-makes up 10% of white blood cells in breastmilk

-includes T-cells (83%) and B-cells

-destroys antigens by "cell-mediated immunity" creating an active immunity (long term)

-90% of white blood cells in breastmilk

-ingests foreign particles and infectious microorganisms by phagocytosis

-release IgA 

a phagocytic leukocyte

short lived

first to arrive at inflammation site

macrophages

neutrophils

dendritic cells

-most common antibodies circulating in the blood

-facilitate the phagocytic destruction of microorganisms foreign to the body

- the only immunoglobulins to cross over the placenta

IgM

IgG

-functioning as the body's first line of defense

-especially by neutralizing viral antigens and by preventing the adherence of bacteria to mucous membrane surfaces

-include antibodies found in external bodily secretions

-inflammation inhibitory agent

-high levels in colostrum

PW1: protein secretion

PW2: lactose secretion

PW3: milk fat synthesis

PW4: monovalent ion secretion into milk

PW5: plasma protein secretion into milk

serotonin (sleep, memory)

lysozyme (enzyme destructive to bacteria) 

-enzyme

-dissolves bacteria cell walls

-high concentrations in colostrum

-300 X more in hm than in cow's milk

-increases and peaks around 14 months

-red iron-binding protein

-supplies iron

-retards bacterial and fungal growth by stealing their iron

-high concentrations in colostrum and preterm milk

-not in cow's milk

-essential growth factor for B and T cells

lipase- digests fats
bile salt-stimulated lipase- protects against diarrhea
lysozyme- attacks pathogen cell walls
amylase- digests starch
alkalin phosphatase
peroxidases- oxidize bacteria

total protein- immunoglobuins

total nitrogen (protein and non protein)

sodium, zinc, chloride, potassium,

iron (slightly higher)

colesterol

fat soluble vitamins (A and E)

2 water-soluble vitamins (B12 and C)

lactose

fat

water-soluble vitamins

90:10 early lactation

60:40 mature milk

50:50 late lactation

.8%-1% 

lowest of all mammals

taurine (brain and eye development)

high concentrations

not found in cow's milk

DHA is variable

AA is not

phosphoproteins

binds calcium

gives milk it's cloudy color

1. Alpha-lactalbumin

2. Lactoferrin

3. SIgA

4.Lysozyme

5. Enzymes (40+)

6. Hormones

7. Growth factors

iron transport and absorbtion

antibacterial

promotes growth of lactobacilli

1. prolactin- different from maternal
2. prostaglandins- anti inflamitory
3. oxytocin
4. adrenal and ovarian steriods
5. relaxin
6. insulin
7. thyroid hormones

epidermal gf- aid gut maturity

nerve gf

insulin-like gf

30-40 hrs postpartum

(lactogenisis II)

7.2g / 100ml

sweetest of all milks

the enzyme to digest lactose

present by 24 weeks of fetal life

production decrease with age

-a prebiotic, not in cow's milk/formula

-130+ compounds active against 130 different pathogens 

-undigestable

-3rd most common solid in bm

-wraps it's arms around pathogens, holds them until pooped out or attacked

sialic acid

-high in colostrum

-important for brain tissue

cache- every 12 hours

nest- every 4 hours

follow- every 2 hours

carry- every 30min or continuously

LC-PUFA

long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

effect brain growth

beta- lactobumin

probably causes allergies and is possible diabetes link

water-soluble vitamins increase

fat-soluble vitamins decrease

(fat-soluble can be minimally affected by maternal diet)

49%- human milk

4%- cow's milk

time that breastfed infants maintain equal or greater weight gain than mixed/formula fed infants

from birth to 3-4 months

6-20 months mixed/formula fed infants are heavier but have the same length and head circumferences suggesting overfeeding.

30,000 kcal

-yet no significant growth or weight difference is noted

-breastfed babies need less calories because there is less waste

friendly gut bacteria

promoted by breast milk

gram positive

reported range: 38-98 hrs (1.5-4 days)

average: 50-59 hours (2-2.5 days)

90% macrophage

10% lymphocytes

-same as in human blood

breastmilk = 48 minutes

formula = 78 minutes

weeks- months after birth

very few means of protection before that

Nonprotein Nitrogen

-not proteins but can be converted into proteins by microbes in the stomach

-contains free amino acids, several are essential (body doesn't produce them, must come from food)

-grows to twice the size of formula fed infants

-central organ of the immune system

-

lower lactose

higher 

.5-1.0 mg/L

but absorbed 5X better than iron in cows milk

diarrhea

(randomized double blind study)

DHA- extracted from microalgae

AA- extracted from soil fungus

-structurally different from human LC-PUSFAs

-may cause diarrhea and other GI problems

pt milk higher in:

calories

fat

protein- immune factors

lower in: lactose

20-34 mg/dl- very low

-but 67% is absorbed compared to 25% in cows milk

-formula fed babies are at higher risk of hypocalcemia 

bottle fed ingest 80% more manganese

-enters the brain and can cause neurotoxicity 

breastfed babies 20% lower risk of dying during that time

-statistics showed the longer the breastfeeding the lower the risk

prebiotics are food for good bacteria

probiotics are healthy bacteria

-breastmilk provides both in a symbiotic relationship

Otitis Media

definition and effect of breastfeeding

ear infection

significant lower rate in breastfed babies up to 3 years

a human whey protein

HAMLET- may cause apoptosis death in tumor cells

Enzymes

Growth Factors

Hormones

memory T cells

-activated from T cells found in lymphocytes in breastmilk

5 mg/ml

decreases to 1 mg/ml in mature milk

low protein levels

low phosphate levels

lactobacillus bifidus

-protein signals secreted by WBCs

-signal swelling, inflammation, fever

-signal phagocytic cells to infection site

-lower in bottle feeding mothers, adding to stress