| Signs and symptoms of mTBI/concussion can be broken into 4 categories... Name them and give an example of each |
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Term
Return to play
Return to work
Return to school
Return to learn
CONCUSSION PROTOCOL |
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Definition
What does the following stand for/have to do with?
RTP, RTW, RTS, RTL |
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Term
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Definition
| -An objective remove from play sideline concussion screening -Easy to administer test -Can be administered by parents and coaches -An accurate and reliable method for identifying athletes with head trauma -Is given on the sidelines of sporting events to aid in the detection of concussion in athletes -Helps to objectively determine whether players should be removed from games |
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