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Comprehensive EXAM Review 4
Cognitive Psyc
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
02/01/2009

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Cards

Term
encoding
Definition
putting information into memory
Term
storage
Definition
retaining information in memory
Term
retrieval
Definition
recovering the info in memory
Term
recall
Definition
reproducing info you have previously been exposed to
Term
recognition
Definition
realizing that a certain stimulus event is one you've seen or heard before
Term
generation-recognition
Definition
an attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more that you can recall; model suggests that recall involves the same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition.
Term
recency effect
Definition
words presented at the end of a list are remembered best
Term
primacy effect
Definition
words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second-best
Term
clustering
Definition
when asked to recall a list of words, people tend to recall words belonging to the same category
Term
stage theory of memory
Definition
there are several different memory systems and that each system has a different function. Memories enter the various systems in a specific order
Term
sensory memory
Definition
contains fleeting impressions of sensory stimuli
Term
whole-report procedure
Definition
subjects looked for a fraction of a second at a visual display of nine items. Could only recall about four of the nine
Term
partial-report procedure
Definition
did same procedure but asked to report only one row of the matrix not anything they could remember. subjects were nearly perfect no matter which row, suggesting a capacity of 9
Term
short-term memory
Definition
a link between our rapidly changing sensory memory and the more lasting long-term memory. Info comes here from sensory memory.
Term
maintenance
Definition
if the info is rehearse, it can sty in STM for a relatively long time as long as you keep rehearsing.
Term
Long-term memory
Definition
the permanent storehouse of your experiences.
Term
elaborative rehearsal
Definition
organizing the info and associating it with info already in ltm
Term
procedural memory
Definition
remembering how to do things
Term
declarative memory
Definition
remembering explicit info
Term
semantic memroy
Definition
remembering general info
Term
episodic memory
Definition
remembering particular events you have personally experienced.
Term
semantic priming
Definition
subject has to decide whether a stimulus is a word or a nonword
Term
semantic verification task
Definition
subjects are asked to indicate whether or not a simple statement presented is true or false and measures the length of time it takes to respond
Term
spreading activation model
Definition
subjects will respond to questions about words that are mroe semantically related than those that aren't eg ambulance and hospital as opposed to ambulance and street.
Term
semantic feature-comparison model
Definition
semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts
Term
levels-of-processing theory
Definition
what determines how long you will remember material is not what memory system it gets into but the way in which you process the material. Can be processed physically, acoustically, or semantically.
Term
Paivio's dual-code hypothesis
Definition
info can be stored or encoded in two ways: visually (concrete info) and verbally (abstract info)
Term
schema
Definition
conceptual frameworks we use to organize our knowledge. We interpret our experiences and therefore remember them in terms of our existing schemata.
Term
decay theory
Definition
if the info in LTM is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten
Term
inhibition theory
Definition
forgetting is due to the activities that have taken place between original learning and the later attempted recall
Term
proactive inhibition
Definition
what you learned earlier interferes with what you learn later
Term
retroactive inhibition
Definition
when you forget what you learned earlier as you learn something new.
Term
encoding specificity
Definition
the assumption that recall will be best if the context at recall approximates the context during the original encoding.
Term
state-dependent learning
Definition
recall will be better if your psychological or physical state as the time of recall is the same as your state when you memorized the material
Term
mental sets
Definition
tendency to keep repeating solutions that worked in other situations
Term
functional fixedness
Definition
the inability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way
Term
divergent thinking
Definition
attempting to produce as many creative answers to a question as possible
Term
heuristics
Definition
short-cuts and rules of thumb we can use in making decisions
Term
availability heuristic
Definition
making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to image the items involved.
Term
language acquisition device
Definition
a built-in advanced knowledge of rule structures in language.
Term
phonemes
Definition
the smalles sound units
Term
morphemes
Definition
the smallest units of meaning
Term
sytax
Definition
the grammatical arrangement of words and sentences
Term
semantics
Definition
the meanings of words and sentences
Term
fluid intelligence
Definition
the ability to quickly grasp relationships in novel situations and make correct deductions from them. eg solving analogies
Term
crystallized intelligence
Definition
Term
anterograde amnesia
Definition
not being able to establish new long-term memories but old ones are in tact.
Term
retrograde amnesia
Definition
memory loss of events that transpired before brain injury, most of the time to the hippocampus
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