Ablative Absolute-Translation

When=?

Because=?

Although=?

With=?

If=?

When=Temporal

Because=Causal

Although=Concessive

With=Literal Ablative

If=Circumstantial

Cum Clauses

Cum + Indicative= (type of clause, translation?)

Cum + Subj.= (3 types, 3 translations?)

Cum + Indicative= Temporal (when, while)

Cum + Subj.= 

1. Circumstantial (if, since)
2. Casual (because, since)
3. Adversative (although)                

Verb Conjugation- Fero, ferre, tuli, latum

Present        *aside from these irregularities, conj. normally

fero  ferimus

fers  fertis

fert  ferunt

Imperf Subj

Ferrem  ferremus

ferres   ferretis

ferret    ferrent

Conditions

                              Protasis             Apodosis

Simple Present                present indic           present indic

simple past                     past indic                past indic

future more vivid              future indic            future indic

present contra factual      imp subj                  imp subj

past contra factual        perf/pluperf sub      perf/plu subj

future less vivid              pres subj                  pres subj

translate?

Simple Present               "if he DOES this, then she Does this."   simple past                    "if he DID this, then she DID this." 

future more vivid             "If he WILL DO..she WILL DO"

present contra factual      "if he WERE DOING.. she WOULD DO"

past contra factual    "if he HAD DONE...she WOULD HAVE DONE"

future less vivid               "if he SHOULD DO.. she WOULD DO"

Forming Ablative Absolute

two framing parts?

-self contained

ad+gerund=

Purpose clause

Head verb + accusative + infinitive=

indirect statement

to translate:

suppy "that" and use accusative as nom.

put infinitive in correct tense:

1. present infin= contemporaneous (same time as main verb)
2. perfect infin=prior (before main verb)
3. future infin= subsequent (after main verb)
   

Gerundive+ esse=

passive periphrastic

(something MUST be done)

Comparative Adjectives

        Positive          Comparative          Superlative

 reg.    us, a , um          -ior, -ius                -issimus, a, um

LL        -lis, -e                -ior, -ius                 -limus, a, um

RR     -er, era, erum          -ior, ius                  -rimus,a,um

+ quam= greatest possible degree

Jussive clause

(how to recognize, how to translate)

only independent subjunctive clause

"let..."

Purpose

(how to recognize, how to translate)

introduced by "ut" or "ne"

may, might have (subjunctively)

"so that he may help them"

result

(how to recognize, how to translate)

tantas, sic, ita, tam+ ut/ne

(indicatively) negative= lest

Indirect Question

(how to recognize, how to translate)

quam, quando, cur, etc+ "head verb"

(indicatively) * sequence of tenses

"he asked what she is doing"

Proviso

(how to recognize, how to translate)

dum, dummodo + subjunctive

(indicatively)

"provided that, so long as"

a     ae

ae   arum

ae   is

am   as

a     is

us   i      a(N)

i     orum

o    is

um os     a(N)

o    is

-      es    a(N)

is    um

i      ibus

em   es    a(N)

e     ibus

perf stem+ -isse

(to have_____)

laudavisse

perf passive part + esse

(to have been____)

laudatus esse

fut act. pariciple + esse

(to be going to______)

laudaturus esse

supine (um) + IrI

(to be going to be____)

laudatum IrI

2nd pp+ ns, -ntis

declines like 3rd

(____ing)

4th pp+ur+ us, a, um

(about to be ____ed)

4th pp us,a,um

(having been ____ed)

2nd pp+nd+us,a,um

(deserving to be ______ed)

Sequence of Tenses

If main verb is...     and Subordinate Subj. is   Action is?

Pres/Future       Present                       ?

                       Perfect                        ?

Past                 Imperfect                    ?

                       Pluperfect                   ?

same time or after main verb

before main verb

same time or after main verb

before main verb

Volo, velle, volui

Pres indic Active?   Pres subj Active?  Imp Subj Act?

volo                   Veli+ending              velle+end

vis

vult

volumus

vultis

volunt

Malo, malle, malui

Pres Act Ind?    Pres Act Subj?         Imp Act Subj?

malo                     mali+end            malle+end

mavis

mavult

malumus

mavultis

malunt

nolo, nolle, nolui

Pres Act Ind?    Pres Act Subj?         Imp Act Subj?

nolo                     noli+end               nolle+end

non vis

non vult

nolumus

non vultis

nolunt

fero, ferre, tuli, latum

Pres I A?              Pres I P?                Imperative?

fero                      feror                     fer/ ferte

fers                      ferris

fert                      fertur

ferimus                 ferimur

fertis                    ferimini

ferunt                   feriuntur

fio, fiere, factus sum

Pres A I?

fio

fis

fit

fimus

fitis

fiunt

fio, fiere, factus sum

Imp/Fut AI stem? 

fi-

(imperf= -eba+ending)

(future= -a/-e +ending)

fio, fiere, factus sum

Imp AS stem?

fio, fiere, factus sum

Pres AS stem?

Imperative?

fia+ending

fi/fite

Supines

Accusatives +?

what type of clause?

Ablatives+?

What type of clause?

Laudatum

+verbs of motion

=purpose

Laudatu

+neuter adjective

= what respect a quality

is applicable