• Dispensed droplets merge and rise to the top
• Lack of uniformity
• Reversed by shaking

• Irreversible
• Destruction of film around droplets
• Fixed with viscosity alterations

• Change of the type of emulsion
• Sign of instability

• Use optimum phase:volume ratio
• Reduce globular size of internal phase
• Increase viscosity of external phase
• Make densities of internal = external

1. Emulsifier + oil triturate untill wet
2. Water added all at once
3. mix (crack sound)

1. Water + emulsifier untill wet
2. Oil added slowly
3. triturate

Bottle forbes method

which type of oils?

What other method is similar?

• Low viscous oils
• Similar to dry gum method

1. Oil + Emulsifier shaken in bottle
2. Add water

Beaker method

What is it best for?

• Good for non gum synthetic emulsions like lotions/creams. 

1. 1 beaker oils, 1 beaker water. 
2. Heat both beakers (aquious higher)
3. Internal added to external
4. Mix and cool

• By machine
• Decreased droplet size

Dermatological formulations

Protectorants

Emollients

Dermatological

Protectants: protect skin surface.  Base + ingredient

Emollient: Soften skin.  Fatty components

Dermatological: releases drug to skin site.

1. Big area
2. Hidrate the skin
3. More rubbing
4. Long duration

• Semisolid syrup
• 5-10 minutes to dissolve
• Low moisture content, so water boile
• PH 5-6

• Easy to make in molds
• Disolves 10-15 minutes

• Crystalline powder fused together by heat
• Must be moistened to be activated
• concentrated solution transfered from stick to skin
• leaves white residue

Oleaginous base

philicity/phobicity

release potential

use

• Hydrophobic (low water)
• worst drug release potential
• Protectants, Emolients +/-, vehicle for hydrolized drugs

Absorption base

philicity/phobicity

release potential

use

• Oleaginous base + W/O surfactant
• Hydrophilic (low water)
• Relatively bad release potential
• Protectant, Emollients +/-, Vehicles for aquious solutions,non-hydrolized drugs

• PEG
• anhydrous & hydrous
• Drug vehicle
• Best drug release potential

• Small SA, erratic absorption
• More effective when inserted blunt first
• Insert, wait 15 mins, 1 hour no defecation
• No buffering, so wont change drug form

1. Roll cocoa butter + ingredients into cylinder
2. cut into pieces
3. shape pieces

1. Base & ingredients mixed
2. Forced into mold under pressure

No chance for ingredients to settle

1. Melt base, combine with ingredient
2. put in mold
3. remove when cooled