Term
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Definition
- Preparation, mixing, assembling, packaging, or labeling of a drug as the result of
- a prescription drug order, or
- preparation of drugs in anticipation of prescription drug orders based on routine, regularly observed patterns.
- May comprise many activities, involving both sterile and non-sterile dosage formulations
- May also include preparation of radioactive isotopes
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Term
Examples of Compounding
(5) |
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Definition
- Preparation of suspensions, topicals, suppositories, liquids, capsules, tabs, etc.
- Conversion of one dose form into another
- Preparation of individual dosage forms from bulk ingredients/chemicals
- Preparation of intravenous admixtures
- Preparation of pediatric dosage forms
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Term
Do All Pharmacists Compound
(8) |
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Definition
- Skill set that requires proper training
- Types of skills required
- Knowledge of chemistry, pharmacology and pharmaceutical characteristics of ingredient
- Knowledge of anatomy and physiology
- Knowledge of pharmacotherapy / therapeutics
- Read and interpret scientific and clinical studies
- Ability to comply with regulatory standards
- Effective communication with patient & prescriber
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Term
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Definition
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Is Compounding an “Art” or a “Science”
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Compounding activities on increase
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NABP/NAPLEX expects pharmacy students to have basic compounding knowledge
– Some test questions on board exam
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Term
Origins of Compounding
Hygeia
(5) |
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Definition
- Hygeia
- Goddess of good health and cleanliness
- Implements
- Mystical healing snake
- Patera/bowl with healing potion
- Bowl and Serpent are international symbols of pharmacy
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Term
Origins of Compounding
Ebers Papyrus
(5) |
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Definition
- Dates from 1600 BC
- Asthma - A mixture of herbs heated on a brick so that the sufferer could inhale their fumes.
- Belly - "For the evacuation of the belly: Cow's milk 1; grains 1; honey 1; mash, sift, cook; take in four portions."
- Bowels - "To remedy the bowels: Melilot (sweet clover), 1; dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick part." Cancer - Recounting a "tumor against the god Xenus", it recommends "do thou nothing there against".
- Remedy to prevent Death - Half an onion and the froth of beer
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Term
Origins of Compounding
De Materia Medica
(8) |
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Definition
- Dioscorides (40-90 AD) Compendium of pharmacognosy
- Used for approximately 1700 years
- Five Books
- aromatics, oils, ointments, trees
- living creatures, dairy products
- roots, juices, herbs
- herbs and roots
- vines, wines, metallic ores
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Term
Origins of Compounding
"Triad of Medical Care"
(5) |
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Definition
- 1230 AD illustration
- from Bartholomew
- – Patient resting in bed
- – Pharmacist at work
- – Physician examining urine
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Term
Origins of Compounding
German Emperor Frederick ll (1230 AD)
(7) |
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Definition
- Magna Carta of the pharmacy profession
- Separation of the pharmaceutical and medical professions
- Official supervision of pharmaceutical practice and identification as a public health service
- Obligation by oath to prepare drugs reliably, according to skilled art, and in a uniform, suitable quality.
- Two other components that did not find favor:
- Limitation on the number of pharmacies
- Governmental fixed prices for remedies
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Term
Transitions in Pharmaceutical Compounding
(5) |
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Definition
- From approximately 1950s through 1970s, a major shift occurred in responsibility for drug manufacture.
- Emergence of PhRMA companies.
- Corresponding transitions in Pharmacy Practice with increased emphasis on clinical skills
- Compounding remains core component of pharmaceutical education
- At some point in career, nearly all pharmacists will have to perform some compounding task.
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Term
Contemporary Compounding
Extemporaneous Prescription Compounding
(2) |
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Definition
- “the very nature of providing millions of doses of a product requires that the dosage forms and doses be limited and results in a one-sided approach to therapy ... the very nature of the process cannot meet all patient needs.”
- “newly evolving dosage forms and therapeutic approaches suggest that compounding of pharmaceuticals and related products specifically for individual patients will become more common in pharmacy practice.”
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Term
Contemporary Compounding
Evaluating the Need for Compounding
(9) |
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Definition
- Is the product commercially available in the exact dosage form, strength, and packaging?
- Is the prescription rational concerning ingredients, intended use, dosage, and method of admin?
- Am I qualified to prepare this prescription?
- Do I have the proper equipment and supplies?
- Is there documentation/guidelines for BUD?
- Will this product satisfy physician intent and patient need?
- Is there a bona fide patient-prescriber-pharmacist relationship?
- Is documentation available on stability and therapeutic properties of the individual ingredients?
- Are necessary quality control measures available?
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Term
Contemporary Compounding
Compounding Types
(8) |
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Definition
- Compounding Types
- Ambulatory Care compounding
- Hospital Pharmacy compounding
- Veterinary therapy compounding
- Nuclear Pharmacy compounding
- Emergence of new professional practice guidelines for pharmaceutical compounding
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Term
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Definition
- Subpart A – General Provisions
- Subpart B – Organization and Personnel
- Subpart C – Drug Compounding Facilities
- Subpart D – Equipment
- Subpart E – Control of Components and Drug Product Containers and Closures
- Subpart F – Drug Compounding Controls
- Subpart G – Labeling Control of Excess Products
- Subpart H – Records and Reports
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Term
International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists
(IACP): Code of Ethics
Preamble |
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Definition
- A compounding pharmacist is a state-licensed pharmacist who provides and promotes prescription compounding services utilizing his/her knowledge and skill in the art of prescription compounding. Hereafter referred to as a "compounder".
- These principles of professional conduct are established to guide compounders in relationships with patients, fellow practitioners, other health professionals, and the public.
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Term
International Academy of Compounding Pharmacists
(IACP): Code of Ethics
(7) |
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Definition
- Compounders adhere to the American Pharmaceutical Association's "Code of Ethics for Pharmacists"
- Compounders comply with state laws regulating compounding pharmacy
- Compounders maintain the standards set by the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, "Good Compounding Practices for State-Licensed Pharmacies
- Compounders foster the triad relationship between the patient, the prescriber, and the pharmacist
- Compounders set personal continuing education goals to expand their prescription compounding knowledge base
- Compounders adhere to professional standards when promoting their compounding services and utilize the triad relationship as a basis for such promotion
- Compounders should associate with organizations having for their objective the betterment of the profession of pharmacy and should contribute time and funds to carry on the work of these organizations
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