Term
| AAA: (Area Agencies on Aging) |
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Definition
| The public or private nonprofit agency created pursuant to the federal Older Americans Act of 1965, system of services for older persons administered by the State Units on Aging serving the local areas. In many cases, AAAs subcontract with other organizations to facilitate the provision of a full range of services for older people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Placement along a quantitative dimension w/ equal intervals. Where the points on the scale are not only ordered but also equidistant. (however, not true zero). (ex. 40*F vs. 30*F) |
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Term
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Definition
| Assignment to qualitatively distinct categories w/o quantitative significance. “naming” or classification (gender, ethnicity, personality type) (ex. Red =1, Yellow = 2, Blue = 3, white = 4) |
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Term
| “Good times” generation (p. 181): |
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Definition
| the cohort born in the 1920s, because of the way in which historical events have positively shaped their lives and their retirement incomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Are binding under all circumstances, they can never give way to another compelling duty or right. |
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Term
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Definition
| it is difficult for researchers studying aging, as in most other fields focusing on human behavior or society, to separate themselves completely from the topic they study and remain objective |
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Term
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Definition
| (Havighurst, Nuegarten & Tobin, 1968; Lemon, Bengston & Peterson, 1972) is a theory that states that successful aging comes from remaining involved and active. It also states that the older adult should do the same activities that were done in middle-age, given restrictions. This theory emerged as a response to the disengagement theory. This theory is found to be easily testable and empirically supported. |
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Term
| Activity theory (p. 135): |
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Definition
| emerged in response to disengagement theory; it represent a normative view of aging—in this case arguing that individuals, in order to age well, must be active by maintaining social roles and interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Documents that allow each person, while still competent, to make their wishes known regarding decisions that will be made at a time when they become legally incompetent, especially in illnesses that may result in death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the ratio of older dependents--people older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country. As the largest proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education which are most used by old and young population. |
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Term
| Age discrimination (p. 134): |
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Definition
| occurs when an employer makes decisions on the basis of age that disadvantages their older workers in terms of hiring, promotion, training, wages, or other opportunities |
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Term
| Age discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) (p. 134): |
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Definition
| originally passed in 1967 and amended significantly afterward, prohibits the use of age in hiring, firing, and personnel policies for workers over age 40 |
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Term
| Age eligibility (p. 158): |
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Definition
| by reaching a specified age (or number of years of employment), one becomes eligible for benefits |
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Term
| Age identification (p. 227): |
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Definition
| whereby individuals label themselves as part of an age cohort or generation |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of all social norms, which tell us how to act in various circumstances or toward particular others |
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Term
| Age stratification theory |
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Definition
| (Matilda White Riley, et al., 1972; Dowd, 1980) – Society is divided into strata by social class and age. Members in the age strate have different social roles, rights and privileges. This includes birth cohorts (baby boomers), age norms (age appropriate expectations), and structural lag (social structures that don’t match population and individual capacity) |
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Term
| Age stratification theory (p. 241): |
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Definition
| posits that we divide the population into strata that are ranked hierarchically |
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Term
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Definition
| (age category) as it moves through that stage because of its unique demographic characteristics, generational values, and responses to social change |
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Term
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Definition
| a systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old |
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Term
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Definition
| The life-long process of growing older; not just a later life experience. A series of time-dependent anatomical and physiological changes that reduce physiological reserve and functional capacity. Age can be defined from multiple perspectives and human behavior is affected by experiences that occur with the passage of time rather than time itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| the changes that occur as individuals accumulate years and move through the life course |
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Term
| Aging enterprise (p. 222): |
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Definition
| programs, organizations, bureaucracies, interest groups, trade associations, providers, industries, and professionals that serve the aged in one capacity or another |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of older people (60 and older) to children under the age of 15 |
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Term
| Aging-conservatism hypothesis (p. 229): |
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Definition
| suggests that people become more politically conservative as they age |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol and prescription drug problems, among adults 60 and older is one of the fastest growing health problems in the country. Yet, the situation remains underestimated, under-identified, under-diagnosed, and undertreated. People 65 and older consume more prescribed and over-the-counter medications than any other age group in the United States. Prescription drug misuse and abuse is prevalent among older adults not only because more drugs are prescribed to them but also because, as with alcohol, aging makes the body more vulnerable to drugs' effects. Not to mention the effects of mixing the two. |
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Term
| Apocalyptic demography (p. 213): |
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Definition
| the social construction of catastrophe by suggesting that an increasing aging population will place unbearable demands on the health care system |
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Term
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Definition
| Hardening of the arteries. Most common disease of the arteries. Lessened elasticity and thickening of walls causes high blood pressure. Pathology of the blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| A chronic disease that causes joint inflammation or degenerative changes in body joints and has consequences of pain and inflammation. A common complaint of older adults. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Assisted living (p. 210): |
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Definition
| generally considered to be a less medical setting, often featuring private efficiency apartments decorated with one’s own belongings within a building that looks more like a hotel or apartment complex than a hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| Most prevalent type of arteriosclerosis. Fatty lesions and scar tissue and blood clot formation cause hypertension. White patches called plaques build up in the arteries. |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplement to income for recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) and certain other aged, blind, or disabled individuals residing in assisted living facilities or adult foster care to help them afford the cost of their care. The Auxiliary Grant Rate is the rate that assisted living facilities agree to charge a person who is eligible for Auxiliary Grant Assistance. |
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Term
| Beanpole family (p. 120): |
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Definition
| shows the change between the shape of a family with a fertility rate |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare different groups in order to address your research question (ex. with vs. without dementia). This minimizes the demands on each participant because there are more participants involved but also increases the chances for selection bias. This may also be likened to “cross-sectional” designs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aging is a complex biological process with changes occurring at the molecular, cellular, and systems/ organ level causing increasing difficulty in the body’s ability to respond to internal /and/or external stressors. Biological aging is the process of cells dying faster than they can be replaced. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Biopsychosocial model (p. 199): |
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Definition
| this approach emphasizes a multidisciplinary and holistic view of health and health care and acknowledges that complex problems of health and illness |
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Term
| Biopsychosocialspiritual Framework: |
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Definition
| Aging is due to multiple forces |
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Term
| Bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) (p. 134): |
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Definition
| even though most mandatory retirement is now prohibited by the ADEA, the law allows for exceptions; those exceptions are specific occupations in which age is considered |
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Term
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Definition
| jobs to carry them over between a career job and full retirement, often with lower pay and fewer benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| a moral imperative for active involvement during retirement |
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Term
| Calorie Restriction Model: |
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Definition
| Metabolic theory says that calorie restriction in diet increases the lifespan, slows metabolism, and delays onset of a number of chronic conditions. Dietary restriction as an experimental approach to extending lifespan in mammals. The slowing of metabolic rate and oxidative stress= diminishing free radicals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiovascular disease refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, principally cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease. The causes of cardiovascular disease are diverse but atherosclerosis and/or hypertension are the most common. With aging come a number of physiological changes that alter cardiovascular function and lead to subsequently increased risk of cardiovascular disease, even in healthy asymptomatic individuals. |
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Term
| Caregiver burden (p. 117): |
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Definition
| stress in conjunction with high level or prolonged duration of care giving responsibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1996, 22 million US households contained informal caregivers, Mean age is 46, 22% under 35 years, 36% 50 +, 73% female, Median household income $35,000, 2/3 worked either full or part time, 70% cared for more than one person, About 6.8 million adults over the age of 65 need help with ADLs, Particular stress for adults caring for person with dementia & National agencies and resources for caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| A person, either paid or voluntary, who helps and provides an older adult with their ADLs, healthcare, finances, companionships, and social interaction. Usually a female (wife or daughter), family member, or friend. They help to provide ongoing assistance with a wide variety of functions ranging from periodic chores, housework, and transportation to 24-hour monitoring and help with ambulation and eating.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Entails responsibilities that have clinical, ethical, and legal dimensions. It is highly individualized through the idea of person-centered care. A caring response includes: navigation between friendly and professional conduct, caring expressed through technical competence, and having care as a part of the professional responsibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| continuing care retirement community |
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Term
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Definition
| people aged 100 and older |
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Term
| Chronic conditions (p. 187): |
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Definition
| health problems that last for an extended period of time and are not easily or quickly resolved |
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Term
| Citizenship entitlement (p. 260): |
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Definition
| universal programs, whereby all citizens, and even long-term noncitizen residents, may be eligible for pensions |
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Term
| Civic development hypothesis (p. 226): |
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Definition
| young people are neither well socialized into political processes nor do they have completely developed connections with family, community, and employment, with foster voting among more mature adults |
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Term
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Definition
| the involvement by people of all ages in actions and efforts designed to make a difference in our communities; it is both an activity and a value |
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Term
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Definition
| a voluntary public insurance program open to people who are currently employed |
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Term
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Definition
| Highlights that you are in a special type of group that is given societal privileges, but with these privileges come the responsibility to conduct yourself in ways that are acceptable not only to members of your own group but also to the larger society. An example would be the Hippocratic Oath taken by health professionals. |
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Term
| Cognitive Function / Cognitive aging: |
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Definition
| Processing speed theories of cognitive aging, Speed of processing reduction, Non- cognitive variables, sensory acuity, Psychological factors, Debate over slowing & Compensatory mechanisms |
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Term
| Cognitive impairment (p. 194): |
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Definition
| refers to the loss of mental capacity for higher-level mental functioning; memory loss, confusion, disorientation, and loss of ability to care for oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing capacity, memory, knowledge. Motivation and emotion affect cognitive performance (Reha, Hasher, Colcombe 2001) |
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Term
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Definition
| The brains ability to cope with pathology. Has been suggested as a mechanism for the link between educational experiences and risk of dementia and cognitive decline. |
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Term
| Cohort composition effect (p.30): |
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Definition
| as cohorts age and their members die, they are replaced in the population by younger cohorts whose behaviors and attitudes may differ |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between groups sharing major life events at different points in historical time |
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Term
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Definition
| helps to illustrate the process by which any cohort will change an age stratum |
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Term
| Cohort sequential design (p.33): |
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Definition
| longitudinal studies that follow more than one cohort as they age |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of people who were born in the same time interval and who age together; contains distinctive characteristics |
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Term
| Community-based care (p. 207): |
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Definition
| rather than just institution-based care |
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Term
| Comparative research (p. 263): |
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Definition
| analyzes similarities and differences across two or more countries on topics related to aging such as pension plans and family caregiving |
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Term
| Compassionate ageism (p. 219): |
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Definition
| stereotyped older people as poor, lonely, neglected, in ill health and inadequately housed |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires an assumption of deep interdependence of people in society. For example, compensatory justice cannot be discussed apart from also determining who in the population should bear the burden of costs incurred as a result of policies based on compensatory reasoning. |
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Term
| Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment: |
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Definition
| SOAP – subjective, objective, assessment, plan. Includes information on diagnosis, medications, nutrition, continence, defecation, cognitions, emotion, mobility, cooperation with care plan. Interdisciplinary approach. |
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Term
| Compression of Morbidity: |
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Definition
| Fries - Life threatening chronic problems can be delayed to the very end of the life span by judicious use of preventative health measures. The time living with disease then, is compressed into a shorter period of time (last years of life). Hypothesis is that the burden of lifetime illness may be compressed into a shorter period before the time of death as age of onset of first chronic illness /infirmity is postponed. He suggested that if the onset of disability due to age-related diseases and conditions could be postponed to the end, the morbidity is compressed. |
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Term
| Conceptualization (p.25): |
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Definition
| the process of generalizing or grouping ideas into a category |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation that occurs for professionals when they incur interests that significantly threaten their professional duties and commitments. |
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Term
| Conservative agenda (p. 233): |
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Definition
| argues that individual responsibility should be the norm, with people responsible to find their own solutions within the family or the marketplace, thereby reducing the role of government in peoples’ lives |
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Term
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Definition
| Commitments that come into being only after certain conditions are met. For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act outlines certain duties and rights that apply solely to individuals who have disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pertains to the accuracy of the theoretical interpretations of the conclusions of the findings, have we arrived at the correct explanation for any cause-&-effect relations? Not only is Internal validity obtained, but now it is whether we know why the results have occurred. |
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Term
| Consumer direction (p. 211): |
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Definition
| the philosophy of consumer direction holds that consumers have the right and the ability to asses their own needs, determine how best to have those needs met, and evaluate the quality of the services they receive |
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Term
| Consumer Price Index (CPI): |
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Definition
| An index prepared and published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the Department of Labor which measures average changes in prices of goods and services. Components include energy, food and beverages, housing, apparel, transportation, medical care, and entertainment. |
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Term
| Contingent labor force (p. 130): |
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Definition
| contingent employees work on contracts for short spans of time, rather than being hired permanently |
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Term
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Definition
| (Havinghurst, 1963; Atchley, 1971) states that as a person ages, they adapt by preserving a continuity with their past experiences. Internal continuity includes memory, temperament, skills, etc. External continuity includes role relationships and activities. |
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Term
| Continuity theory (p. 150): |
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Definition
| an individual theory spawned (along with activity theory) from the reaction to disengagement theory |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of services available within the healthcare sector, and to some extent, outside it, available to address health and wellness needs. A concept of an increasing intensity of care rather than a specific and unvarying list of services. Frail elders might enter the continuum of care by enlisting the services of a home health agency, then progress to assisted living, and then enter a skilled nursing facility as their health challenges escalate. |
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Term
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Definition
| a variable that might influence the findings of our study |
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Term
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Definition
| Samples obtained in a way that may not be representative of the broader population with respect to variables such as social class and race. The selection of samples primarily on the basis of availability or cooperation. This is commonly seen on college campuses or popular places such as malls. |
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Term
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Definition
| the decrease in the black/white difference in life expectancy |
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Term
| COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: |
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Definition
| A term referring to two diseases of the lungs, chronic bronchitis and emphysema, that are characterized by breakdown of lung tissue causing obstruction to airflow that interferes with normal breathing. Smoking is a major cause of COPD. |
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Term
| Crossover effect (p. 63): |
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Definition
| the eventual reversal (at the oldest ages) of the difference in remaining years of expected life by race is called |
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Term
| Cross-sectional studies (p.32): |
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Definition
| data are collected at one point in time, generating a snapshot of differences between cohorts/age groups |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves assessing at least two or more cohorts at one point in time. Advantages involve shorter time commitment, cost saving, and a lower likelihood of participant drop-out. Disadvantages include possibility of selection bias. This can be likened to the “between-subjects” design. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence: |
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Definition
| Includes an accumulation of knowledge through education and through culture, or general experiences. This type of intelligence typically increases throughout one’s adult years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Provide status social settings living conditions and personal experiences for people of all ages |
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Term
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Definition
| A movement to make the care in nursing homes more customized to the emotional needs of the residents, a movement towards more person-centered-care. From the institutional approach to care delivery in nursing homes to one that is person-directed. Vision is a community where each person's capabilities and individuality are affirmed and celebrated. Quality of care and quality of life are equally important. |
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Term
| Cumulative inequality (p. 176): |
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Definition
| individuals who have early opportunities for success most often build upon that success to perpetuate their advantages through adulthood and into later life, while those with disadvantages also carry those disadvantages forward through sequential life stages, often resulting in economic security or poverty in later life |
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Term
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Definition
| Training, assistance, and specialized supervision in the acquisition, retention, or improvement of self-help, socialization, and adaptive skills, which typically take place outside the home in which the individual resides. Day support services focus on enabling the individual to attain or maintain his maximum functional level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conscious access to episodic information about events, accumulated knowledge of the world; shows decline over lifespan |
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Term
| Defined benefit (p. 167): |
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Definition
| the employer controls a worker’s pension |
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Term
| Defined Benefit Plan: Also known as a Pension |
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Definition
| The employer commits to providing a specific benefit to the workers at retirement, it can be a lump sum or a benefit amount given over a period of time with benefits based on age, years of service, and salary. They make up about 20% of the income of older persons and are received mostly by persons in the upper two income quintiles of the population. The threat is underfunded pensions in which the company goes bankrupt and can no longer afford to pay their retirees or current employees’ pensions. The Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation (PBGC) helps to maintain pension commitments by bankrupt corporations. |
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Term
| Defined contribution (p. 168): |
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Definition
| 401k plans; a system where the worker, the employer, or both contribute to a fund that is held by an independent financial entity; the money in this fund belongs to the worker immediately and contribution amounts help to determine a retiree’s eventual benefit amount |
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Term
| Defined Contribution Plan: Also known as a 401k |
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Definition
| The employer and the employee both make contributions to the account which is managed by a professional financial investment firm. Some employers make a standard contribution- others only contribute if the employee does. Can fluctuate with the market based on retirement funds available which is a threat to the DC plan. The employee can move the account to a new job or take it out lump sum when they move jobs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disrupts brain function and usually has multiple causes. Includes major behavior changes not explained by a pre-existing dementia. Inability to shift or maintain attention to external stimuli, disorganized thinking and hallucinations - Change in consciousness or cognitive ability with an acute onset. |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms of cognitive impairment |
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Term
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies: |
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Definition
| A common but often unrecognized type of dementia that is characterized by the presence of Lewy Bodies (intraneural cytoplasmic inclusions). The symptoms resemble those of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease so it is imperative to diagnose DLB correctly. The indicators of DLB are attention fluctuations, communication difficulties, and hallucinations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of cognitive or intellectual function, including memory loss, and loss of physical coordination that interferes with daily activities. The symptoms can be brought on by degenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s. Onset is gradual and is irreversible and progressive deterioration of functioning. A loss of cognitive or intellectual ability in a previously unimpaired person. It may be static, the result of a brain injury, or progressive, resulting in long term decline due to damage or disease in the body. Biologically it is the result of abnormal protein handling. Dementia affects areas such as cognition, problem solving, language, motor skills, or executive brain functioning. Dementia is not schizophrenia, a mood disorder, delirium, or intellectual disability and is important to rule these out beforehand. Alzheimer’s is the leading cause. |
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Term
| Demographic divide (p. 249): |
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Definition
| the distinction between countries with low birth rates and high life expectancies |
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Term
| Demographic dividend (p. 250): |
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Definition
| the positive economic impacts and potential benefits a nation might experience during the demographic transitions |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory surrounding “duty” that naturally appeals to principles that help delineate what a particular duty entails. Are seen in codes of professional ethics and hold that you are acting rightly when you act according to duties and rights. |
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Term
| Dependency ratios (p. 60): |
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Definition
| measures of the proportion of a population that falls within age categories traditionally thought to be economically dependent: traditionally those under age 15 (the youth dependency ratio) and over age 64 (the aged dependency ratio) |
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Term
| Dependent variable (p.25): |
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Definition
| the variable being controlled |
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Term
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Definition
| “Outcome variables” those measured to determine what the impact of the independent variable was. This is the variable that the researcher measures but does not directly control and the variations depend on the changes in the independent variable. |
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Term
| Depression (Clinical Depression): |
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Definition
| A set of symptoms that includes depressed mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activity, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness and guilt, difficulty in concentrating, may cause suicidal ideation Suicide rate for older white men double most groups. 59/100,000 |
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Term
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Definition
| citizens lacking the means to support themselves through no fault of their own |
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Term
| Developed countries (p. 248): |
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Definition
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Term
| Developing countries (p. 248): |
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Definition
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Term
| Developmental science (p. 92): |
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Definition
| adequate conceptualization and careful investigation of the complex questions related to the many dimensions of aging requires interdisciplinary theory and methods |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus Type I: |
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Definition
| Juvenile onset or insulin dependent; the insulin producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed and external sources of insulin are required. Typical symptoms are sudden weight loss, excessive thirst, frequent urination, and excessive hunger. This is the more serious type. |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus Type II: |
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Definition
| Adult onset diabetes and is the result of the body's inability to properly regulate sugar metabolism through the poor production or poor utilization of insulin. Obesity and genetic predisposition are risk factors. Symptoms are sudden weight loss, excessive thirst, frequent urination, and excessive hunger. Can cause blindness, foot trouble and death. Can be treated with either oral insulin or injection in more severe cases. |
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Term
| Disenfranchised grief (p. 193): |
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Definition
| helps explain the ways in which experiences surrounding death are socially constructed |
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Term
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Definition
| an inevitable, rewarding, and universal process of mutual withdrawal between the individual and society with advancing age |
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Term
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Definition
| (Cumming and Henry, 1961) is the first social theory of aging that is based on the idea that older persons disengage from roles and activities as they get older. This theory is not supported in empirical studies but may have some validity for those approaching death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Purports that humans have the capacity to make non-arbitrary, reasonable based for distributing goods and services that are in at least moderately scarce supply but desired by many. |
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Term
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Definition
| patterns of difference across groups of people in different social locations |
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Term
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Definition
| Do Not Resuscitate: A legal order written either in the hospital or on a legal form to respect the wishes of a patient or resident to not undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if your heart stops or if you stop breathing. The DNR is usually made by the patient/resident or Power of Attorney and allows the medical teams taking care of them to respect their wishes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure usually generally reserved for experiments such as clinical trials when both participants and researchers are not informed as to who is in which group (reduces expectations on the part of both) |
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Term
| DRG: (Diagnostic Related Groups) |
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Definition
| Grouping of illnesses under specific headings or categories as a way to save costs under the prospective payment system (PPS). Medicare hospital reimbursement was tied to the average length of stay and the hospital procedures indicated in the DRG category into which the patient’s illness was classified. The DRG system was derived from 23 major diagnostic categories that represent the major organs of the body. Medically meaningful- they attempt to group illnesses and procedures that fall together naturally in the practice of medicine. |
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Term
| Durable Power of Attorney |
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Definition
| In estate planning, a durable power of attorney is often chosen as a way to plan for those times when you are incapacitated. It is a written document that remains valid even if you should later become unable to make your own decisions. With a durable power of attorney, you are able to appoint an agent to manage your financial affairs, make healthcare decisions, or conduct other business for you during your incapacitation. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of decline in functioning leading to death is used to estimate the time frame leading to death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficulty in swallowing – caused by many different things |
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Term
| Early retirement incentive programs (ERIPs) (p. 141): |
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Definition
| when companies may need to reduce a work force suddenly, employers sometimes add incentive, making the pension more attractive and encouraging voluntary retirements |
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Term
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Definition
| taxed earnings of workers over age 65 to recover some of the Social Security benefit dollars |
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Term
| Earnings-related entitlement (p. 260): |
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Definition
| entitlement to Social Security depends on having been a worker for a minimum period of time or on one’s relationship to such a worker |
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Term
| Economic life-cycle hypothesis (p. 175): |
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Definition
| rational economic planners accumulate assets of various types, including personal savings, home equity and pension wealth, in anticipation of a change in behavior in later life as we become less economically productive at retirement |
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Term
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Definition
| William Thomas - A more humanistic approach to the environment and operations of a nursing facility & The Eden Alternative is an international not-for-profit organization dedicated to transforming care environments into habitats for human beings that promote quality of life for all involved. The Eden Alternative's philosophy empowers care partners to transform institutional approaches to care into the creation of a community where life is worth living. |
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Term
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Definition
| Looking into our own experiences, relations with others and connecting to a larger order – the pieces of the puzzle can be empowering as we age. |
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Term
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Definition
| Added to the Older American’s Act Title 7 as part of the Affordable Care Act of 2010. First National Comprehensive program for Elder Abuse. |
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Term
| Electoral bluff (p. 232): |
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Definition
| occurs when organizations of this size implicitly threaten to churn up support for or against a candidate or proposal, pressuring legislators or policy makers to vote in favor of AARP’s legislative goals |
|
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Term
| Employer pensions (p. 140): |
|
Definition
| have been thought of as compensation deferred from their working years or a reward for past productivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| work for pay or being a worker |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes workforce re-entry into jobs that combine continued income with a desire to contribute in a meaningful way |
|
|
Term
| Environmental gerontology (p. 80): |
|
Definition
| seeks to understand the behavioral and psychological implications of encounters between elders and their environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific events in time and place and retrieval of context in experienced events. |
|
|
Term
| Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Developmental Theory: |
|
Definition
| Erik Erikson - Issues that become salient and must be grappled with at each of the life stages from infancy to late adulthood. Within the scope of gerontology, older adults deal with Generativity vs. Stagnation (the concern in establishing the next generation) and Integrity vs Despair (accepting and balancing one’s life in order to accept death). Reminiscence and Life Review stem from these stages in which an individual processes the balance of their stages. |
|
|
Term
| Erikson’s Stage Theory of Development: |
|
Definition
| Erik Erikson (1963) - Explain eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Add 8 stages here. |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls how pensions are offered and funded |
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Term
|
Definition
| A common type of situation that involves two (or more) morally correct courses of action that cannot both be followed. (Rock and a hard place) For example, to take the first course precludes you from taking the second course and as a result you as the agent are doing something right and also wrong (by not doing the other thing that is also right). |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which you face a challenge about how to maintain your integrity or the integrity of the profession. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A systematic study of and reflection on morality. A discipline that uses special methods and approaches to example moral situations and consciously calls into question assumptions about existing components of our moralities that fall into the category of habits, customs, or traditions. |
|
|
Term
| Event history analysis (p.35): |
|
Definition
| focuses on when and how particular events happen to the persons or groups of interest |
|
|
Term
| Exceptional longevity (p. 299): |
|
Definition
| growing numbers of people across a wide array of social groups |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (Homans, 1961; Dowd, 1975, 1980) Social exchange is governed by the relationship between actors’ costs and rewards (the greater the costs, the greater the rewards). People maximize their rewards and minimize their costs in interactions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An umbrella term for cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes such as planning, working memory, attention, problem solving, verbal reasoning, inhibition, mental flexibility, task switching, and initiation and monitoring of actions.The executive system is a theorized cognitive system in psychology that controls and manages other cognitive processes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeks to understand other cultures from a wholly authentic point of view, not reducing people who live in other societies to cultural objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Living in familiar environments and interacting with familiar people. Continuity does not mean that nothing changes it means that new life experiences occur against a solid backdrop of familiar and relatively persistent attributes and processes for both the self and the environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Questions if we can generalize the findings of the study to other samples, situations, and behaviors Whether or not we can move outside the immediate context of the study and generalize the findings to the larger population. |
|
|
Term
| Fallacy of cohort-centrism (p.40): |
|
Definition
| an erroneous assumption is made that future (or past) cohorts will age (have aged) in the same fashion as current cohorts under study |
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Term
|
Definition
| the social institution that is perhaps closest to us; we immediately see its influence in our everyday lives |
|
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Term
| Family life cycle theory (p. 103): |
|
Definition
| focuses attention on the systematic changes that occur in family life over time in conjunction with the maturation of its members |
|
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Term
| Fee-for-service (p. 197): |
|
Definition
| systems of care, doctors, hospitals, and other health care providers are reimbursed for all of the services they provide; the more they do, the more they are reimbursed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (Calasanti and Slevin, 2001) This theory discusses the economic and power relations between men and women and how gender alters the experience of aging. This ties in with gender stratification. |
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Term
|
Definition
| granting someone who is unrelated the title and rights of a family member |
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Term
|
Definition
| Principle about being faithful to one’s commitments. Being faithful to patients or those you help entails meeting their reasonable expectations. Examples of expectations are; being shown basic respect, that you will be competent, that you will follow the policies set by your place of employment, and that you will honor any informed consent forms or promises that you made. Comes from the Latin root fides, which means faithfulness. |
|
|
Term
| Filial obligation (p. 102): |
|
Definition
| the responsibility that children have toward their parents, particularly in later life |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Palmer (1990) Rourke (2006) - Has long been associated with infants who do not gain weight. In frail older people it is a syndrome defined as a gradual decline in physical and /or mental functioning along with weight loss, decreased appetite, and withdrawal from social interactions in absence of an explanation for these symptoms. Also has been used an an admission criteria for nursing homes and hospitals. |
|
|
Term
| Five- or six-generation family (p. 119): |
|
Definition
| an individual can simultaneously be a grandparent and a grandchild |
|
|
Term
| Five Stages of the Dying Process: |
|
Definition
| Kubler Ross (1969) DABDA - Denial (No!), Anger (It’s not fair!), Bargaining (Just let me finish...), Depression (Let me be...) & Acceptance (Ok) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has to do with one’s ability to solve new problems in an efficient (i.e. quick) manner. Is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. This level of intelligence has generally been found to show a steady decline in adulthood, particularly when the measures are timed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (program evaluation) Designed to guide program improvement. Its purpose is to help shape a program to perform better. |
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Term
| Functional ability (p. 189): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the course of daily life, people get out of bed, take baths or showers, use the toilet, dress, prepare meals, and eat. These types of basic functions allow people to socialize, work, or engage in a myriad of other productive and social activities. In the lexicon of gerontology, these fundamental self-care activities have been labeled activities of daily living, or ADLs. Although mundane and ordinary to most of us, the capacity to perform such activities has been confirmed in numerous studies to have broad implications for functioning, reflecting a person's ability to live independently in the community. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Age based on capacity to do physical tasks; age based on one’s ability and not simply the number of years they have lived. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a category of people born within a specific historical era or time period; (p. 98) lineage descent positions within families |
|
|
Term
| Generational characteristics (p. 282): |
|
Definition
| belonging to a generation is a combination of a state of mind, age grouping, and shared history |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Swing, Silent, Baby Boom, Gen Xers, Millennials |
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Term
|
Definition
| learning how to look outside oneself and focus on passing on a legacy to future generations |
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Term
|
Definition
| Focus on the next generation; Erickson, generativity vs stagnation?? |
|
|
Term
| Geographic distribution (p. 69): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geriatric Care Management: |
|
Definition
| The use of a trained professional to assess the needs of an older person, develop a care plan to obtain services to meet those needs, and to assist with the implementation of the care plan. |
|
|
Term
| Geriatric Release Program: |
|
Definition
| Created by the General Assembly in 1994 to grant early release to certain categories of older prisoners in Virginia’s correctional institutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Medical professionals that specialize in how the body of an older adult has aged differently compared to a younger person. They can help with illnesses, medications, and mental health of older adults specifically. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| physicians who take additional training in caring for the health needs of older people |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The medical specialty dealing with the problems and diseases of the elderly. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a society ruled by the elderly |
|
|
Term
| Gerontological imagination (p. 304): |
|
Definition
| recognizing that changes that come with aging are often not caused by aging; seeing aging as a multifaceted dynamic of change over time, not simply biological or social; and recognizing and honoring the heterogeneity and diversity that characterizes human aging within and across societies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Health care professionals who specialize in the field of aging related dimensions of change over the lifespan. They provide their services to people in universities, hospitals, nursing homes, senior citizen centers, and the community. Gerontologists are responsible for educating other health professionals, community practitioners, as well as the community at large about the process of aging and how to age well. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| To understand social and demographic trends affecting society; to re-examine underlying principles of the present system; to consider influence of generational needs, longevity and diversity in current system; to examine the relationships between individuals, society and government, and to promote positive aging. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of age, aging, and the aged. This study includes aspects of the social, psychological, and physical/biological spheres of aging. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Morbid fear or dislike of old persons. The fear is a by-product of the high value contemporary American society places on youth and productive young-adults. It touches all facets of life, from physical appearance to the fear of death. This attitude has been internalized by many people old and young. |
|
|
Term
| Gerotranscendence (p. 78): |
|
Definition
| a shift from materialistic and pragmatic view of the world to a more cosmic and transcendent one, normally accompanied by a contemplative dimension |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase of intraocular pressure in the eye when intra ocular fluid does not drain properly. A progressive optic neuropathy and visual field loss and optic nerve damage. Risk factors include Age. Everyone older than 60 is at increased risk of glaucoma. Regarding ethnic background, African-Americans are five times more likely to get glaucoma. If you have a family history of glaucoma, you have a much greater risk of developing it also. |
|
|
Term
| Global aging research (p. 263): |
|
Definition
| focuses on aging within a particular culture or society relies on the same range of methods |
|
|
Term
| Global patterns research (p. 262): |
|
Definition
| a macro-level, aggregate depictions of major demographic, economic, and social trends across the world |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1835 Death rates for contemporary humans double every eight years. Additionally men are twice more likely to die than women. Example: a 38 year old would be twice as likely to die as a 30 year old. |
|
|
Term
| Graying of the federal budget (p. 234): |
|
Definition
| the growing percentage of the deferral budget each year allocated to entitlements for the older population, including the dollars spent on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A congregate setting licensed by DMHMRSAS which provides supervision in a community-based homelike dwelling for residents with mental retardation or other developmental disabilities who need assistance, counseling, and training in activities of daily living. |
|
|
Term
| HCBS: (Home and Community Based Services) |
|
Definition
| Non-medical services provided to older people still living in their own homes. Services include: adult day care, home health care (help with ADLs), homemaker/personal care (meal prep, housekeeping), all designed to keep people as independent as possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the status of an older person as the result of many factors, including lifelong health habits, genetics, and exposure to occupational and environmental hazards |
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Term
|
Definition
| Acute viral infection caused by virus that causes chicken pox. Once you have it you can have this for life. (It may stay dormant in nerve endings) Appears as fluid-filled lesions causing itching and burning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individuals in a cohort become more differentiated as age increases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (1996 and 2003), regulations passed in 1996 which imposed considerable new constraints on the use and disclosure of a patient's personal and clinical information. HIPAA went into effect April of 2003. Major goal is to ensure that an individual’s health information is properly protected while allowing the flow of information needed to promote high-quality care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus on health rather than disease including emphasis on prevention and collaboration between self and professionals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this model the focus is on the health of the patient rather than the disease itself with an emphasis on prevention. There is much collaboration between the patient and the professionals. |
|
|
Term
| Home and Community Based Waiver: |
|
Definition
| The federal government typically requires that a state’s Medicaid services be equally available to all enrollees. Waivers, through section 1915c of the Social Security Act, allow states to “waive” some of these requirements. The purpose of the HCBS waiver is to give states alternatives to placing persons in costly institutional care and to give individuals the opportunity to receive care in the least restrictive possible setting. In order to receive federal approval for the implementation of the waiver program, the state must assure that it will not be more costly to provide waiver services than institutional care. To be eligible for a waiver, an individual must be eligible for Medicaid and meet the criteria for admission to an alternative institution, such as a nursing home. Virginia has 6 HCBS waivers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For homeowners who are cash-poor and house-rich, this draws monthly payments against the future sale of the home. |
|
|
Term
| Home Health Skilled Services: |
|
Definition
| (and in-home care) The biggest difference between home healthcare and in-home care is that home healthcare is a higher level of care that is deemed medically necessary by a physician. Home health– prescribed by physician, may involve skilled nursing, covered by Medicare/ Medicaid. In-home care –assistance with ADL’s, light housekeeping, transportation, not prescribed by Dr. -typically private pay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Instruction in or the provision of activities to maintain a household and may include personal care, home management, household maintenance, nutrition, and consumer and health care education. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to a dynamic equilibrium that must be maintained in the body’s internal environment. All the bodys cells depend on a constant interval environment in order to function properly. Examples are blood pressure, blood gases, and blood sugars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| With older adults, this equilibrium in the body’s internal environment becomes more precarious as reserve capacity decreases with age. It is easier for the homeostatic equilibrium to be disrupted and once disrupted it can be difficult to restore. Older adults are then more susceptible to illness, disease, and accidents as a result of this disequilibrium caused by a lessened reserve capacity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the characteristic, progressive constriction of homeostatic reserve (functions in body that aids in overcoming chronic illness) that occurs with aging in every organ system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seeks to accomplish the goals of allowing the terminally ill to die with dignity, eliminating pain, and being in a home-like setting or at home. Hospice treats the person rather than the disease and offers supportive services to the family of the dying individual as well. |
|
|
Term
| Human development (p. 78): |
|
Definition
| examines progressive and systematic chances across the life span in cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, personality, and self-concept processes |
|
|
Term
| I&R: (Information and Referral) |
|
Definition
| An essential link between the aging network (AAAs) and the older person or the family members when there are service needs that cannot be met by a son, daughter, neighbor, or spouse. Examples of I&R services include: the national 211 phone number, the Eldercare Locator either through phone or web, and the SSA or CMS websites. |
|
|
Term
| Income maintenance systems (p. 157): |
|
Definition
| public, private, or combined systems for supporting the poor, ill, and elderly using public monies or funds generated through employment |
|
|
Term
| Income redistribution (p. 161): |
|
Definition
| returning a higher percentage of prior income to poorer individuals and a lower percentage to high-earning retirees, who are likely to have other income sources |
|
|
Term
| Independent variable (p.25): |
|
Definition
| assumed to cause, or have an impact on, another variable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variables that are under the control or manipulation of the researcher. The object of the study is to determine if particular IVs chosen do in fact relate to variations in the DV. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus is on inferring from a sample what is likely to happen in a population. Inferential statistics are generally hypothesis-driven and the goal is to support or refute the hypothesis. They draw conclusions about the population based on results found in the sample. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide extraordinary, uncompensated care predominantly in the home setting involving significant amounts of time and energy over months and years. Informal caregivers may experience physical, emotional, and social and financial stress due to their caregiving role. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Older adults have a slower speed of processing than younger adults. Salthouse and colleagues have suggested that this decline in processing speed may underlie the age-related changes in cognitive function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the basic principles of respect for the person undergoing informed consent. This enables the person to become well-informed before entering the decision making process. he document used must be written in a language understood by the patient and be dated and signed by the patient and at least one witness. Signed consent should be obtained by the person performing the procedure. Person must be deemed competent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to use government and insurance funds to emphasize institutional care over home and community-based care. |
|
|
Term
| Interdisciplinary (p.15): |
|
Definition
| involves more than working together with respect for, and being somewhat conversant in, each others’ disciplines; interdisciplinary research would mean active collaboration and new ways of formulating the questions we are asking, and new methods for exploring those questions |
|
|
Term
| Intergenerational Equity: |
|
Definition
| As demographics shift with population aging, and fewer younger people not yet working, and more older people in retirement for longer periods, intergenerational equity concept applies as society deals with how resources should be allocated across different age groups. And, who should pay how much, for what programs, to serve which populations within a given society? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The persistence of a personal structure of ideas based on memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whether the independent variables really relate to the dependent variables in the manner claimed. Refers both to how well a study was run (research design, operational definitions used, how variables were measured, what was/wasn't measured, etc.), and how confidently one can conclude that the observed effect(s) were produced solely by the independent variable and not extraneous ones. In experimental research, internal validity answers the question, "Was it really the treatment that caused the difference between the subjects in the control and experimental groups?" |
|
|
Term
| International Plan of Action on Aging (p. 266): |
|
Definition
| the plan sought to strengthen government and community commitments and capacities to address the needs of older people, their ability for continued growth and development |
|
|
Term
| Intimacy at a distance (p. 101): |
|
Definition
| where emotional and social bonds between parents and children are maintained across modest distances |
|
|
Term
| IRB: (Institutional Review Board) |
|
Definition
| Implemented in the 1980’s to help insure not only that persons consenting to research understood what they were getting into but also that the research project itself was ethical in its design and inception. A committee that has been formally designated to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You are in a position to distribute benefits and burdens among individuals or groups in a society who have legitimate claims on the benefits. Justice ensures that there is a proper distribution when there are competing claims, not all of which always can be fully met. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| type of chore that remains in the family domain is the work involved in maintaining family relationships |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supply of available employees with their particular skills and experience |
|
|
Term
| Labor force participation rates (p. 126): |
|
Definition
| describe the percentage of the population that is employed (or seeking employment) at a given time, and, by extension, indicate the prevalence of retirement or other nonemployed statuses |
|
|
Term
| Laboratory Study/Experimental: |
|
Definition
| Researcher studies participants in specialized controlled environment where variables are introduced at predetermined times. High control of the IV is realistic but the behaviors measured may not be generalizable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| living apart together; used to describe a relationship in which the partners define themselves as a couple, and perceive that their close social network defines them as a couple, but each lives in her/his own home |
|
|
Term
| Latent kin matrix (p. 114): |
|
Definition
| a web of continually shifting linkages that provide the potential for activating and intensifying close kin relationships |
|
|
Term
| Leading edge boomers (p. 273): |
|
Definition
| were very much affected by the Vietnam War, there are notable differences in the historical experiences of the oldest and youngest members |
|
|
Term
| Least developed countries (p. 248): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Less developed countries (p. 248): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lessened Reserve Capacity: |
|
Definition
| All organ systems of the body have a substantial reserve capacity available to deal with high-demand or high-stress situations. With aging, there is a lessened reserve capacity in all the organ systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focused on government programs to address problems affecting large number of adults in later life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the life chances of individuals are influenced to a significant degree by the size of the cohort into which they are born; (p. 127) resources including education, social class, good health care, and a strong family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| age-sex categories that are arranges in a hierarchy of social influence; (p. 81) a sequence of stages people move through as they age; movement out of one stage and into another is typically marked by a significant event or social transition |
|
|
Term
| Life course fallacy (p.29): |
|
Definition
| interpreting age differences in data collected at one time as if the differences were caused by the process of aging, without ruling out other possibilities, such as cohort differences |
|
|
Term
| Life course theory/perspective |
|
Definition
| (Bengston & Allen, 1993) – This theory states that as you move through life you take on socially defined roles and responsibilities. There are expectations for successive life stages. Even if an individual does not follow the normal life course, deviation is still defined in terms of the expected life course. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The entire course of a person’s life, from infancy to old age. Health, social roles and expectations, and socioeconomic status tend to change as an individual develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the average length of time the members of a population can expect to live |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Average amount of time of life remaining for a population whose members all have the same birth date. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| or reminiscence approach is used not only for research purposes but is also considered by many to be therapeutic for older persons themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a theoretical biological maximum length of life that could be achieved under ideal conditions |
|
|
Term
| Life span development theory |
|
Definition
| (Baltes, Lindenberger & Staudinger, 1998) – This theory concerns the study of individual development from conception to death. A key assumption of this theory is that development does not cease when adulthood is reached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad social categories that describe particular times of life involving new social roles (such as grandparenthood), physical changes (such as physical frailty), or transitions (such as leaving one’s job to retire) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Differences in how the same event or combination of BPSS forces affect people at different points in life |
|
|
Term
| Lifelong learning (p. 289): |
|
Definition
| a growing trend toward education beyond traditional ages, sometimes referred to as adult education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duration of life of an organism in a particular environment and/or under certain circumstances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| linking the older and younger generations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This written, legal document spells out the types of medical treatments and life-sustaining measures you want and don't want, such as mechanical breathing (respiration and ventilation), tube feeding or resuscitation. A living will is a form of an advanced directive, leaving instructions for treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (problems) An ethical problem that arises from an ethical question of who should have the authority to make an important ethical decision. In other terms, who is the rightful moral agent to carry out the course of action and be held responsible for the outcome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long duration of an individual’s life; the condition of being long-lived is also often used as a synonym for life span |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves repeatedly testing the same participants studied across some span of time. Advantages include the avoidance of selection bias and a direct measurement of age changes. Disadvantages include selective dropout/attrition of participants, expensive, time consuming, and testing effect from being exposed to the same measures. This can be likened to the “within-subjects” design. |
|
|
Term
| Longitudinal studies (p.32): |
|
Definition
| also called panel studies, attempt to isolate aging from cohort or period effects by following a sample of units of analysis over time to observe how they remain stable or change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the system of services provided to assist people with long-term medical problems and limitations in their ability to complete the tasks of everyday life |
|
|
Term
| Long-Term Care Ombudsman: |
|
Definition
| Serves as an advocate for older persons receiving long-term care services in facilities, the community, or at home. Provides older Virginians and their families with information, advocacy, complaint counseling, and assistance in resolving care problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A range of institutions that provide healthcare to people who are unable to manage independently in the community. Facilities may provide short term rehabilitative services as well as chronic care management. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The broad spectrum of medical and special support services provided to persons who have lost some or all capacity to function on their own due to a chronic illness or condition and who are expected to need such services over a prolonged period of time. These services can consist of care in the home, adult day care, or care in assisted living facilities or nursing homes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses more broadly on society |
|
|
Term
| Marital satisfaction (p. 107): |
|
Definition
| the degree to which couples are satisfied with their partners and marital relationships |
|
|
Term
| Market for labor (p. 125): |
|
Definition
| the demand for employees (both in terms of numbers and skills) |
|
|
Term
| Maslow’s Hierarchy of basic Human Needs: |
|
Definition
| Maslow (1968) Lifespan Theory-what motivates human behavior? As one need is met, the individual strives to meet the need at the next level. From physiological survival to self-actualization |
|
|
Term
| MCI: (Mild Cognitive Impairment) |
|
Definition
| Problems with memory, language or other functions that are noticeable but do not interfere with daily life. A diagnosis of MCI does not necessarily mean it will evolve into Alzheimer’s. |
|
|
Term
| Measures of central tendency (p.38): |
|
Definition
| such as averages (means or medians) that define how a typical older person is doing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| single numbers that are often used in conjunction with other measures of population aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major payers of the government’s share of health care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A nursing facility bed in a building or part of a building that has been determined to meet federal standards for serving medicaid recipients. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Funding for home and community-based long term supports and services provided through the Medicaid program to qualified individuals. States can receive “waivers” from certain Medicaid requirements in order to provide targeted assistance to different populations in non-institutional settings. |
|
|
Term
| Medicaid waiver programs (p. 207): |
|
Definition
| allow states to waive certain restrictions that typically apply to the delivery of services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federally supported, state operated public assistance program that pays for health care services to people with low income including older adults or disabled persons who qualify. Medicaid pays for long term nursing facility care, home and community based care, and some limited home health services. An individual may quality through spend-down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focus on the treatment of disease and injury with physicians in charge of care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In this model, the focus is on the treatment of disease and injury and not primary on the person. The physician is in charge of the care primarily. |
|
|
Term
| Medical or Health Care Power of Attorney (POA): |
|
Definition
| The medical POA is a legal document that designates an individual — referred to as your health care agent or proxy — to make medical decisions for you in the event that you're unable to do so. However, it is different from a power of attorney authorizing someone to make financial transactions for you. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of legitimating medical control over an area of life, typically by asserting the primacy of a medical interpretation of that area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insurance for older adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hospital insurance that helps cover inpatient care in hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, hospice, and home health care. Most individuals get this part when they turn 65. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Covers medically necessary services like doctor services, outpatient care, home health services, and other medical services that Part A does not cover. A monthly premium must be paid in order to get Part B. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A managed care option for Medicare enrollees called Medicare Advantage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Medicare prescription drug coverage is insurance run by an insurance company or other private company approved by Medicare. |
|
|
Term
| Medicare Supplemental Insurance (Medigap): |
|
Definition
| Insurance which assists with paying medical costs not covered by Medicare. There are 11 standard policies available differing by price and benefits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The federal program providing primarily skilled medical care and medical insurance for people aged 65 and older, disabled persons, and those with end-stage renal disease. This does not cover LTC except for short term rehab care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps in Medicare coverage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operations of the mind that involve the encoding, retention, and retrieval of information and experiences. Memory Aging is determined by the behavioral and biological events and processes that occur over time. |
|
|
Term
| Metabolic Rate - Basal metabolic rate (BMR): |
|
Definition
| The closely related Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), Is the amount of energy expended daily by humans and other animals at rest. Rest is defined as existing in a neutrally temperate environment while in the post-absorptive state. In plants, different considerations apply. The release, and using, of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A larger approach that tries to discover the nature/meaning/source of ethical reasons we propose as valid for making judgments about morality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on the individual level |
|
|
Term
| Mind-body dualism (p. 197): |
|
Definition
| the assumption that there is a clear separation between physical functioning and psychological, spiritual, behavioral and emotional dimensions of the person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (O’Rand, 1990) – The theory is the effect of modernization on the change in role and status of older people. As the economy became more industrial, the status (power and influence) of older people declines. An example of this is the loss of applicable knowledge to new environment, such as technology. |
|
|
Term
| Modernization theory (p. 264): |
|
Definition
| the status of older people declines as a society modernizes—or, in terms we discussed previously, as it moves from less to more economically developed |
|
|
Term
| Modified extended family (p. 97): |
|
Definition
| acknowledges that although kin may reside in separate households, often at great distance, strong bonds of affection, identity, and support remain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who acts for himself, or in the place of another by the authority of that person, and does so by conforming to a standard of right behavior. A moral agent is part of the ethical problem as well a course of action and outcome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on the moral agent himself or herself when a situation blocks them from doing what is right. They experience appropriate emotional/cognitive discomfort because of a barrier from being the kind of professional you know you should be or from doing what you conclude is right. There are two types of barriers (Type A and Type B) that can create moral distress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes certain actions required of you if you are to play your part in preventing harm and building a society in which individuals can thrive. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personal or cultural values, codes of conduct or mores that distinguishes between right and wrong. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beliefs based on practices or teachings regarding how people conduct themselves in personal relationships and in society, while ethics refers to a set or system of principles, or how the tool we use to evaluate our morals. |
|
|
Term
| More developed countries (p. 248): |
|
Definition
| face significant challenges relating to aging populations |
|
|
Term
| Mortality rates (p. 191): |
|
Definition
| reveal who dies, of what causes, and when (at what ages) |
|
|
Term
| MRP: (Medication Related Problem) |
|
Definition
| An undesirable event experienced by a patient that involves or is suspected to involve drug therapy and actually or potentially interferes with a desired patient outcome. Risk factors – 85+; more than 9 total medications; low body weight; low kidney function |
|
|
Term
| Multiple careers (p. 131): |
|
Definition
| an individual undergoes training and employment two or more times, potentially in very different fields |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Simultaneous membership in two or more disadvantaged groups with varying consequences for life and well-being in old age. Example: African-American woman with low income and elderly |
|
|
Term
| National Association of Area Agencies N4A: |
|
Definition
| AAAs were established under the Older Americans Act (OAA) in 1973 to respond to the needs of Americans 60 and over in every local community. By providing a range of options that allow older adults to choose the home and community-based services and living arrangements that suit them best, AAAs make it possible for older adults to remain in their homes and communities as long as possible. |
|
|
Term
| National Caregiver Support Program: |
|
Definition
| As part of an amendment to the OAA in 2000, the NCSP was created and designed to provide services to family members caring for frail elders. States are directed to provide information, assistance, counseling and training, respite and supplemental services to family members caring for older adults as well as older adults caring for grandchildren or family members with disabilities. |
|
|
Term
| National Council on Aging: (NCOA) |
|
Definition
| The National Council on Aging (NCOA) is a nonprofit service and advocacy organization headquartered in Washington, DC. A national voice for older Americans and the community organizations that serve them. They bring together nonprofit organizations, businesses, and government to develop creative solutions that improve the lives of all older adults. |
|
|
Term
| National Institute on Aging: |
|
Definition
| One of the 27 Institutes and Centers of the NIH -- has been at the forefront of the Nation's research activities dedicated to understanding the nature of aging, supporting the health and wellbeing of older adults, and extending healthy, active years of life for more people. |
|
|
Term
| Naturalistic Observation/Field Study: |
|
Definition
| Researchers attempt to study participants and observe their behaviors in their own environment/natural setting without disrupting them. The intention is to capture the participants real lives. External validity is higher but full manipulation of the IV or DV may not be possible. |
|
|
Term
| Need eligibility (p. 158): |
|
Definition
| when individuals establish that their resources fall below a certain level, they receive benefits based on criteria of need |
|
|
Term
| Neglect and abuse (p. 118): |
|
Definition
| abuse of older persons, particularly by those providing care to a frail or dependent individual |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Neuroplasticity allows the neurons (nerve cells) in the brain to compensate for injury and disease and to adjust their activities in response to new situations or to changes in their environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No Wrong Door is designed to coordinate state and local long term care planning efforts and to harness technology by creating a web portal to serve as a one stop resource for consumers and service providers. A collaborative public/private effort that connects public and private agencies and providers through the development of single, coordinated systems of information, referral, and access to aging and disability long-term support services. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not require conscious access, repetition, procedural learning, classical conditioning, habituation – only mild decline over the lifespan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| These theories view aging as caused by replicative errors that are intrinsic and pre-programmed or predetermined. An example theory would be the aging clock theory. |
|
|
Term
| Norm of reciprocity (p. 101): |
|
Definition
| dictates that individuals who are recipients of benefits from others have a debt or obligation until a comparable favor can be returned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An underlying time dependent biological process that, although not itself a disease, involves functional loss and susceptibility to disease and death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broader more intangible than social roles; they are the ideas we have deeply learned that are collectively shared by members of a culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (This ACT of OBRA, 1987) Created a set of National, minimum standards for Medicare and Medicaid facilities. Long term care facilities wanting Medicare or Medicaid funding are to provide services so that each resident can “attain and maintain her highest practicable physical, mental, and psychosocial well-being.” |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A facility licensed with an organized professional staff and inpatient beds and that provides continuous nursing and other health-related, psychosocial, and personal services to patients who are not in an acute phase of illness, but who primarily require continued care on an inpatient basis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highly regulated and strictly controlled by states, which oversee the number of homes that are built and monitor their compliance with state and federal guidelines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provided by the local AAAs and can include programs such as: congregate meals, home delivered meals, supportive services and senior centers, national family caregiver support, Alzheimer demonstration, and grants to Indian Tribes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provided under Title II of the OAA and can include: transportation, senior centers, congregate meals programs, Information and Referral (I&R), adult day services, respite care, and elder rights protection among others. |
|
|
Term
| OAA: (Older Americans Act) |
|
Definition
| Passed by Congress in 1965 in response to concern by policymakers about a lack of community social services for older persons. Goal is to improve the lives of older adults and enhance their ability to maintain their independence by remaining in their own homes and communities thereby avoiding unnecessary institutionalization. OAA is considered to be the major vehicle for the organization and delivery of social and nutritional services to this group and their caregivers. Wide array or service programs through 56 state AoAs 629 AAAs, contains 7 titles (or sections) to receive OAA funding states must designate a State Unit on Aging (SUA) and Area Agencies on Aging (AAAs) to provide services in each state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expectations of mutual responsibility and support have been at the heart of most family systems across cultures and throughout history |
|
|
Term
| Occupational life cycle (p. 129): |
|
Definition
| a worker, upon completion of education or training, lands an entry-level position with a corporation, government agency, or other employer |
|
|
Term
| Old-age welfare state (p. 220): |
|
Definition
| an array of programs, services, and agencies at state and federal levels; old-age welfare state addresses the serious problems common in the older adult population at that time |
|
|
Term
| Older Americans Act (p. 221): |
|
Definition
| designed to be the focal point of federal government policy on aging, established the Administration on Aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| researchers and policy makers discuss a subset of those in the labor force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Technical term for the sense of smell. The age related changes in olfactory senses can involve less efficient odor identification. The changes occurring in the sense of smell have behavioral implications for the proper ingestion of food, for safety, and for personal hygiene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1999) US Supreme Court decided that under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, each state must provide community based treatment for persons with mental disabilities when such treatment is appropriate and can be accommodated with existing resources. The decision has such been interpreted to apply to all disabled persons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Defines a variable in terms of the operations used to produce or measure that variable. Describes a concept in terms of its observable or measurable characteristics or behaviors by specifying how the concept can be observed in actual practice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variables need to have a working and understandable definition that could be appreciated by another researcher. By operationalizing a variable it is translated into a specific and measurable form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ordering in terms of magnitude along a quantitative dimension. “ordering” (ex. 1= passive, 2= moderately aggressive, 3= aggressive, 4= very aggressive). Yet, one does not know the size of the difference. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (OA) A degenerative joint disease and is the most common form of arthritis which makes it one of the leading causes of disability in those over 65. OA includes the loss of articular cartilage that exposes the ends of the joints and causes them to rub together resulting in stiffness, pain, and joint instability. Risk – age, obesity, diabetes, genetics. Treatment – PT, exercise, dietary, surgery. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The most common metabolic bone disease in older adults and is characterized by a gradual, progressive change as the rate of bone re-absorption becomes greater than the rate of bone formation. The result is reduced bone mass and bones become brittle, more porous, and fragile. Risk factors include age, female, alcohol, heredity. Prevention strategy is best – weight bearing exercise. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sampling one or more subgroup at rates greater than their proportion in their target population with the goal of achieving a sufficiently large sample of the subgroup to permit conclusions. This is contrasted with stratified sampling. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Program of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly) A capitated, managed care benefit that provides a comprehensive service delivery system. Features integrated Medicare and Medicaid financing from State and Federal Government. PACE programs serve individuals with long-term care needs by providing access to the entire continuum of health-care services, including preventive, primary, acute, and long-term care. The focus is on keeping individuals living as independently as possible in the community for as long as possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic metabolic bone disease characterized by excessive bone re-absorption and excessive formation of abnormal vascular bone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patient-centered and family-centered care that optimizes quality of life by anticipating, preventing, and treating suffering. This is not limited to individuals with incurable diseases that lead to death and means to reduce the severity of or relieve symptoms without curing the underlying disease. Unlike hospice care, palliative medicine is appropriate for patients in all disease stages, including those undergoing treatment for curable illnesses and those living with chronic diseases, as well as patients who are nearing the end of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transportation service with special accommodations for disabled persons. Para-transit is required by the Americans with Disabilities Act to be offered within three-fourths of a mile of every fixed-route public transportation service. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that impairs motor skills, cognitive processes, and other functions. Symptoms include tremors, rigidity, postural instability, dementia, and sensory and sleep deprivations. Parkinson’s usually occurs around the age of 60. Symptoms treated with Levadopa. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (principle) These decisions are those in which a health professional acts as a parent with all of its negative and positive connotations. This principle limits autonomy and is when the health professional makes a decision for the client instead of with the client. |
|
|
Term
| Patterning of experience (p. 16): |
|
Definition
| focus on how, why, and to what extent the experiences of aging are different for different groups of people |
|
|
Term
| PCC: (Person Centered Care) |
|
Definition
| Rooted in the work of Tom Kitwood, a British gerontologist, this approach to care respects and values the uniqueness of the individual by promoting environments that reflect respect, dignity, personal worth, truthfulness, independence, hope, and engagement. Attitudes that will affect PCC are ageism and paternalism (valuing our way as opposed to their way). Relationship building and trust building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emerge from the major events or trends that occur in the social world while we are studying aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Long-term maintenance or support services necessary to enable the recipient to remain at or return home rather than enter a nursing care facility. Personal Care Aides assist with the recipient’s activities of daily living (ADLs), such as bathing, dressing, transferring, and meal preparation. |
|
|
Term
| Person-environment theory |
|
Definition
| (Lawton, 1986—See Social Gerontology text page 79) Lawton suggests that the fit between a person and his or her environment can actually have an impact on how competently individuals can get by in their everyday lives. Lawton’s classic model of the relationship between behavior and the environment visually depicts the optimal fit between environmental press that encourages maximum performance by the individual, as well as potential negative outcomes for the person if the environment demands too much or too little. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and its effect on an organ. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Study of the time it takes for drugs to be liberated, absorbed, distributed, metabolised, and excreted from the body. Factors such as age, disease, the presence of other medications in the body, smoking, alcohol, genetics, and body composition all play a role in the processing of drugs in the body. This is an important component that needs to be applied to each individual and especially among the older adult population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Advanced directives that enable a patient to specify a surrogate or proxy decision maker who they want to make treatment decisions when they are no longer able to make them. The POA directive can be tailored to be as broad or specific as the patient wishes it to be and can authorize such legal actions as signing checks, making healthcare decisions, selling property, or depositing/withdrawing funds. |
|
|
Term
| Political economy of aging (p. 202): |
|
Definition
| a critical perspective that draws attention to the ways in which economic and political forces shape the policies, services and experiences of an aging population |
|
|
Term
| Political economy of aging theory |
|
Definition
| (Estes et al, 1984) The economic class conflict is at the root of political processes in capitalist democracies. Age, gender and race exacerbate the effects of class conflict. Major social institutions (corporations and government) create structured dependency for older adults. There is potential generational conflict. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of one or more medications concurrently, especially multiples of the same drugs. The most common results of polypharmacy are increased adverse drug reactions, drug-drug interactions and higher costs. Polypharmacy is most common in the elderly but is also an issue among the general population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Population aging is a shift in the distribution of a country's population towards older ages. It is most advanced in the most highly developed countries. Population ageing arises from two (possibly related) demographic effects: increasing longevity and declining fertility. An increase in longevity raises the average age of the population by increasing the numbers of surviving older people. A decline in fertility reduces the number of babies, and as the effect continues, the numbers of younger people in general also reduce. |
|
|
Term
| Population pyramid (p. 55): |
|
Definition
| a graphic illustration of the age and sex structure of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is an age-picture diagram or chart that shows the number of people in each age category. Often used to show age groups of countries. As the older population increases, and younger population decreases, charts may appear top heavy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formal or informal groups that build policy and sway public opinion |
|
|
Term
| PPS: A Prospective Payment System |
|
Definition
| (PPS) is a method of reimbursement in which Medicare payment is made based on a predetermined, fixed amount. The payment amount for a particular service is derived based on the classification system of that service (for example, diagnosis-related groups for inpatient hospital services). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age-related changes in the perception of pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age-related hearing loss, (ARHL) particularly in high-frequencies. Caused by deterioration of mechanisms in the inner ear. Occurs in both ears but not necessarily at the same time. For Octogenarian men living in urban areas, hearing loss may be as much as 80 decibels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age-related changes in taste. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Age-related changes in eyesight; loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens, changes in the curvature of the lens, and loss of power of the cilliary muscles are known causes. Symptoms include difficulty seeing in low light, eye strain, problems focusing on small objects. Usually notices between ages 40 and 50. With impaired vision comes increased risk of falls. |
|
|
Term
| Pressure Ulcer (decubitus ulcers): |
|
Definition
| Develop in body tissues that are situated over bony prominences. Factors are circulatory impairment, poor nutrition, smoking, stress, dehydration, immobility and old age. |
|
|
Term
| Prevalence rates (p. 188): |
|
Definition
| indicate what proportion of a given group has a certain condition or diagnosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Duties or rights that allow you to make choices among conflicting principles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal, disease-free development during adulthood |
|
|
Term
| Principle Based Approach: |
|
Definition
| Approach that emphasizes ethical principles (guidelines used in helping people know if their right course of action being taken is in the morally right direction to achieve the right outcome). Principles include beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy, and veracity. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Double Effect: |
|
Definition
| An ethical reasoning tool that can help in situations where one acts with the intent of providing palliative care for a patient, but in doing so, has the unintended effect of hastening the patient’s death. The intended effect governs the morality of the act and the unintended side effect cannot ever become the intended effect. For example, providing a pain reliever (morphine) that has the unintended side effect of compromising respiration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changing social security to permit some portion of contributions to be invested in stocks and bonds, which may yield higher returns than the government bonds used for the trust fund |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process employed to resolve conflict or divide benefits or burdens. Idea that the person with top priority should be able to remain in place. |
|
|
Term
| Productive aging (p. 90): |
|
Definition
| the recognition that older people sometimes want to and often can continue to be involved in volunteer or paid work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A systematic investigation of the effectiveness of an intervention. Involves assessing one or more of 5 common domains: 1. The need for a program 2. The program’s design 3. Its implementation and service delivery 4. Its impact or outcomes 5. ts efficiency |
|
|
Term
| Prospective payment system (p. 197): |
|
Definition
| standards set ahead of time determine which costs will be reimbursed in treating a given condition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federal housing programs assist low-income older persons to live in congregate settings, e.g., Section 202, Section 8, and public housing buildings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transportation services for which all persons are eligible. Public transportation can be provided on a regular schedule through fixed and semi-fixed routes, or by appointment. |
|
|
Term
| Publicly-Assisted Housing: |
|
Definition
| Federal housing programs assist low income older persons to live in congregate settings; eg. Section 202, Section 8. Housing development or unit which has received subsidies or accepts rental assistance, such as Section 8 vouchers, so that rental costs are affordable. |
|
|
Term
| Qualitative analysis (p. 34): |
|
Definition
| techniques to deal with the very issues that quantitative research cannot address |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is descriptive in nature and is more subjective than quantitative research. One starts with a topic of interest and is partially theory driven but is more likely to add or generate a new theory. |
|
|
Term
| Quantitative approaches (p. 34): |
|
Definition
| these approaches include experiments, surveys, and much of the applied and evaluation research that we discussed earlier in this chapter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on ways to quantify data or associate participant responses to values with numeric ones. Researchers attempt to draw a representative sample from the population so that the focus is not so much on the individual response but the group response. Starts with a theory-driven hypothesis and add to the base of scientific knowledge through providing or disproving the hypothesis (es). |
|
|
Term
| Quasi-Independent Variable: |
|
Definition
| Variable whose characteristics are preset and cannot be changed or manipulated by the researchers. The characteristics were pre-assigned before the participants came to the study. For example, gender or the role of caregiver or spouse of a caregiver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the research. Here, the characteristics of the sample will mirror those of the population. |
|
|
Term
| Randomized Clinical Trial: |
|
Definition
| Gold standard for a clinical trial. RCT are often used to test the efficacy of various types of intervention within a patient population. The key distinguishing feature of the usual RCT is that study subjects, after assessment of eligibility and recruitment, but before the intervention to be studied begins, are randomly allocated to receive one or other of the alternative treatments under study. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placement along a dimension w/ equal intervals and a true zero point (ex. weight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is based on mind-body dualism, is the tendency to reduce any illness to a disorder of the physiological systems of the body of the afflicted individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Refers to the consistency or precision of measurement, and the extent to which it eliminates chance in resulting scores. Would your experiment/study have the same results every time? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recall of events and situations from the past. This has sometimes referred to as long-term memory. Long-term memory is preserved until very late in life, even with the presence of dementia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A major age-related change in the body is a lessened reserve capacity within organ systems. All organ systems in the body have a substantial reserve capacity available to deal with high demand or high stress situations. When this reserve capacity is lessened (as it happens with age) behavioral implications can occur such as slowness with regard to taking in, processing, and acting on information, greater stress impact, and a disrupted homeostatic equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Services specifically designed to provide a temporary, but periodic or routine, relief to the primary caregiver of an individual who is incapacitated or dependent due to frailty or physical disability. Respite services can include home-based care, adult day care, skilled nursing care and short-term institutional care. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the event or ceremony marking departure from a job |
|
|
Term
| Retirement decision (p. 145): |
|
Definition
| we assume that every worker approaching ages where retirement becomes more common periodically considers this array of factors to decide whether to retire this year, next year, 10 years in the future, or never |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatoid Arthritis: (RA) |
|
Definition
| An autoimmune disorder in which the body's antibodies attack body tissues. RA usually manifests in the joints with inflammation, but can get in connective tissues of entire body. Hands and feet are often most affected. This is a systemic, chronic disease that peaks in people ages 40-60 with women being affected more than men. Diagnosis is difficult because RA looks like/mirrors several other diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Theory that states that older adults are more likely to lose roles, rather than acquire new ones. These losses are largely irreversible and may lead to erosion of self-identity and decline in self-esteem. Other important variables associated with role theory are identification as old and measure of self-image. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought of as a hybrid of deontologic and utilitarian approaches. Holds that you will always bring about more good consequences by following certain “rules” or duties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Thought of as a hybrid of deontological and utilitarian approaches. Holds that you will always bring about more good consequences by following certain “rules” or duties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a few units of analysis (people, families, business, city governments, state, or countries) out of all of the possible pertinent units of analysis (the population) that you wish to study |
|
|
Term
| Sandwich generation (p. 116): |
|
Definition
| refers to those women who simultaneously have responsibilities for their offspring and for assisting frail parents or parents-in-law |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease in muscle mass. Increases fatigue, fragility. Major risk factor for falling; makes ADLs more difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| Define the problem – state hypothesis, Define the population, Assign participants to treatment groups, Measure the dependent variable (DV), Collect data, Analyze data, Draw conclusions & Make inferences |
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Term
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Definition
| developmental changes that are related to disease |
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Term
| Secondary analysis (p. 33): |
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Definition
| refers to the study of existing data initially collected for another purpose |
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Term
| Section 8 Housing Voucher Program: |
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Definition
| A rent assistance program funded by the Federal government through the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Vouchers are provided directly to eligible households. Voucher recipients pay 30 percent of their income in rent and the voucher subsidizes the remaining rental cost. |
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Term
| Self-assessed health (p. 190): |
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Definition
| people are asked to rate their own health as excellent, very good, good, fair, or poor |
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Term
| Services under the Title XX Social Services Block Grant: |
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Definition
| Title XX of the Social Security Act, also referred to as the Social Services Block Grant, is specific to aging and supports APS. These are block grants to states that provide support for APS and other home and community based services for older adults, supports Adult Day, Home Care, APS, Transportation, Nutrition. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure used by demographers to summarize the gender composition of a population |
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Term
| Single-national global aging research (p. 263): |
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Definition
| includes a study of health and living arrangement transition among China’s oldest-old, an analysis of the productivity of older women and men and an investigation of the prevalent and portrayal of older adults in prime time television |
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Term
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Definition
| Income in retirement will require 6 legs now, as opposed to once considering 3. The 6 legs for income support in retirement are Assets; Employment; Medical Coverage; Pensions, Social Security; and Public Benefits. |
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Term
| Six-Step Process to Making an Ethical Decision: (Purtilo) |
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Definition
| 1. Gathering Relevant Information (get the story straight) 2. Identify the Type of Ethical Problem (such as moral distress, ethical dilemma, locus of authority) 3. Analyze the Problem Using Ethical Theories and Approaches (principles and theories) 4. Explore the Practical Alternatives 5. Act 6. Evaluate the Process & Outcome (reflection) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nursing and rehabilitative care that can be performed only by, or under the supervision of, licensed and skilled medical personnel. |
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Term
| Skipped-generation households (p. 257): |
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Definition
| middle generation missing and grandparents acting as surrogate parents |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways in which society helps to shape the meanings and experiences of aging; this includes the expectations and assumptions of those around us about how we should behave, what we are like, what we can do, and what we should be doing at different ages |
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Term
| Social Constructionism theory |
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Definition
| Theory that states how individuals actively participate in their everyday lives by creating and maintaining social meanings for themselves and those around them. |
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Term
|
Definition
| How individuals actively participate in their everyday lives - Creating and maintaining social meanings for themselves and those around them. "social processes of interaction” — individual behavior produces a “reality" which in turn structures individuals’ lives. |
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Term
| Social gerontology (p. 13): |
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Definition
| a multidisciplinary field that includes research, policy, and practice information from all of the social sciences and the humanities |
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Term
| Social insurance (p. 159): |
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Definition
| share the traits of national coverage with compulsory participation, benefits related to earnings or length of employment, contributions from workers and employers, a benefit intended to meet minimum needs, and mechanisms to adapt this benefit to inflation |
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Term
| Social integration (p. 30): |
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Definition
| the personal costs of committing a crime rapidly grow to outweigh the benefits, discouraging participation |
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Term
| Social mobility (p. 242): |
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Definition
| the movement of an individual between levels of the stratification system |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on the social and medical services to treat disease and its attendant influences with the patient within a collaborative, inter-professional experience. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this model, the focus is on the social and medical services to treat diseases. The patient is taken care of within a collaborative, interdisciplinary experience. |
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Term
| Social processes of interaction |
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Definition
| individual behavior produces a reality which in turn structures individual lives |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of expected activities and responsibilities that go along with a position we hold in a social network |
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Term
| Social Security Trust Fund (p. 164): |
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Definition
| with contributions by today’s workers mostly going to support today’s retirees, excess funds have always been kept in the trust fund |
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Term
|
Definition
| Franklin D. Roosevelt (1935) A US federal retirement system that provides benefits to retirees, persons with disabilities, and families that have lost a wage earner. To qualify, a person must have worked at least 40 quarters during with Social Security taxes were deducted. Social security is funded through payroll taxes. Excess taxes collected are put in a fund to pay future retirees. Can be accessed at 62 (partial benefits) and full benefits at 66-67. The average monthly benefit amount is $1177. For 40% of older persons SS makes up 80% of their income. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those health and social service providers who assist with support. |
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Term
| Social Supports - Informal: |
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Definition
| Those family members, friends and neighbors who help a person when needed. 80% of long-term care-giving is provided through the informal social support network of family and friends. Family pays for 34% of formal support. |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the expectations and definitions that society gives to stages of the life course |
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Term
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Definition
| the demographic, structural, and cultural transformations a society undergoes as the proportion of its population that is aging increases; (p. 51) refers to the social and demographic processes that result in the aging of a population—the transition to an age structure with increasing numbers and proportions of older people and decreasing proportions at the youngest ages |
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Term
| Societal selectivity theory/Socioemotional selectivity theory |
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Definition
| (Laura Carstensen, 1993) is a motivational model of life span development that argues that the selection of goals is influenced by the perception of time. This theory claims that constraints on time are associated with the prioritization of emotional goals that are typically embedded within emotionally close social relationships. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interpersonal, societal, cultural, and ethnic |
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Term
| Sociological imagination (p. 15): |
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Definition
| suggests that the promise and the responsibility of sociology lies in giving individuals the tools to make the distinction between, and see the connections between, concerns we face in our own lives and problems that are rooted in society |
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Term
| Sociology of aging (p. 14): |
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Definition
| concerned with understanding aging from sociological perspectives and applying that understanding to sociology in general |
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Term
| Sociology of knowledge (p. 43): |
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Definition
| has made knowledge its subject matter, assuming that we need to question how most of us take for granted |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to qualify financially for Medicaid. Occurs when an individual's medical expenses are so high that their income is driven below the eligibility guidelines. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning making, connectedness |
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Term
| SSI: (Supplemental Security Income) |
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Definition
| Previously known as Old-Age Assistance, is a federal-state program of public assistance to needy people who are aged, blind or disabled. To qualify an individual must demonstrate that their incomes falls below a prescribed minimum and is therefore a means-tested program. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Key individuals, groups or organizations that have a significant interest in how well the program functions. Stakeholders can include the government, community members, organizational leaders and individuals who receive the intervention. It is important to understand who the stakeholders are when you are designing a program- different types of stakeholders will require different knowledge regarding the program. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treating all participants the same and handling all aspects of the study the same (ex. providing, using the same statements, study background and details). This allows for consistency and strengthens the study’s validity and reliability and allows for replication: the ability to repeat all elements of a study with the goal of supporting/refuting the original findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| These theories view aging as a series of extrinsic, random events in the cells that lead to replicative errors. An example theory would be the wear and tear theory. The accumulation of environmental insults eventually reaches a level incompatible with human life, adverse changes lead to replicated errors (and they are not preprogrammed) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The goal of this sampling type is to ensure that different members of the population are represented in their actual proportions in the sample selected. The researchers would first identify subgroups within that population that they want to be sure are represented in their correct proportion in the final sample. |
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Term
| Stress and coping theory – |
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Definition
| As an individual ages, he or she experiences stress through the problems and hardships that threatens his or her well-being. Coping involves the usage of personal resources needed to adapt, such as behavioral strategies, social support and self-efficacy belief |
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Term
| Stroke: or cerebro-vascular accident (CVA) |
|
Definition
| Rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to blockage or a hemorrhage. As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body, inability to understand or formulate speech, or an inability to see one side of the visual field. High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for the social structure of roles, norms, and social institutions to change more slowly, and thus lag behind, changes in peoples’ lives |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Riley, Kahn, and Foner, 1994) the tendency for the social structure of roles, norms, and social institutions to change more slowly, and thus lag behind, changes in peoples’ lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| A theory that people who share similar interests, problems, and concerns will form a subculture; the aged are believed to have a positive affinity for eachother |
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Term
| Successful aging (p. 186): |
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Definition
| refinements have focused on clarifying the multiple dimensions of successful aging, including the avoidance of disease and disability, engagement with life, and high cognitive and physical function |
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Term
| Supercentenarians (p. 298): |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Surrogate family relationships (p. 98): |
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Definition
| whereby family members or others take on an active role responsibility by replacing an absent parent, child, or caregiver |
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Term
|
Definition
| Places focus on the ends brought about and the consequences of actions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the rapid losses that occur |
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Term
| The Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA): |
|
Definition
| Passed by the U.S. Congress in 1990 as an amendment to the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990. Effective on December 1, 1991, this legislation required many hospitals, Nursing Homes, home health agencies, hospice providers, HMOs, and other healthcare institutions to provide information about advance healthcare directives to adult patients upon their admission to the healthcare facility. |
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Term
| There are three types of stress: |
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Definition
| Ambient strains (interactions with community/neighbors), role strains (institutionalized role, especially within family) and quotidian strains (logistical problems with ADLs and IADLs) |
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Term
|
Definition
| new period of life, in which people are healthy and independent, free of the obligations of child-rearing and employment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Federal legislation information made freely available to the public through the library of Congress; includes information on Bills; nominations; and other activity. |
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Term
| Three-legged stool (p. 159): |
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Definition
| the image used by the Social Security Administration in describing income maintenance for retired Americans |
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition causing the perception of ringing in the ear – can be due to multiple causes, MS, ear infections, wax build up. Common among adults 55-65 years of age. |
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Term
| Townsend movement (p. 160): |
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Definition
| a 1930s social movement that advocated granting $200 monthly pensions to older people and requiring the funds to be spent within 30 days to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression |
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Term
| Trailing edge boomers (p. 274): |
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Definition
| born 1955 to 1964, have less advantage than leading edge boomers on several measures of economic well-being, including home ownership and income |
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Term
|
Definition
| Determines if there is a difference between the means of just two groups that is due to more than just chance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| “you cannot do what you know is right”. The morally right course of action leading to the desired outcome is blocked by policies and practices. The moral distress comes precisely because of the repercussions the professionals believe they may have to endure. |
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Term
|
Definition
| “you know something is wrong but are not sure what”. You may question how to arrive at a morally correct course of action or how to work toward a specific outcome that is consistent with your professional goal of achieving a caring response. The ethical challenge is to remove the barrier of doubt or uncertainty as much as possible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reporting a significant difference when there wasn’t one, also known as a false positive. The researcher is reporting that the relationship is significant when in fact it was not. This is the more serious methodological error between the two. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reporting that there was no difference when in fact there was a difference, also known as a false negative. The researcher is reporting that the relationship is not significant when in fact it really is. |
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Term
| UAI: (Uniform Assessment Instrument) |
|
Definition
| Assessment tool developed in 1994 to determine eligibility for publicly funded long-term care services. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As a moral agent you must consider what several different courses of action could accomplish. An act is right if it helps to bring about the best balance of benefits over burdens, what the best “utility” or consequence is overall. Emerged in response to some of the criticisms of deontology. |
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Term
|
Definition
| As a moral agent you must consider what several different courses of action could accomplish. An act is right if it helps to bring about the best balance of benefits over burdens, what the best “utility” or consequence is overall. Emerged in response to some of the criticisms of deontology. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The language that has evolved to identify intrinsic things a person, group, or society holds dear. Moral values are things that uphold our ideas of what is needed for morality to survive and thrive. These may describe qualities that support individuals in their desire to live full lives allowing them to pursue their own basic interests and providing help for others. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Form of dementia caused by accumulated damage to brain tissue from successive small or moderate strokes. Similar symptoms to Alzheimer's disease but this form: has a history of heart disease, previous strokes, and hypertension. VD affects more men than women and progresses in steps rather than gradually. Accounts for about 30% of all dementias. Caused by untreated high blood pressure, diabetes, high cholesterol, heart disease. Symptoms – memory loss, confusion, dizzy after TIA. |
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Term
|
Definition
| for some pension programs an individual must work a minimum number of years to become eligible |
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Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which individuals have choices regarding whether and when to meet individual versus family needs |
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Term
|
Definition
| the development of public policies and programs in particular—see page |
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Term
| Welfare state convergence (p. 261): |
|
Definition
| the welfare state programs in all nations would mirror each other as each country modernizes and their economies become more developed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Comparing the same group of individuals over the course of time. The same participants are used so there is a smaller number of participants but that means more time is spent with each individual. This can be likened to the “longitudinal” design. |
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Term
| Woman in the middle (p. 116): |
|
Definition
| also known as the sandwich generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a central tenet of Western cultures for centuries has been the importance of employment |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prospective memory; Compensatory mechanisms |
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Term
| Workplace adaptations (p. 288): |
|
Definition
| flexible policies and practices designed to retain older workers and support employed caregivers—are part of the restructuring of the age-segregated life course |
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