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Concept 3 - Energy and Metabolism
AP Biology Exam Review Guide
14
Biology
12th Grade
05/05/2013

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Cards

Term

Energy:

 

Organisms use free energy for ...

Definition

... organization, growth, and reproduction.

 

Loss of order or free energy flow results in death.

Term

Energy:

 

More free energy (ex. Food) than needed willbe ...

Definition
... stored for growth (roots, glycogen, fat, etc.)
Term

Energy:

 

Matter and energy are ...

 

... and entropy is ...


More organized or built up compounds have more ...

Definition

... NOT created but change form.

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Ex: sun energy to bond energy in glucose

 

... increasing in disorganization of energy (i.e. heat released by cell respiration).

 

 ... free energy and less entropy (i.e. glucose) and less organized have less free energy and more entropy (i.e. CO2)

Term

Energy:

 

Reactions can be coupled to maintain a system.


What's an example?

Definition
Photosynthesis and Cell Respiration
Term

Equation for


Cellular Respiration

 

 

Definition
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20
Term

Cellular Respiration:

 

  1. Makes ??? for ???
  2. Uses ??? and ???
  3. Creates waste products of ??? and ???
  4. Occurs in ???
  5. What electron carrier is used?
Definition
  1. Makes ATP for cell use
  2. Uses glucose and water
  3. Creates waste products of carbon dioxide and water
  4. Occurs in mitochondria
  5. NADH is the electron carrier used.
Term

Cellular Respiration:

 

Glycolysis


Where does it occur?

What is it responsible for?

Definition
  • Occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic
  • Rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP through substrate-level phosphorylation resulting in the production of pyruvate.
Term

 

Cellular Respiration:

 

 

Kreb's Cycle


Where does it occur and how often?

A.k.a. what?

What occurs?

Definition
  • occurs in the mitochondria matrix twice 
    • per molecule of glucose
  • a.k.a the citric acid cycle
  • Pyruvate is oxidized further and CO2 is released; ATP is synthesized from ADP and inorganic phosphate via substrate level phosphorylation and electrons are captured by coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD).  NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
Term

 

Cellular Respiration:

 

 

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

and 

Chemiosmosis


So, what exactly happens?

Definition
  1. The ETC captures electrons, pumping H+ ions into the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria.
  2. Electrons are accepted by O2 molecule forming H2O.
  3. Concentration of H+ builds up w/in inter-membrane space lowering the pH and ions rush through ATP synthase into the mitochondria matrix.  Rush of ions "spins" ATP synthase protein, causing ADP Pi to join forming ATP by oxidative phosphorylation.
Term

Equation for


Photosynthesis

Definition
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Term

Photosynthesis:

 

 

Photosynthetic organisms ... 

Definition
... capture free energy present in sunlight and use water and carbon dioxide to make carbon products and free oxygen.
Term

Photosynthesis:

 

 

Light-dependent reactions


(Photophosphorylation)

Definition
  1. Photosystems I and II (chlorophyll and proteins) are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts (thylakoids of the grana).  They pass electrons through an ETC.  When electrons are passed they allow hydrogen ions (protons) across the thylakoid membrane.  The formation of the proton gradient powers the process of ATP synthesis to add a phosphate ADP to ATP (chemiosmosis).
  2. Electrons are passed to NADP+ to make NADPH (electron carrier).
  3. H2O is used and O2 is released as by-product.
  4. Red and blue light works best (green is reflected typically).
  5. Energy converted from sun into chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to be used in building of sugar (Calvin Cycle).
Term

Photosynthesis:

 

 

Light-independent reactions


(Calvin Cycle)

Definition
  1. Carbon fixation occurs (carbons of CO2 are used to make sugar.
  2. Occurs in stroma of chloroplasts.
  3. ATP and NADPH generated by light-dependent reactions are used to assemble glucose.
Term
Anaerobic Fermentation
Definition
  • No oxygen; cell onl ygoes through glycolysis followed by fermentation
  • Fermentation recycles NAD needed to restart glycolysis
  • alcoholic fermentation example is yeast cells
    • glucose -> ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
  • lactic acid fermentation example is muscle cells
    • glucose -> lactic acid + NAD+
  • Fermentation does not make ATP but glycolysis does
    • 2 ATP; very inefficient; sufficient for microorganisms
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