Term
|
Definition
| common to many religions, an entity such a a mountain, tree, or a pole that is believed to connec the heavens and the earth, and is sometimes regarded as the center of the world; for example, the cottonwood tree of the Plains Indians' Sun Dance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ritual of the Lakota and other tribes of the north american plains that celebrates the new year and prepares the tribe for the annual buffalo hunt; performed in the late spring or earl summer in a specially constructed lodge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lakota name for the supreme reality, often referring collectively to sixteen seperate deities(most sacred) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a means of seeking spiritual power through an encounter with a gaurdian spirit or other medium, usually in the form of an animal or other natural entity, following a period of fasting and other forms of self- denial; common to many primal peoples, including the Lakota and other tribes of the North American Plains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of supernatural being who tends to disrupt the normal course of life, found among many primal peoples; for example, Esu among the Yoruba and Inktomi among the Lakota |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material success and social prestige, one of the four goals of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one who renounces physical pleasures and worldly attachments for the sake of spiritual advancement; common in Hinduism and many other religious traditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the eternal self, which the upanishads identify with Brahman: the eternal self or soul of an individual that is reincarnated from one body to the next and is ultimately identified with Atman |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an incarnation, or living embodiment, of a deity. usually of Vishnu, who is sent to earth to accomplish a divin purpose, Rama and Krishna are the most popular avatars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The song of the blessed Lord. A short section of the epic poem Mahabharata in which the god Krishna teaches the great warrior Arjuna about the bhakti marga and other ways to God;Hinduism's most popular sacred text. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the path of devotion, most popular of the three Hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing loving devotion to one's chosen god or goddess. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the eternal essence of reality and the source of the universe, beyond the reach of human perception and thought. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest of the four classes of the caste system, made up of priests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traditional division of hindu society into various categories; there are four main varnas, or classes: brahmin, kshatriya, vaishya, and shudra ; each class contains numerous subgroups, resulting in more than three thousand categories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ethical duty based on divine order of reality; one of the four goals of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the path of knowledge. one of three Hindua paths to slavation, emphasizing knowing the true nature of reality through learning and meditation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pleasure, especially of sensual love; one of the four goals of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the moral law of cause and effect of actions; determines the nature of one's reincarnation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the path of works. one of three Hindu paths to salvation, emphasizing performing right actions according to dharma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second of the four classes of the caste system, made up of warriors and administrators. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cosmic illusion brought about by divine creative power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liberation or release of the individual self, atman, from the bondage of samsara; slavation; one of the four goals of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the doctrine that reality is ultimately made up of only one essence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of 1017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500 BC or earlier; Hinduism's oldest sacred text |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trancelike state in which self consciousness is lost, and the mind is absorbed into the ultimate reality; the culmination of the eight steps of Yoga |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The wheel of rebirth or reincarnation; the this-worldly realm in which rebirth occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of Hindu philosophy and one approach within jnana marga,"the path of knowledge," asserting that reality comprises two distinct categories: matter and eternal selves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A wandering ascetic who has advanced to the fourth and highest stage of life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the traditional practice of burning a widow on her husband's funeral pyre; outlawed in 1829, though it still occurs rarely. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the lowest of the four classes of the caste system, made up of servants and laborers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "sitting near a teacher". a collection of over two hundred texts composed between 900 and 200 BC that provide philosophical commentary on the Vedas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the third of the four classes of the caste system, made up of producers, such as farmers, merchants, and artisans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A system of Hindu philosophy and one approach within jnana marga " the path of knowledge" holding that all reality is essentially Brahman; most notable advocate is te medieval Hindu philosopher Shankara. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a system of Hindu philosophy and one approach within jnana marga " the path of knowledge" seeking to free the eternal self from the bondage of personahood, culminating in the experience of samadhi; physical and psychological techniques for spiritual advancement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| incorporates a traditional division of society into four distinct classes__brahmin, consisting of priests: kshatriya, including warriors and administrators: vaishya, made up of producers, such as farmers, merchants, and artisans, and shudra, composed of servants and laborers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first stage: student stage, starts at puberty, studying of the Vedas and sacred literature until marriage. The second stage, of the householder, is pursuing a career and raising a family. the birth of the first grandchild marks the third stage, the forest dweller stage, where the man retreats from worldly bonds with his wife sometimes literally dwelling in the forests. the fourth stage is that of the sannyasin, or the wandering ascetic, which is the fourth stage where he returns to society, detached from normal attractions and distractions of social life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kama, sexual pleasure
artha, material success and social power and prestige that accompany it
harmony with dharma, helping others out and performing good deeds.
moksha, infinite bliss, being awareness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "no self". one of three marks of existence; the Buddhist doctrine denying a permanent self. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impermanence. one of the three marks of existence; the Buddhist doctrine that all existent things are constantly changing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one who has become enlightened; the ideal type for Theravada Buddhism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Future Buddhas. as the ideal types for Mahayana Buddhism, beings who have experienced enlightenment but, motivated by compassion, stop short of entering nirvana so as to help others achieve it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| awakened one. Siddhartha Gautama and all others who have by their own insight attained perfect enlightenment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The spiritual leader of Vajrayana Buddhism, believed to be an incarnation of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the teachings of the Buddha and one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suffering, frustration, dislocation, or discomfort. the first of the Four Noble Truths, the basic Buddhist insight that suffering is part of the human condition. one of the three marks of existence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the basic moral requirements that are binding for all buddhists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the central teachings of buddhism: to live is to suffer; suffering is caused by desire; the cessation of suffering can be achieved; the solution is the Noble Eightfold Path |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| action. the moral law of cause and effect of actions; determines the nature of ones rebirth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the great vehicle. the largest of buddhisms three divisions, prevalent in china, japan, and korea; encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circle. patterned icons that visually excite; used in Vajrayana buddhism to enhance meditation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phrasing or syllables chanted to evoke a deity or to enhance meditation; used in Hinduism and Budhism, especially in vajrayana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a basic Buddhist teaching that rejects both the pleasures of sensual indulgence and the self denial of asceticism, focusing instead on a practical approach to spiritual attainment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| choreographed hand movements used in the rituals of Vajrayana Buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blowing out. the ultimate goal of all buddhists, the extinction of desire any sense of individual selfhood, resulting in liberation from samsara and its limiting conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fourth of the Four Noble Truths; defines the basic practices of buddhism that lead to nirvana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an ancient language of India, similar to Sanskrit, but more commonly understood, and used in the writing of the earliest Buddhist texts; most important for Theravada buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the wheel of rebirth or reincarnation; the this-worldly realm in which rebirth occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assemblage. the buddhist communityof monks and nuns; one of the three jewels of buddhism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thirst or craving, selfish desire. the second of the Four Noble truths, which causes dukkha. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way of the elders. prevalent form of buddhism in Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Thailand; focuses on the earliest texts and emphasizes monastic lfestyle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characteristics that summarize the changing nature of reality: anatta(no self), anicca(impermanence) and dukkha(suffering). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the vehicle of the diamond. named for the vajra, the buddha's diamond scepter; prevalent form of buddhism in tibet; emphasizes the harnessing of sensual energies to attain nirvana. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. to live is to suffer(dukkha)
2. suffering is caused by selfish desire(tanha)
3. suffering can be brought to cessation(marga)
4. the solution to suffering is the Noble Eightfold Path(nirvana) |
|
|
Term
| Noble Eightfold Path(visclemm) |
|
Definition
| right views, right intentions, right speech, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right meditation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second foundational text of Taoism(along with Tao Te Ching), containing teachings and anecdotes traditionally though to have come fromt he sage Chuang Tzu, who lives in the fourth and third centuries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| assertions that seem illogical and contradictory on the surfaCE, and yet contain deeper truths that are accessible more through intuition than through logical thinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for taoism, the way of nature, the ultimate source and the principal of order in the universe. when the word tao is lowercased, it refers more generally to an individual tao, or "way" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chinese: the book of the way and its power or virtue. taoism's foundational text, traditionally thought to have been authored by Lao Tzu in the seventh or sixth century, sometimes called the Lao Tzu. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonaction. the supreme taoist virtue, rendered in english variously as actionless activity, pure effectiveness, yielding to win, creative quietude, and so on. to practice wu wei is to be so perfectly in harmony with nature that natures energy infuses and empowers the individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the positive, active, masculine, heavenly component of the universe, characterized by light and strength; complements yin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the negative, passive, feminine, earthly component of the universe, characterized by darkness and weakness; complements yang. |
|
|
Term
| name the two founders of Tao |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is the founder of the Tao Te Ching |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| text attributed to him, delightful, humorous, and profound with lessons and stories. central theme to the realtivity of things |
|
|
Term
| whats the literal meaning of Tao Te Ching? |
|
Definition
| the book of the way and its virtue or power |
|
|
Term
| what is Tao accoridng to Tao Te Ching |
|
Definition
| it is the unified something from which all things arise. it is not a personal god, but an invisible force that is the origin and the order of th universe. beyond reach of intellectual knowledge and is known as Great. |
|
|
Term
| what are the six taoist virtues? |
|
Definition
| humility, naturalness, non competition, naturlism, non aggresion, and passive rule. |
|
|
Term
| what is the manner of living perfected by the sage? |
|
Definition
| attaining oneness with Tao through apprehension of its simplicity and natural unity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meditation. the chinese sect of buddhism that focuses on the experience of enlightenment; it began to flourish under the direction of Hui neng in the seventh century; the japanese equivalent is Zen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a periodic meeting with the master during which the disciple offers an answer to an assigned koan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a verbal puzzle designed to short circuit the workings of the rational, logical mind; used especially in rinzai zen as a means of triggering satori |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the school of sudden awakening, brought to japan in the twlfth century by Eisai; one of the two major sects of Zen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zen masters who are deemed competent to teach others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the zen experience of enlightenment, a flash of insight in which the true nature of one's being is known directly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the school of gradual awakening, brought to japan in the thirteenth century by Dogen; one of the two major sects of Zen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seated meditation. the basic method of zen meditation, traditionally practiced while seated in the lotus position in a meditation hall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| person responsible for explaing buddhism to the west |
|
|
Term
| identify the positive effects of zen on the mind |
|
Definition
| enhances the minds strength and vitality, breaking the bondage of the mind and a mass of thoughts and feelings that cloud the mental activity of it, also bringing clarity and alertness to the mind. |
|
|
Term
| what does zen teach about the existence of an afterlife? |
|
Definition
| zen neither believes or denies death because it focuses on the here and now |
|
|
Term
| what is the most famous example of zen influence in the visual arts? |
|
Definition
| sumie which is painting in black ink, putting emphasis on empty spaces. |
|
|
Term
| identify other arts on which zen has had a strong influence |
|
Definition
| physical arts for swordpla and archery: the poetic form of haiku. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extinction. the exctinction of ones sense of seperate existence before achieving union with Allah; the aim of Sufi mystics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| successors. the military and political leaders of the Muslim community who succeeded Muhammad after his death. |
|
|
Term
| Five Pillars(not specific definition) |
|
Definition
| specific religious and ethical requirements for Muslims: the confession of faith(Shahada), prayer or worship, fasting during Ramadan, wealth sharing, and the pilgrimage to Mecca(hajj) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fifth of the five pillars; the journey to Mecca that all muslims are to make at least once in their lifetime, if they can afford it and are physically able. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emigration. the emigration of muhammad and his followers from mecca to yathrib(called Medina now) in 622 AD; the founding event of the muslim community and the start of the muslim calendar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader. the leader of the friday worship service who directs the prayers and delivers a sermon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for shi'i islam, an early successor to Muhammad and leader of islam( most shi'is acknowledge twelve Imams), believed to have a special spiritual insight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exertion or struggle. sometimes counted as the sixth pillar of islam, the general spiritual struggle to be a devout muslim. in a more narrow context, jihad refers to armed struggle, or holy war for the sake of islam, which the quran supports only if it is carried out in self defense. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone cubical structure in the court yard of the Great Mosque of mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by muslims as the sacred center of the earth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the muslim place or building of worship, traditionally including a prayer hall and courtyard, with towers called minarets at the corners |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recitation. islam's primary sacred text, regarded by muslims as the direct words of allah, revealed to muhammad through the archangel Gabriel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ninth month of the islamic lunar calendar, a period during which muslims fast, in accordance with the third of the five pillars. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| witnessing. the confession of faith, the first of the five pillars and central creedal statement of islam: there is no god except God. Muhammad is the messenger of God |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the divine law, derived from the quran and the sunna, encompassing all and setting forth in detail how muslims are to live. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a teacher and master in islam, such as the leader of an order in sufism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| partisans of Ali. the division of islam dominant in iraq and iran, originating as a resutl of an early dispute over leadership; distinguishable from sunni islam mainly by its figure of the Imam and strong messianic expectations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an adherent of sufism. the form of islam characterized by a mystical approach to allah, who is experienced inwardly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| custom or tradition. the teachings and actions of muhammad recording in writings known as hadith, wihch provide the model for being muslim; islam's second most important authority after the quran. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the division of islam practiced by most muslims, named after the sunna. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the root meaning of islam? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the qurans size and structure, and the original language |
|
Definition
| 4/5 the size of new testament, divided into 114 chapters, known as suras and written in arabic |
|
|
Term
| what is the literal meaning of the quran |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when and where was muhammad born? |
|
Definition
| 570 in mecca to a leading tribe. |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe the night of power and excellence |
|
Definition
| on mount hira one time when muhammad was visiting the archangel gabriel appeared and told him to recite, but muhammad could not. the archangel pressed on muhammad until he agreed to recite the sacred scripture. |
|
|
Term
| why is muhammad the seal of prophets |
|
Definition
| muslims believe he is the last prophet because allah doesnt need to chose anymore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives it a human quality, limiting God's nature. |
|
|
Term
| two other prophets of islam other than muhammad |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who is ishmael and his place in islam? |
|
Definition
| son of abraham that moved to mecca and became ancestor of the arabs |
|
|
Term
| what do muslims think of nature? |
|
Definition
| it is good and worth of reverence because its created by God |
|
|
Term
| what is the translation of the confession of faith? |
|
Definition
| there is no god except God. muhammad is the messenger of God. |
|
|
Term
| briefly describe the daily prayer practice |
|
Definition
| womena nd men both must pray in the morning noon, afternoon, sunsent, and evening. they must wash their hands and face, prostration in the direction of mecca, and done on a specific prayer rug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ninth month of muslim year, where people avoid eating/drinking/smoking/ sex everyday between dawn and sunset. |
|
|
Term
| what is required of muslims according to the fourth pillar, wealth sharing |
|
Definition
| required to give 2.5% of their value to a public treasury for the poor, but the poor are exempt from it |
|
|
Term
| what is the hajj and its religious significance |
|
Definition
| the hajj s a pilgrimage/5th pillar. it has religious signifcance because allah forgives the sins of those who make the journey, and whoever dies on the journey is sent to paradise. |
|
|
Term
| what are three points brought up by western critics on women? |
|
Definition
| divorce, polygamy, and the wearing of the veil. |
|
|
Term
| what areas of the glove are presently populated with the greatest concentration of muslims? |
|
Definition
| north africa, middle east, southwestern asia(turkey, iraq, iran, afghanistan), south asia, and malaysia, and indonesia. |
|
|
Term
| why does arabia enjoy a special status in islam? |
|
Definition
| arabia enjoys a special status in islam because all of islams sacred sites are located in arabia and the islamic language is arabic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| following of the sunna of the propheta , form of islam, 87% of muslims |
|
|
Term
| name two moder n nations that have a shii majority or a signifcant shii population |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| briefly describe the Imam of shiism |
|
Definition
| special spiritual insight of islam, not a prophet, and is revered as an earthly authority, imams are thought o begin judgement day in their coming. |
|
|
Term
| how does sufism extend the first setence o islams confession of faith |
|
Definition
| by saying there is nothing but God |
|
|
