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| the ongoing use of language and gestures in anticipation of how the other will react |
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| coined the term symbolic interactionism |
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| students published Mind, Self and Society in his name. |
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-Philosophy prof at University of Chicago
-taught in the first 3 decades of 20th century
-friend of John Dewey (pragmatist) |
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| George Herbert Meade and John Dewey both supported |
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Women's suffrage
labour unions
settlement house movement (housing for men w/o jobs) |
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| Mind, Self and Society is about |
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| Humanizing effect of Communication |
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| symbolic interactionism includes... |
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meaning, language, and thought
construction of social reality |
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| concepts of symbolic interactionism... |
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-Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meaning they assign to those people or things
-once people define a situation as real it is very real in its consequences |
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who said, "language is the source of meaning"
and
"Meaning is negotiated thru the use of language" |
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| the process of taking the role of other |
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(self-monitoring)
-and inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding; self talk |
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| Taking the role of Other: |
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| The process of mentally imagining that you are someone else who is viewing you |
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| Looking Glass perspective |
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The mental image that results from taking the role of other
(looking from the others perspective) |
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| movie used to describe symbolic interactionism |
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| subjective self, creative side, unpredictable, disorganized and driving force |
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objective self, symbolic interaction, how others view, treat and talk about you
(the image of self seen when one takes the role of other) |
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| "the presentation of self in everyday life" |
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written by: Ervin Goffman
dramatic analogy... 1. on stage... 2. offstage |
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| "Self Fulfilling Prophecy" |
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-the tendency for our expectations to evoke responses that confirm what we originally anticipated
-possibility that the comment or perception will "come true" |
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| Expectancy violations Theory |
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| How we react when someone violates our expectation for their behavior |
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"Threat threshold"
space and touch... other nonverbal behavior
mental alertness and awareness, orienting a response
violations of space |
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-intimate distance
-personal
-social
-public distance |
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| what people predict will happen rather than what they desire |
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| the perceived positive or negative value assigned to a breach of expectations, regardless of who the violator is |
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context
culture
other person
individual differences (communicator characteristics) |
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| explicit theory about people's implicit theories about communication |
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| chair of dissertation com. |
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| Role Category Questionare (RCQ) |
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| -measures a test-takers cognitive complexity |
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mental frameworks people have for situations or other people
counts personal constructs |
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| What does not count as cognitive complexity |
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physical characteristics
labels (that society would give a person)
general info |
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| What does count as cognitive complexity |
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personality characterisitics
peoples character
peoples motivations for their actions
whatevers deep inside |
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| number one thing constructivists look for. |
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| the number of different constructs given by the test taker |
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| identification of people's internal traits (personality, character) that motivates their actions |
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| recognition and reconciliation of conflicting ideas |
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| RCQ score are independent of |
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iq
independent of empathy
independent of writing skills
not related to extroversion
nothing to do with loquacity (talk a lot) |
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| higher cognitive complexity |
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| higher cognitive complexity = |
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advantages in communications
(mental structures about people) |
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comforting strategies
...Beverly sypher & Theodore Zorn
michael waltman
Barbara OKeefe |
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| the logic for why people design the messages that they do |
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| conventional design logic |
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social convention (guys open doors...plz and thx)
its like a game
know the rules for what u do and dont say
according to the situation |
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host of factors (before deciding how to communicate)
*constructivists |
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content
Identity (say something about yourself when you communicate)
relationship (type or nature and tone) |
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| situations change... change with it |
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| cognitive complexity is recreated in |
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| constructivist: children can grow... |
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cognitive complexity
Adults cannot |
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| Social penetration Theory |
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How closeness in relationships develops
Altman Taylor (Social Psychologists) |
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| Factors about relationships |
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closeness
intimacy
privacy
power
control
conflict |
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| gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange |
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| Development of Relationship is compared to a |
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phatic (safe...weather)
breadth of information (where are u from? major?)
peripheral (follow up questions) |
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noun
*expected at the beginning of the relationship |
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| going deeper into the onion ofa person and finding out more about them |
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cost vs. reward
people: Thibout and Kelley |
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| Reward is anything that is enjoyable, pleasurable, positive |
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(r)-enjoyable, pleasurable, positive
(c)- sacrificial, painful, inconvenient |
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mini/max principle
minimize cost and maximize reward for the best possible outcome |
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| level of satisfaction in relationships |
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compare to our ideal relationship
compare to our past relationships
compare with other people's relationships
compare with fictional relationships |
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| Comparison levels of alternatives |
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other choices
stability of the relationship |
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satisfied-stable
dissatisfied-stable
satisfied-unstable
dissatisfied-unstable |
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| people are often satisfied with their relationship until |
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| something better comes along |
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| a theory is a system of assumptions, accepted principles and rules of procedure devised to analyze, predict or otherwise explain the nature or behavior of a specified set of phenomena |
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