Term
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Definition
number of traits in common
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common traits are most likely to be "primitive" |
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Term
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Definition
| Needing parental investment |
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Term
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Definition
| can wander off, can feed itself |
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Definition
(Gould and Lewonton)
Behavior with or without advantage. May have evolved for different reasons, and now serve some purpose |
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Term
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Definition
| Behaviors that go together; may not have evolved together |
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Term
Comparative Psychology:
studies behavior in terms of |
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Definition
Focus on one behavior: Movements, with variability. Same movements used for different outcomes.
Significance for individual. Determine whether traits give fitness advantage/selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of Proximate and Ultimate causes of behavior. Focus on interrelations among behaviors. Functional relevance of a behavior (outcome). Ways of serving different functions. and evolutionary significance of the function of the behavior. |
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Term
| How comparative psychologists research |
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Definition
| Laboratory experiments. Mammals, rodents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Field observations. Birds, fish |
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Term
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Definition
| explaining behavior in terms of conditioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Comparing between organisms of Common evolutionary lineage. As equals, not hierarchical. |
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Term
| Proximal Features of a behavior |
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Definition
| Developmental causes, during animal's lifetime. Inherited, internal causes of behavior patterns. |
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Term
| Ultimate Causes of Behavior |
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Definition
| Historical, evolutionary. What happened in previous generations. |
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Term
| Levels of Analysis, of contributions to behavior |
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Definition
| 1) Genes. 2) Physiological traits. 3) Adaptive value of behavior/ contribution to reproduction. 4) Transformation from ancestor as evolved to the present |
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Term
| Darwinian Theory of Natural Selection. Evolutionary change is inevitable if there exists: |
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Definition
| Over-reproduction. Variation among individuals. Heredity. Fitness, or Differences in Reproductive Success |
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Term
| Evolution occurs when there is |
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Definition
| Changing Biota. Common Ancestry. Natural Selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Population maintained close to K capacity. Slow expansion. Few offspring reproduced, with slow development, needing large parental investment. (feeding, shelter, teaching, identification) Require stable environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Reproduction is maximal (large numbers). Little investment/care necessary. Can exist in variable environment, since its a small lost if whole litter dies, large gain if all survive. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Over time variation is reduced to mean. Due to normalizing in other things, ex diet |
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Term
| Frequency dependent Selection |
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Definition
| Fitness of a phenotype depends on the frequency of that phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| (-/+) Individuals sacrifice their own fitness for the good of others. Also, Group selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| (+delayed/+) Sacrifice fitness to help others, get paid back in return. Must be able to identify them. Problem: cheaters have advantage. Evolutionarily cheaters are detected and ostracized |
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Term
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Definition
| Help your own offspring survive and increase their fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| Help your nieces, nephews. (Degree of relatedness). Requires identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct (linear) and indirect relatives. Proximity of living ~ degree of relatedness. Also mechanisms/systems: scent, imprinting |
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Term
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Definition
| group selection, when memebers are not closely related. Less common. Reciprocal Altruism |
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Term
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Definition
| direct and indirect fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| Competition within sex for access to opposite sex. Results in Dominance, hierarchies, satellite behavior (following high-status) |
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Term
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Definition
| Choosing the best one of the opposite sex. Good genes (for your offspring), Runaway selection (snowball effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic of Species. Eliciting stimulus. Not easily altered. Definite consequence, goal, function/utility. Interaction with environment (not reflex) |
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Term
| do the pieces of a FAP co-vary? test: |
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Definition
| 1) Genetics, can the behavior be bred. 2) Physiology, lesion. 3) Alter stimuli, reinforcement, negative automaintenance, omission. Can part change or just whole sequence |
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Term
| Motivation, and its parts |
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Definition
| Drive for a behavior. There is Activation, Energization/strength, Selection, Direction towards goal |
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Term
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Definition
| during conflict / approach-avoid (ambiguous) task, to avoid making decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fully functional behavior pattern, even with no prior experience or cues (sign-stimuli). Gene-environment interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| When 1 species exploits the Fixed Action Pattern of another species |
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Term
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Definition
| modification of behavior based on experience. adaptive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinct phenotypes coexist in a species. Food-induced, socially-induced (upbringing), predator-induced |
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Term
| Developmental Homeostasis/Fixity |
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Definition
| Ability to develop normally, despite defective genes and deficient environments. The degree to which variability in a trait does not change. Reduces variation around the mean phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| variation in life experiences and nurture do not alter outcome much |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove the presumed critical factor for a behavior. (ex mother, social contact). Risks: necessary experience may have already occurred, or occurs in multiple ways. Ppl make bad judgements about what the influences are |
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Term
| Vp. What causes phenotypic variation? |
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Definition
| Variability due to Genes (additive allele effects, gene dominance, epistasis). Environmental Variance (random events, common family experiences, maternal influences). Interaction of VG and VE |
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Term
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Definition
| Broad Sense: VG/VP. Narrow Sense: VA/VP |
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Term
| Additive Effects on Variance |
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Definition
| Responsible for similarity between parents and offspring. Most types of outcomes, 50% heterogeneous. Tendency is regression to the mean. |
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Term
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Definition
| Do not give way to the relationship between generations. Causes offspring to deviate from parental mean. |
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Term
| Studying developmental Fixity |
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Definition
| Omission, perturbation. Forcing experiences outside of the normal experiences. Erroneous judgement of what critical thing is (or was). |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor at predicting traits of offspring in abnormal environment. Must assume level of variety in environment |
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Term
| Interactive Theory of behavior development |
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Definition
| Genetic info interacts with changing internal and external environments. Genes respond and affect phenotype. Assemble specific abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Animal's early social interactions lead to learning a specific behavior. 'Prepared' brain |
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Term
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Definition
| researchers decide which phenotypes will reproduce. Forced evolution, If trait is just hereditary, and not enviro/nurture |
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Term
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Definition
| Observe results when a gene is omitted. Sometimes single-gene effects on a behavior (ex maternal mice snuggling, males recognizing others, migration). Sometimes no effect: redundancy in genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Examining the evolutinoary foundation of a behavior. Researching whether a behavior is an adaptive product of natural selection |
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Term
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Definition
| hereditary trait that spread because of natural selection |
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Term
| Cost-Benefit approach to a behavior |
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Definition
| Fitness Benefit (positive effect on number of susviving offspring or number of alleles contributed) vs Fitness Cost(damaging effects on individual genetic success) |
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Term
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Definition
| Different ancestry, shared behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Shared ancestry, different behavoir |
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