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| disease causing organisms |
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| when a pathogen is spread from on organism to another |
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| diverse groups of single-celled organisms |
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| the region of a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is located |
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| DNA that is separate from the chromosome |
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| surrounds the bacterial cell which provides rigidity and protection; it is composed of carbohydrates and protein molecules |
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| the bacteria not only attach to cells within tissues they will infect but also to escape destruction by cells of the immune system |
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| helps some bacteria cells pass genes to each other |
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| the single, circular chromosome that is attached to the plasma membrane inside the cell is copied. The copy is attached to another site on plasma membrane, and the membrane between the attachment sites grows and separates the two copies of the original chromosome until it eventually produces two separate daughter cells |
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| biological secretions by the bacterial cell |
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| Reproductive cells in plants and fungi that are capable of developing into an adult without fusing with another cell |
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| an accumulation of fluid inside white blood cells |
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| not considered living organisms in part because they cannot replicate (copy) themselves without the aid of a host cell. They are really nothing more than packets of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat |
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| genetic material of a virus that can be DNA or RNA; it can be double stranded or single stranded, and it can be linear or circular |
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| the protein coat surrounding a virus |
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| an additional structure outside the capsid |
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| a virus that enters a state of dormancy. During this time the virus is not being replicated. (ex: herpes) |
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| Viruses that seem to increase within the past two decades or those that seem likely to increase substantially in the near future |
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| a virus contains genes that code for the production of proteins that are very similar to proteins of the immune system that help stop blood flow |
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| organisms that obtain the nutrients and shelter required for growth and development from a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host. |
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| caused by several different protists of the genus Plasmodium. This disease is transmitted when a mosquito bites an infected person, carries the parasite and then passes the parasite to an uninfected person by a subsequent bite. |
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| caused by worms of the genus Schistosoma. Infection results from contact with contaminated water in which certain types of freshwater snails that carry schistosomes are living. Freshwater becomes contaminated by these eggs when infected people urinate or defecate in the water. Eggs present in urine and feces hatch, and the young worms grown and develop inside snails, then leaves the snail and enters the water, then enters a person. Once a person is infected worms grow inside of the person’s blood vessels and then produce their eggs. |
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is a normally occurring protein produced by brain cells that, when manifolded causes spongiform encephalopathy.
Epidemics: is a contagious disease that spreads rapidly extensively among members of a population |
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| is a scientist who attempts to determine who is prone to particular disease. |
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| Intermediete host, inhalation, ingestion |
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| Exposure to infected fluids |
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| Skin and Mucous Membranes |
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| White Blood Cells, Proteins, and Inflammation |
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| the ingestion of pathogens by cells |
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| cellular extensions used for eating and moving |
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| additional white blood cells that circulate through the blood and lymph destroying invaders |
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| proteins produced by virus-infected body cells to help uninfected cells resist infection |
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| a reaction producing redness, pain, swelling, and fever that is induced by chemicals released from macrophages |
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| consists of millions of white blood cell which is called lymphocytes |
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| molecules that are foreign to the host and stimulate the immune system to react |
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| B lymphocytes secrete these proteins that bind to and inactivate antigens |
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| proteins that shape is proportionate to the foreign molecule |
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| ability to respond to an infection |
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| when antibodies circulate through the body fluids B cells are the protection |
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| the sheer number of clonal population strengthens the immune system’s ability to rid the body of infectious agent |
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| cells of the clonal population which help the body respond more quickly if the infectious agent is encountered again |
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| when T cells provide immunity that depends on the involvement of cells rather than antibodies |
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| attack and kill body cells that have become infected with a virus |
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| can be thought of as boosters of the immune response. These cells detect invaders are alert both the B and T cells that infection is occurring |
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