Term
| The surge of ------- stimulates ovulation on around day ------- of the human ovarian cycle. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is meant by “estrus,” and what sort (regarding timing) does a rabbit have? |
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Definition
| When an animal is in heat or the receptivity to mating; rabbits are continuous. |
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Term
| in order to reflect the events during the ovarian cycle |
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Definition
| primary follicle, secondary follicle, vesicular (Graafian) follicle, corpus luteum, and corpus albicans (degenerating corpus luteum). |
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Term
| What are the roles of prolactin and oxytocin |
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Definition
| Prolactin increases synthesis of milk proteins and growth of mammary glands. Oxytocin induces contractions in the uterus, and milk letdown (from suckling and parturition). Are these steroids? No, they are peptides. |
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Term
| What hormone is released from the pineal gland, with higher levels released in darkness than in light? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the functional unit of kidneys, and sketch and label the different regions of one of these from a mammal. |
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Definition
| Nephron (Bowman’s capsule (surrounding the glomerulus), proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle (with thin and thick portions), distal convoluted tubule) |
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Term
| Describe the location of the kidney’s cortex and medulla. |
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Definition
| The cortex is the outer edge of the kidney and the medulla is the inner part |
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Term
| Name the three processes involved in forming urine. For each one, give a brief description or definition. |
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Definition
Filtration—passage of the fluid portion of blood from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule (also called the glomerular capsule); selects particles by size
Reabsorption—re-capture of glucose, amino acids, vitamins (also variable reabsorption of electrolytes and water). Substances move from kidney tubule to peritubular capillaries.
Secretion –adding substances to filtrate. Substances are moved from the blood to the kidney tubule. |
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Term
| List three forms of nitrogenous waste, and for each one list the vertebrates in which it predominates. Rate each as to its solubility in water. |
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Definition
ammonia-very soluble, toxic in large quantities- fish
; urea-soluble in water - mammals, low toxicity;
uric acid-slightly soluble in water- birds. |
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Term
| What are the technical terms describing animals that specialize in excreting each of the types of waste? |
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Definition
| ammonotelic, ureotelic, or uricotelic |
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Term
| What sorts of molecules contain the nitrogen that ultimately must be eliminated as “nitrogenous waste |
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Definition
| Mainly from the deamination waste of amino acid breakdown but also from nucleic acids. |
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Term
| Other than nitrogenous waste, what are components of urine? [Think about what an animal might need to get rid of in order to adjust their body fluids to be the correct concentration. Would these components always be excreted in the same amounts |
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Definition
| Water, and salt mainly, but also any excess unwanted solutes in blood like potassium, glucose, allantoin (in some mammals). The amounts of each would change depending on the amounts in the blood |
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Term
| What does “countercurrent” mean in the term countercurrent multiplication? |
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Definition
| Countercurrent multiplication occurs thanks to the opposite directions of flow in the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle, and the transport mechanisms and water permeability of the different regions of the loop. Thanks to the gradient from the cortex to the medulla, urine can become progressively more concentrated as it moves through the collecting ducts (the structures into which multiple nephrons empty). |
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Term
| Countercurrent multiplication produces a --------- in the kidneys of birds and mammals, and this allows birds and mammals to produce differing ------------ of urine. The hormone --------- also plays a role. |
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Definition
1. Gradient
2. Concentration
3. ADH |
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Term
| Contrast the meaning of secretion with the meaning of excretion. Also write an example sentence relevant to vertebrate physiology that properly uses each term. Secretion is adding substances to filtrate, which are moved out of the blood into the kidney tubules. |
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Definition
| Excretion is the process of removing the nitrogenous waste from the body. Excretion – getting rid of stuff in the body; secretion – could be secreting hormone, or desirable. Secretion of a hormone causes an effect in the body. Excretion of urine gets rid of waste in the body |
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Term
| a. Define thermal neutral zone (TNZ) |
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Definition
| The range of temperature the body experiences in its normal resting rate; no energy is expended. |
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Term
| standard metabolic rate (SMR) |
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Definition
| It is an ectotherms resting metabolic rate at a temperature specified by investigators. |
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Term
| Would a SMR measured at 15ºC be expected to be the same as a SMR for the same organism at 25ºC? Explain |
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Definition
| No, because the SMR changes as temperature change |
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Term
5. Ectotherms in cold temperatures
What are two physiological strategies employed by ectotherms in extremely cold conditions in which body water might be subject to freezing? |
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Definition
| They may add glucose or glycerol (or a compatible cryoprotectant) to their body fluids to lower the freezing point depression; or they may have anti-freeze proteins that will prevent ice crystals from forming. |
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Term
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Definition
| Outside and inside of the membrane is electrically neutral, although the ions are unevenly distributed. The uneven distribution is caused by non- diffusible ions |
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Term
| List the factors that result in the resting potential of a motor neuron |
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Definition
| Concentration differences across membrane (ion pump, Donnan equilibrium) and permeability (channel permeable to only some ions) |
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