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| the careful and deliberate determination of whether one should accept, reject, or suspend judgement about a claim |
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| a statement that is either true or false |
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| a set of claims, one of which, the concluison, is supported by the rest, the premises |
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| the question that the argument tries to settle. It may be found by going to the conclusion of the argument and placing the word "whether" in front of it |
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| words like: therefore, hence, accordingly, and so |
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| words like: since, because, for |
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| a linguistic device designed to give a positive or negative slant regarding a claim |
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| a neutral or positive term used instead of one that carries a more negative association |
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| a neutral or negative term used instead of one that carries a more positive association |
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| Persuasive definitions, explanations, and comparisons |
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| used to sway one's attitude |
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| occurs when one, either rightly or wrongly, attributes a quality to a group, and then attributes that quality to an individual or individuals within that group |
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| occurs when one suggests something without coming out and saying it |
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| occurs when there is an unwarranted assumption inherent in a question |
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| a word or phrase that qualifies a claim in such a way as to mislead or facilitate deception |
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| a word or short phrase that downplays the significance or one idea in relation to another |
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| occurs when, instead of addressing an individuals claim or argument, one simply ridicules it |
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| an exaggeration for effect |
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| something that is offered in place of a proof, but does not constitute proof |
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| simply fallacious reasoning where the problem does not involve the form of the argument. It often involves a problem of relevance. |
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| "______ must be true because everybody thinks it's true" |
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| "It's okay for me to do it. Everybody does it" |
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| Appeal to consequences of belief |
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| claims are true or false independent of the consequences of them being true or false. |
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| when fear enters inappropriately into an argument |
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| when pity enters inappropriately into an argument |
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| when an appeal to vanity enters inappropriately into an argument |
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| appeal to anger or indignation |
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Definition
| When anger or indignation enter inappropriately into an argument |
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| "It's okay for me to do it to him/her/them, because if the situation reversed he would do it to me" |
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| Attacking the person making the claim or argument rather than attacking the claim or argument. Types of this include: circumstantial, personal attack, pseudorefutation, poisoning the well, and genetic fallacy |
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| Fallacy of burden of proof |
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Definition
| occurs when the burden of proof is inappropriately placed |
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Definition
| occurs when one sets up an exaggerated or distorted version of an opponent's argument, one that is easy to knock down |
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| occurs when one is presented with a dilemma when there are alternatives other than those presented in the horns of the dilemma in question |
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| refusing to take the first step in a progression on unwarranted grounds that doing so will make taking the remaining steps inevitable |
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| Assuming as true the very claim that is at issue |
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| seek to show that if the premises are true, the conclusion must follow from those premises |
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| seek to show that if the premises are true then the conclusion is more or less likely |
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| first judged as being valid or invalid. If valid its one such that if the premises are true then the conclusion must follow from those premises. When invalid validity is a matter of the form of the argument |
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| Judged as being sound or unsound. There are two criteria for soundness. First, the argument must be valid. Second, the premises must, in fact, be true. If an argument is deemed sound the conclusion must be true |
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| are judged as being strong or weak. The argument is said to be strong if the probablity of the conclusion coming from the premises is high. If the probability is lo the argument is said to be weak |
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| are judged as being cogent or uncogent. There are two criteria for cogency. First, the argument must be strong. Second, the premises must be true. If an argument is deemed cogent the conclusion is probably true. |
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