Term
|
Definition
o Was word of mouth
Troubadours
o News was told in churches
o Knowledge was memorized |
|
|
Term
Forerunners of mass communication
First ‘newspaper’
First ‘broadcasters’;
First ‘news reporters’: |
|
Definition
Acta Diurna
troubadours, town criers, priest, bartender
scripture writers |
|
|
Term
Forerunners of mass communication
First ‘newspaper’
First ‘broadcasters’;
First ‘news reporters’: |
|
Definition
Acta Diurna
troubadours, town criers, priest, bartender
scripture writers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Interchangeable types
o Credited with invention of printing press/moveable type
o Most famous work: The Bible |
|
|
Term
| Impact of printing press on society |
|
Definition
o Produces reading material cheaply
o Preserves information
o Reproduces documents without error
o Inspires new forms of writing
o Allows works to be indexed
o Affects social relationships |
|
|
Term
Attempts to Control the Printing Press
o Henry VIII (1509-1547) |
|
Definition
• Stationers Company
• Star Chamber |
|
|
Term
Attempts to Control the Printing Press
o James I (1603-1625) |
|
Definition
| • First English language news sheets (corrantos) published. |
|
|
Term
Attempts to Control the Printing Press
o Charles I (1625-1649) |
|
Definition
| • Increased use of prior restraint of printing. |
|
|
Term
The English civil wars (1642-1649)
British Roots of Free Expression
• Voices of Dissent
o John Milton |
|
Definition
Areopagitica
4 main points (we can’t get to the truth w/o an open forum)
• Licensing was developed (church)
• Limiting viewpoints weakens character
• Licensing discourages search for truth |
|
|
Term
The English civil wars (1642-1649)
British Roots of Free Expression
• Voices of Dissent
o John Locke |
|
Definition
•Consent of the governed
•Cato (Trenchard & Gordon)
•Individual freedom, freedom of press
•Cato argued early on that truth not be libelous |
|
|
Term
Colonial America
•The colonial environment
•The communications environment: |
|
Definition
oDidn’t have time just trying to stay alive
oNo early news |
|
|
Term
| •The political/religious environment |
|
Definition
| Contributes to the growth of the press during the colonial period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oWealth through farming
oSeafarers encourage advertising
oPostal service develops
oConcept of self-government increases
oEnd of licensing
oIncrease in literacy
oDevelopment of a commercial economy
oMain centers were Boston & New York |
|
|
Term
Book publishing in colonial America
* first book published at Harvard |
|
Definition
oPsalms
oThe Cambridge Press, 1638: Days
oThe prolific Mather family: leader in Massachusetts colony
oEstablishment of licensing, 1665 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oPrinted something that looked like a newspaper, 1690 (more important than primer) **Only came out once
oThe new England primer: 1st school book |
|
|
Term
Printer
Publishers
editors |
|
Definition
(owned)
(put up $)
(reviewed work) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oFavored Printer
oPrinted 1st continuous news paper
oPostmaster Printer |
|
|
Term
| The Paper: Boston News-Letter |
|
Definition
First appeared 1704
Printed by authority
Government subsidized
Shoestring operation
•News from abroad
•No local news
•Lifted items from other papers |
|
|
Term
| James Franklin: Dissident Printer |
|
Definition
o Apprentice to Boston Gazette
o Printer of the New England Courant, starting 1721
o Published without authority
o Printed foreign and domestic news
o Editorialized
o Established crusade journalism
oJames Franklin’s contributions to American journalism
oFirst to publish dissent
oTested limits of what a printer could do
oProved a newspaper need not be dull
oProved local matters could provide staple for future publications
oHelped to unshackle press from licensing |
|
|
Term
| Ben Franklin: Cautious Editor |
|
Definition
oApprentice to James Franklin
oBought the Pennsylvania Gazette
•Most profitable paper
•Best edited paper
•Largest circulation
•Highest ad revenue |
|
|
Term
| Ben Franklin’s contributions to American journalism |
|
Definition
oPoor Richard almanac
oPublished first foreign- language newspaper in New World
oPublished one of the first magazines in New World
oHelped other newspaper publishers get started
** major:Made journalism a respectable profession |
|
|
Term
William Bradford
oThe Prosecution:
oThe Defense
oThe Verdict:
oThe Importance: |
|
Definition
•Printer charged with using his press to print tracts for a separatist faction that Quakers thought heretical
•Tract not seditious No evidence Bradford was the printer One should have the right to print truth The jury should try whole of the matter
•Deadlocked 9 to 3 in favor of conviction
•First time someone insisted that the jury determine both law and fact of a case |
|
|
Term
James Franklin
oThe Prosecution:
oThe Defense
oThe Verdict:
oThe Importance: |
|
Definition
•James Franklin ordered to refrain from seditious libel but defied order
•When evil affects the public, criticism must be heard
•Grand jury refused to indict Franklin and, thus, no genuine court test made
•Showed the growth of a newspaper publisher’s independence |
|
|
Term
John Peter Zenger
oThe Prosecution:
oThe Defense
oThe Verdict:
oThe Importance: |
|
Definition
•John Peter Zenger wrote seditious articles against the government
•Truth should be a complete defense Jury should decide both law and fact of a case
•Not guilty
•Awakened colonists’ conscience to the power of the jury
Demonstrated the necessity of an unrestrained press
Reinforced the right to criticize officials Temporarily, only a moral victory |
|
|
Term
| The Revolution: It Did Not |
|
Definition
oEliminate control from the elite
oEliminate less democratic practices
oEliminate property requirements for voting
oEliminate the upper chamber of state legislators from blocking demands of the majority |
|
|
Term
| The Revolution: It Did Do |
|
Definition
oGovernment derived power from consent of the governed
oMiddling ranks of society gain office
oElected assemblies gain control
oElection of legislators
oBills of rights preface constitutions
oPublic discussions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oContinue to experiment with social change
oMake right of property the fundamental consideration
oArrangements to do both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oMerchants, bankers, manufacturers who wanted to preserve the economic advantage
oSmall farmers, city wage earners, intellectuals, philosophers who wanted social reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oSupporters
oFederalists
oBill of Rights not necessary
oOpponents
oAnti-Federalists
oBill of Rights necessary |
|
|
Term
•The Bill of Rights
oThey are: |
|
Definition
•Freedom of the press
•Freedom of speech
•Freedom of religion
•Right to assemble
•Right to petition the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oWritten by Jay, Madison, Hamilton
oAppeared in New York newspapers first
oArgued for the ratification of the new Constitution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• HAMILTON
• JEFFERSON
Federalists vs. Republicans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oFavored a strong nation government
oPushed for an economy in which trade, finance and manufacturing supplemented agriculture
oFeared closer relations with France and was an Anglophile
oWanted the U.S. to have a professional federal army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oArgued strongly for states’ rights
oAdmired farming and the simple, rural life and hoped America would remain an agrarian nation
oFavored warm, fraternal relations with France and was an Anglophobe
oThought the country should rely on state militias |
|
|
Term
The Dark Days of Journalism
•Federalist Editor
•Federalist Newspaper
•Chief Contributor |
|
Definition
oJohn Fenno
oGazette of the United States
oAlexander Hamilton |
|
|
Term
The Dark Days of Journalism
•Republican editor
•Republican Newspaper
•Chief Contributor |
|
Definition
o Philip Freneau
oNational Gazette
oThomas Jefferson |
|
|
Term
| The Role of the Party Press |
|
Definition
oAct as spokesman of a political viewpoint and improve what the politician said.
oPolitical leaders had what they would never enjoy again: separate worlds for what they said and what they published. |
|
|
Term
| Political Reporting in Party Press Era |
|
Definition
oNo clear model from Old World on how to report public discourse
oThe craft remained personal and eclectic
oReporters believed they would prosper as their craft made government virtuous |
|
|
Term
| •The Press as a Political Instrument |
|
Definition
oPromote political ideals
oSupport party principles
oDefend the party and its politicians
oProvide information
oInfluence public opinion
oPreach party line
oAttack opponents
oProvide a method of electioneering |
|
|
Term
| Officials’ Attitudes Toward the Press |
|
Definition
oPublic business was not transacted in print.
oSupreme Court did not publish its decisions.
oThe Senate forbade members on the floor from reading any printed paper while a senator was speaking.
oCongress did not preserve debates. |
|
|
Term
| George Washington’s Views of the Press |
|
Definition
oA simple ambivalence
oGeorge Washington
•As a Virginia planter, an advertising convenience
•As a commander in the field, a source of information
•As president, supported a free press to provide information citizens needed to operate a republic |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of 21st Century Free Press That Developed with George Washington |
|
Definition
oRight to criticize government officials
oRight to obtain information about government
oAbility of president to manage the news and its press |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oPress ought to present America in the best possible light
oPublic silence in the face of newspaper attacks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “And were it left to me to decide whether we should have government without newspapers, or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.” |
|
|
Term
| •The Patriot Act of the 18th Century |
|
Definition
| oThe Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 |
|
|
Term
•The Patriot Act of the 18th Century
oNaturalization Law |
|
Definition
| •Required immigrants to reside in the U.S. for 14 years instead of 5 |
|
|
Term
•The Patriot Act of the 18th Century
oAlien Enemies Law |
|
Definition
| •Gave the president the legal right to expel those the government considered “dangerous.” |
|
|
Term
•The Patriot Act of the 18th Century
oSedition Act – |
|
Definition
| Curtailed criticism of government |
|
|
Term
•The Patriot Act of the 18th Century
oThe Rider |
|
Definition
| •Truth should be a complete defense in libel cases |
|
|
Term
•Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
oBackground |
|
Definition
•Published The Wasp, a weekly.
•Reported that Jefferson paid James Callender, a Richmond editor, to spread the word that Washington had been a robber, traitor, and perjurer.
•Reported that Jefferson had fathered a child by one of his slaves.
•Indicted on a charge of libeling the President.
•Found guilty and appealed to the State Supreme Court. |
|
|
Term
•Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
oBackground |
|
Definition
•Published The Wasp, a weekly.
•Reported that Jefferson paid James Callender, a Richmond editor, to spread the word that Washington had been a robber, traitor, and perjurer.
•Reported that Jefferson had fathered a child by one of his slaves.
•Indicted on a charge of libeling the President.
•Found guilty and appealed to the State Supreme Court. |
|
|
Term
•Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
oArgument by Alexander Hamilton |
|
Definition
•Truth should be a complete defense in libel cases.
• Jury should determine both law and fact of a case. |
|
|
Term
•Test of Press Freedom: Harry Croswell Trial
oSignificance |
|
Definition
•New York Legislature passed law providing truth to be admitted in defenses.
•Jury given the right to determine law and fact.
•Other states followed suit. |
|
|
Term
•Impact of Party Press on American Journalism
oNoah Webster: |
|
Definition
editor of American Minerva and Herald
•Forerunner of the editorial page, running editorials in the same place in every edition
•Published the first updated edition |
|
|
Term
•Impact of Party Press on American Journalism
oWilliam Cobbet: |
|
Definition
editor of Porcupine’s Gazette
•Introduced investigative journalism to America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oPolitical Philosophy Retain the basic structure of colonial society
oContinues governing by right of property, heredity, position, and tradition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Journalist
•Influential
•Family publishers of religious books
•Proprietor of the first chain of bookstores in America
• Published the very profitable Gazetteer
Importance
•Respected for his objectivity, which was not standard in this area |
|
|
Term
•The Whigs
oPolitical Philosophy |
|
Definition
•Narrow view of liberty
•No taxation without representation
•No interest in the rise of common man
•Property rights over human rights |
|
|
Term
•The Whigs
oJohn Dickinson |
|
Definition
•Penman of the Revolution
•Wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania |
|
|
Term
•The Patriots
oPolitical Philosophy |
|
Definition
•Repudiate the home country
•Parliament ignored basic rights |
|
|
Term
•Political Press
•Samuel Adams |
|
Definition
oMaster of the puppets
•Wrote for the Boston Gazette
•Argued advantages of victory
•Aroused the masses
•Neutralized opponents’ arguments
Importance:
•Used the colonial newspaper to ignite the American. Revolution. |
|
|
Term
| •Sons of liberty & committees of correspondence |
|
Definition
oCore of the revolutionary movement
oFormed after the Stamp Act of 1765
oMovements
oBoston Massacre of 1770
oThe Tea Act of 1773
oBoston Harbor Closing of 1774 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oTracked movement and actions of soldiers throughout colonies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oPublisher of the Massachusetts Spy
•Most incendiary publication during the Revolution
•Outspoken in his advocacy for independence
oWrote first history of printing in America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oCommon sense, 1776
oCrisis papers |
|
|
Term
| •Newspapers as Revolutionary Force |
|
Definition
oFactors making newspapers a potent medium for Revolution—
oYouth of proprietors
oCrown’s halt of licensing led to proliferation of newspapers |
|
|
Term
| •The Revolutionary War’s Impact on the Press |
|
Definition
oReadership
oGenerated thirst for news
oEditions increase from once a week to two or three times a week
oDistribution
oPrivate post riders
oDelivery boys
oForerunners of the Newspaper Editorial
oDistinction between news and comment
oEditorial page develops from partisan style of writing—lead followed by commentary |
|
|
Term
| •The penny press vs. six cent press |
|
Definition
oCost: 1 cent vs. 6 cents
oEditing: Personal vs. mass operation
oAds: Moral vs. economic incentives
oPolitics: Servant vs. master
oContent: Views vs. news
oReporter: Printer vs. professional |
|
|
Term
| •The penny Press: An original Product |
|
Definition
oNot controlled by a political party
oCovered local news
oBroad definition of news values
oFocused on everyday life |
|
|
Term
| •Reason for the penny press: natural history argument |
|
Definition
oPart of ‘natural’ evolution
oFour stages (Lippmann)
•Government control
•Party control
•Independent control
•Adoption of professional norms |
|
|
Term
| •Reason for the penny press: technological argument |
|
Definition
oPrinting presses
•Manual to steam
•Flatbed to cylinder
oStereotyping process
oPaper making machines
oTransportation advance |
|
|
Term
| •Reason for the penny press: increase in literacy argument |
|
Definition
oPopulation grows 233% from 1833-1860
oLiteracy rates rise to 91% (whites 20+) |
|
|
Term
| •Reason for the penny press: jacksonian democracy |
|
Definition
oFaith in the common man
oBelief in political equality
oBelief in equal economic opportunity
oHatred of monopoly and special privilege |
|
|
Term
| •Jacksonian Democracy’s impact on media economics |
|
Definition
oAdvertisements more available which enlarged potential market for goods
oTransformed paper from something borrowed to home consumption |
|
|
Term
| •Jacksonian Democracy’s impact on politics |
|
Definition
oParty machinery replaces legislative caucuses
oFormal organization supplants informality and avocational character of old politics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oFounded the New York Sun in 1833
oSought to show that a general nonpartisan 1-cent paper could attract readers |
|
|
Term
•Day’s contributions to evolution of newspaper
oCirculation |
|
Definition
•Started the Penny Press revolution
•Imported the London Plan |
|
|
Term
•Day’s contributions to evolution of newspaper
oDefinition of news |
|
Definition
•Showed readers could be attracted by language that was not stuffy or pretentious
•Placed value on sensation and human interest
•Sensationalism during this era:
•Reliance on human interest stories
•Moon Tales: When the Moon saved the Sun – New York 1835 |
|
|
Term
•Day’s contributions to evolution of newspaper
oAdvertising |
|
Definition
•Instituted cash- in-advance policy for advertisers
•Created help wanted advertisements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oFounded the Herald in 1835
oMission: To use the press to reform and revitalize America |
|
|
Term
•James Gordon Bennett
oContributions |
|
Definition
•Introduced era of newspaper competition
•Developed the concept of news
•Developed advertising |
|
|
Term
•James Gordon Bennett
oCompetition |
|
Definition
•Introduced era of newspaper competition
•Published events promptly
•Aggressively used every means of transportation to get the news |
|
|
Term
•James Gordon Bennett
oConcept of new |
|
Definition
•Developed the concept of news
•Concentrated on pages for sports, business, women, and theater |
|
|
Term
•James Gordon Bennett
oAdvertising |
|
Definition
•Developed advertising
•Changed ads daily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oShowed the power the press didn’t have.
oFirst war to be covered extensively by correspondents.
oLa Patra aids the American press and becomes the first Spanish-language daily in America (New Orleans). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Founded the N.Y Tribune in 1841
•His mission: Advance moral, social, and the political well being of America |
|
|
Term
•Horace Greeley
oContributions |
|
Definition
•Re-established the value of the editorial page
•Developed a new concept of news |
|
|
Term
•Horace Greeley
oEditorial page |
|
Definition
•Re-established the value of the editorial page
•Included all points of view
•Against slavery
•Against capital punishment
•Appealed to the laboring class
•Promoted Whig causes
•Refused to be a slave to parties |
|
|
Term
•Horace Greeley
concept of news |
|
Definition
•Developed a new concept of news
•Published a cheap daily void of sensationalism
•Believed readers moved by reason and not emotionalism
•Covered the needs and problems of urban commercial and industrial workers
•Helped solve the problems of the machine age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oFounded the New York Times in 1851 with partner George Jones
oMission: to publish a paper that was reasonable and decent
oNews presentation
•Published news was fair in tone
•Promoted techniques of careful reporting
•Demanded reasonable decency in reporting |
|
|
Term
| •Influence of the penny press on American journalism |
|
Definition
oAdvanced the concept of news
oChanged newsroom organization
oAdvanced newspaper technology
oChanged newspaper distribution
oChanged financing of newspapers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Argued slaves were humans
•Wrote of slavery’s inhumanity
•Arouse violent opposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| •Abolitionist publisher who became martyr to the cause |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•North Star attacked slavery
•Advocated emancipation
•Promoted moral and intellectual improvements of blacks |
|
|
Term
| Horace Greeley and his Tribune |
|
Definition
•Lead anti-slavery movement
•Pushed Lincoln to issue emancipation proclamation
•Regarded by Lincoln with some skepticism |
|
|
Term
| Censorship and the civil war |
|
Definition
•Mob censorship
•Censorship by armies
•Voluntary censorship
•Formalized censorship
•Suspension |
|
|
Term
| Impact of the civil war on Journalism |
|
Definition
•Inauguration of the Sunday newspaper
•Rise of new agencies
•Birth of syndication |
|
|
Term
Impact of the civil war on the practice Journalism
•Saturation coverage |
|
Definition
oGrowth of on-the-spot reporting
oRise of pack journalism |
|
|
Term
Impact of the civil war on the practice Journalism
•Visual journalism |
|
Definition
oThomas Nast and the rise of the artist
oMatthew Brady and the rise of photography
oWoodcut illustrations |
|
|
Term
Impact of the civil war on the practice Journalism
•News reporting style |
|
Definition
oShift from editors as personalities to reporters and facts
oReporter emerges as a player in the news business |
|
|
Term
Impact of the civil war on the practice Journalism
•News writing style |
|
Definition
o“Get-to-the-facts” style of writing
oTimeliness
oInverted pyramid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•The war helped the nation’s press become big business
•The war pushed on-the-spot reporting, a new journalistic writing style and visual journalism |
|
|
Term
| The Gilded Age: 1865-1900 |
|
Definition
•Nation’s population doubles
•Unprecedented economic expansion
•Labor organizes nationally
•Politics reflects industrial trends
•Advances in education
•Newspapers become product of the metropolis
•Baseball, plays, and vaudeville become the rage
•More women read newspapers
•Evening editions outdistance morning issues
•Sunday editions become popular
•Novelists exam problems of the Gilded Age
•Scientific progress is notable
•Newspaper personnel expands |
|
|
Term
| Story-Telling Model of Journalism |
|
Definition
•Telling stories = aesthetic function of newspapers
oEnjoyability function
oConsummatory function
•Relates lives to class in which people belong
•Reporter sent to get story, not to get facts
•Newspaper is a guide to living by framing facts |
|
|
Term
| Information Model of Journalism |
|
Definition
•Facts unframed; purveys pure information
•Prompt verifiability
•Incompatible with story telling
•Associated with fairness, objectivity, scrupulous dispassion
•Considered more reliable than story papers |
|
|
Term
| The Gilded Age: 1865-1900 |
|
Definition
| •Tweed Ring and political corruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| •The comics in news (Uncle Sam, donkey & elephant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oDeveloped a new formula for journalism
oExploit crime, scandal or shocking circumstances (+) spirit of a crusade (=) Pulitzer’s New Journalism
oExamples:
•Campaign for pedestal
•Exploits of Nelly Bly
oRevitalized the editorial page
oPopularized Sunday editions
oDeveloped special women’s pages
oDeveloped entertainment |
|
|
Term
Joseph Pulitzer
•Advertising |
|
Definition
oRationalized advertising policies
oCirculation became public
oAdvertising develops as an independent institution
oNewspapers become brokers of their columns
oAgents bought newspaper space and sold it |
|
|
Term
| Yellow Journalism: The New Sensationalism |
|
Definition
•Self-advertisement
oIllustrations
oLarger and darker headlines
oPromotion of exclusive features
oSympathy with underdog |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
William Randolph Hearst
•Positives |
|
Definition
oMade newspapers interesting
oDeveloped the human interest story
oDeveloped headline techniques
oPrinted full-page Sunday features
oHired the best writers
oPopularized science
oCrusaded against corruption in government
oExposed trusts and set people to thinking about the economic system
oBecame a voice for lower economic class |
|
|
Term
William Randolph Hearst
•Negatives |
|
Definition
oReporters exaggerated stories
oTwisted facts to gain effect
oAroused war spirit and goaded the U.S. into the Spanish- American War
oEmphasized crime and sex news
oDeveloped newspaper as an escape entertainment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oVendor of information
oDecent, dignified and independent newspaper
oDevoid of sensational or pornographic or gaudily spiced reports of crime, sex or bloodshed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oFirst to solicit circulation by telephone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•The Yellow Press demonstrated that:
•Sex, sin and violence sells.
•Large circulations guaranteed publishers a powerful voice as “champions of the powerless.”
•Journalists could report the activities of politicians objectively.
•Newspapers could be cultural icons and at the forefront of the American consciousness. |
|
|
Term
| Magazines & Muckraking 1900-1917 |
|
Definition
•Business tycoons direct industry
•One-tenth of the population owned nine-tenths of the wealth
•Trust and monopolies dominated business
•Organized wealth dominated politics
•Political corruption between big business and political bosses flourished
•Millions of immigrants were living in ghettos and tenements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Progressive era of American history
oInauguration of Theodore Roosevelt in 1901 until the United States entered World War I in 1917 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Concerns with problems of urban America
oCurbing excesses of big business through regulation
oReducing political influence of special interests
oFighting racial discrimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Brand of journalism practiced by the reporter-reformer
•Aim was to expose not solve problems of urban America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
•Parallels rise of nationally inexpensive magazines
oMechanical costs drop
oPhotoengraving develops
oReadership increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Writers hammered away at all ills of society
•Writing was:
oFactual
oAimed at the social conscience of the nation
oTo expose, not solve, problems of urban America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| •Munsey, Cosmopolitan, McClure’s |
|
|
Term
Prominent muckrakers
•Ida Tarbell:
oWorks: |
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Definition
•“The Short Life of Napoleon Bonaparte”
•“Early Life of Lincoln”
•“The History of Standard Oil Company” |
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Term
Prominent muckrakers
•Ida Tarbell:
o“The History of Standard Oil”: |
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Definition
•Her series in McClure’s of four years capitalized on two interests of Americans:
•Rags-to-riches stories of millionaires
•Increase in the power of trusts and combinations in big business
•Exposed the illegal or at least underhanded practices that Standard Oil used to drive competitors out of business
•Found that Standard Oil’s publicity agency had contracted with 110 Ohio newspapers to run editorials and “news” favorable to the company |
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Term
Prominent muckrakers
•Ida Tarbell:
oImpacts: |
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Definition
•Prompted investigations of Standard Oil
•Lead to the 1911 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that dissolved the giant corporation into smaller companies
•Rockefeller responded by hiring PR consultants |
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Term
Prominent muckrakers
• Lincoln Steffens |
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Definition
oEpitomized the reporter-reformer
oWrote:
•“Tweed Days in St. Louis”
•“The Shame of Minneapolis”
•Works compiled in The Shame of the Cities
oExamined the structure of city politics
oFound corruption was political, financial, commercial, and social
oBusinessmen colluded with politicians to secure privileges from government |
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Term
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Definition
oEmployed at Hearst’s Cosmopolitan
oWrote: “Treason of the Senate”
oNobody in the U.S. Senate had any other reason to be there than his skill in being a valet for some powerful interest
oResult: the 17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
oA different kind of character
oMost translated author in the world
oIgnored by academics
oNovelist turns politician
oWrote The Jungle
•Result: The Meat Inspection Act of 1906 |
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