Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that define the roles and functions of actors, and the relationships between various actors |
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Term
| what is a political institution |
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Definition
| formal arrangements for influencing individual behavior by explicit rules and process and enforced by an actor or a group of actors |
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Term
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Definition
Constitution, tradition, laws
- an established set of rules |
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Term
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Definition
political parties, interest groups,
- specific rules for a certain group of actors |
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Term
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Definition
any sort of group or individuals involved with social movement
- TEA party |
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Term
| Why do institutions matter |
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Definition
Institutions ensure contestation
- open and fair competition for executive and legislative branches
- real choice |
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Term
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Definition
the ability for political office to run for office in a fair election
- institutions ensure fair election by formal and informal rules enforced by actors. |
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Term
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Definition
Society preferences --> Formal and informal institutions (State) --> policy outcomes
- institutions channel in a way that translate to outcomes |
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Term
| Presidential system vs Parliamentary system |
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Definition
| differ in the origins of power of the Cheif executive and the legislature, and the relationship between them |
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Term
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Definition
The Cheif executive has an electoral mandate that i its own source of legitimacy
- the legilative has an electoral mandate that is its own source of legitimacy
- popularly elected, whether directly or indirectly |
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Term
| what institution is defined by a system of mutual dependence |
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Definition
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Term
| what institution is defined as a system of mutual independence |
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Definition
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Term
| Mechanics of parliamentary system |
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Definition
legislative body (parliament) are elected by individual constituencies / districts
- majority party only has to win by plurality
- after parliament forms, majority party choose chief executive, and executive has to be an elected member of legislated body
- cheif executive has the capacity to dissolve legislature and call for elections, but can also fall by receiving a vote of no confidence
- terms are also not fixed and can be liquefied at anytime |
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Term
| 3 important distinctions between presidential and parliamentary system |
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Definition
Differ in
- distribution of power
- concentration of power
- internal dynamics of ruling party |
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Term
Distribution of Power
Presidential vs parliamentary |
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Definition
Presidential
- seperation of power, executive and legislative ranch is conjoined with the executive branch dominant
Parliamentary system
- power is concentrated, executive and legislative branch is conjoined with the legislative being dominant |
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Term
Dynamics of ruling party
presidential vs parliamentary system |
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Definition
parliamentary system
- ruling party is more unified / disciplined
- if this does not happen than prime minister can tate no confidence and call for new elections
Presedential system
- less incentive for party to be unified so less diciplined, because terms are garanteed so actors are independent |
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Term
| advantages of presidentialism |
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Definition
choice
- both bodies elected independently
accountability
- easy to claim responsibility for policy
identifiably
-
checking mechanism
- legislatures are more willing to actually reflect voter preferences
arbiter
- unpopular laws can have positive effects after term is completed |
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Term
| criticisms of presidential system |
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Definition
dual democratic legitimacy
- political outsider is often favored so some get elected without much experience
temporal rigidity
- conflict, gridlock, lame duck occurs because of fixed terms
majoritarian tendencies
- winner takes all mentality that gives false state of mandate with less representativeness |
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Term
| best democracy for a state to succeed in democracy |
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Definition
| parliamentary sytem according to stepan and skach |
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Term
| effects of presidentialism on transitional democracies |
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Definition
presidents and parties have no incentive to cooperate
- lead to deadlock, and increased likelihood of military intervention
- more likely for president to marginalize groups and attack legislature and political parties
- inflexible due to term limits |
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Term
| what are political parties |
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Definition
- institutions for aggregating and representing the preferences of voters
- organizations that offer candiates and expend resources to elect those candiates |
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Term
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Definition
| social and political divisions |
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Term
| two views on the relationship between political parties and cleavages |
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Definition
- Sociological or primordial view
- instrumental or political view |
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Term
| Sociological view / primordial view |
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Definition
bottom up approach
- political parties emerge from society and political elite reflect society
- natural objectives or preferences of society
- framework states that political parties naturally emerge from societal preferences. |
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Term
| How primordial / sociological view developed |
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Definition
Framework
- political parties change when social conditions produce new social divisions
- in england, society changed from rural to the emergence of new class
social conditions --> cleavages --> political parties |
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Term
| instrumental / political view |
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Definition
top down approach
- politicians are office seekers and create divisions or cleavages which are subjective
- political elite create preferences of society |
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Term
| how instrumental / political view developed |
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Definition
political parties frame issues and create values / identities
- W Euro labor in 1960s had highest concentration of social workers but low support for communism
- empirical data did not reflect theories |
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Term
| process of instrumental / politcal view |
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Definition
| social conditions (latent divisions) --> political parties (translator / persuader) --> cleavages |
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Term
| how do cleavages become politicized |
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Definition
| identity categories are socially constructed |
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Term
| key principle to how cleavages become politicized |
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Definition
TRANSLATION
- how politicicans translate or frame potential latent conflicts
- politicians make some divisions salient, and role of political actors is critical |
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Term
| implications of sociological / primordial view |
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Definition
| type of political parties evolve very slowly, and only with socio-economic changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Libset and Rokkan,political parties become institutionalize and may not change or evolve |
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Term
| implications for instrumental or political view |
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Definition
type of political parties can change more easily
- greater variation in party systems in different countris even when they are socially similar |
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Term
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Definition
cleavages are social divisions that distinguish people on the basis of status, religion, ethnicity, etc.
- provides a clear sense of collective identity, have organizational expression, and combines social reality and political agency |
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Term
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Definition
-interests involved remain relevant and groups retain collective identity
- universal suffrage ended opportunities for new political identities to be mobilized
- the rules of the game, electoral system, favor the parties that devie the rules, and the cleavages that the parties are built on.
- existing parties control the terms of political conflict |
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Term
| 3 reasons why do cleavages change |
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Definition
Social change
- urbanization, modernization
collective identity fragments and interests are no longer shared
- post trantion parties, ethnic parties
organizations that shape a cleavage develop an ambition for more expansive political strategies
- dealignment |
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Term
what do political parties do: for political elites
"party is organized opinion" - benjamin disraeli |
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Definition
parites are coalitions that allow for coordination and division of labor
recruit and socialize politicians
- more so in parliamentary than presidential systems |
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Term
| what do political parties do: for voters |
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Definition
provide information shortcuts - party identification and party labels
- parties mobilize citizens |
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Term
| how are political parties a link between govt and people |
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Definition
political parties translate preferences into policy
- political parties can be held accountable
- many aspects of political party activity are also hidden |
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Term
| what is principal agent problem? |
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Definition
when aspects of political party activity is hidden
- in non-democracies, the political party can be a means of control |
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Term
| Cross-cutting vs. reinforcing cleavages |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when seats are awarded to candidate with the most votes |
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Term
Proportional Representation system
PR system |
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Definition
| seats are divided amongst candidates proportionally based on the percentage of votes captured |
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Term
| how do electoral rules matter |
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Definition
| shape the strategic behavior of politicians, and voters, affecting the likelihood that political parties would form |
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Term
| what two effects do electoral rules have |
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Definition
- number of political parties
- indirectly type of political parties |
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Term
| effect of electoral rules chart |
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Definition
| electoral rules --> political parties |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of laws and regulations that govern the electoral competition between candidates, parties, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| how votes are translated in to seats |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of elected representitives in the electoral district |
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Term
| district magnitude in a plurality system |
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Definition
| district is often 1, thought not all the time. |
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Term
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Definition
| each party presents a list of candidates for a multi-member district |
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Term
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Definition
| the party determines the ranking of candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| the voter can choose among candidates, presented by the party |
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Term
| what impact does plurality system have on: behavior of politicians |
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Definition
| more likely to maximize appeal towards the masses |
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Term
| what impact does plurality system have on: behavior of voters |
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Definition
| strategic voting, or more likely to vote for larger party |
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Term
| what impact does plurality system have on: the number of political parties |
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Definition
| fewer parties and likely to merge parties or incentive to merge parties to combine vote sharing |
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Term
| Down's median voter theory |
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Definition
if voter preferences can be represented as a point on a single dimension, and if voters vote for politicians who offer a policy position close to their preferences --> politicians will maximize their votes by adopting a policy position preferred by the median voter.
- when there is a plurality system, it makes the best sense to move to the median. the voter also know that voting for person whose preferences best reflect theirs at the median is best cause otherwise other party gains advantage |
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Term
| implications to median voter theory |
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Definition
- likely to see political centrists rather than extremists
- sometimes policy differences between political parties are minimum
- because policy is dicated at median, a lot of people end up dissatisfied, but any other alternative would create more dissatisfaction |
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Term
| PR system: district magnitude |
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Definition
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Term
| district magnitude is equal to... |
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Definition
| number of seats possible within a district |
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Term
| there is a ______ if it is a single member disstrict |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| voters dont choose cadidates |
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Term
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Definition
| voters can choose candidates |
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Term
| What impact does PR system have on: Behavior of politicians |
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Definition
| politicians only need to win a fracion of vote, so they can be specific on issues |
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Term
| what impact does PR system have on: behavior of voters |
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Definition
sincere voting rather than strategic voting
- higher chance that preferred candidate will win
- leads to more parties
- more specific ideological appeal |
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Term
| type of electoral systems generally exist: |
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Definition
Plurality
- dominant in Africa and Asia
PR
- dominant in W. Europe
Mixed
- dominant in E. Europe |
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Term
| Advantages of Plurality systems |
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Definition
small number of parties
- usually two
one party govt.
- good chance party has majority
- policies can be created quickly and operates efficiently
- more stable
accountability
- know who to blame
simplicity and ease
- rules are simple to implement
moderation
- political parties move to center so policies reflect moderation |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Plurality system |
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Definition
unrepresentative
- each winning candidate can win and single party seats without winning majority of votes due to plurality
strategic voting rather than sincere voting
- makes voters feel disconnected and leads to low voter turnout
division and polarization |
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Term
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Definition
likely outcome
- broad and fair representation
- ethnic and religious minorities more likely to be politically included
- if closed list, easier for women and minorities to be elected and party discipline is high |
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Term
| disadvantages of PR system |
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Definition
-more extremist parties
- small parties have disproportionate amount of power
- unstable government
- coalition govts are more prone to fall apart
accountability
- difficult to hold party accountable
weak links between voters and representatives
- more tahn one representative in district, makes it difficultt o have voter relation
ideologically inflexible
- less incentive to comprimise |
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Term
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Definition
people who share a common language with in a specific border
- nation can transcend territory and boundries |
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Term
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Definition
people who share a common language within a specific border
- nation can transcend territory and boundries |
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Term
| how do we distinguish a nation from: ethnicity |
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Definition
- groups that comprise a nation
- not necessarily in border / territory
- dealing with lineage |
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Term
| how is culture related to ethnicity |
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Definition
- language, traditions, geographic location, customs, history,
- no definitive list |
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Term
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Definition
a political concept that binds people through common political apirations
- self-government, soverignty, equality community |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Nationalism according to Gellneer |
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Definition
nationalism is a political principle which holds that the political nad the national unit should be congruent
- you can have a nation without territory, but create nationalism where a homeland is deserved and can be sovereign |
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Term
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Definition
an individuals rights and obligations
- right to vote, and obligated to pay taxes
more inclusive and flexible
- a matter of pledging allegiance and become a part of sytem |
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Term
| patriotism vs nationalism |
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Definition
- nationalism is a set of aspirations such as acquiring sovereign territory
- patriotism ? |
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Term
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Definition
are they primordial or construced
- top down - instrumental view
- bottom up - sociolgical view |
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Term
| historical orgin of nationalism |
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Definition
formation of the modern state
- Weber: the state is the organization that has a MONOPOLY on the LEGITIMATE use of force within a TERRITORY
- controls territory through military means, and is recognized and accepted by citizens |
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Term
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Definition
| "war made the state and the state made war" |
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Term
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Definition
| - pope could not dicate what kindas and princes choose for religion in the region |
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Term
| why was the 1648 peace of Westphalia significant |
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Definition
| recognized the autonomy of kings and princes, and established sovereign boundries |
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Term
| Rise of the nation: state |
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Definition
Gellner (nations and nationalism)
- industrialization and literacy
- universalized 'high culture' or cultural standardization |
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Term
| rise of the nation: state |
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Definition
Weber: peasants into Frenchmen
- education, military service, urbanization, internal migration |
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Term
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Definition
| "nationalism is not the awakening of an old, latent, dormant force, though that is how it does indeed present itelf, it is in reality the consequence of a new form of social organization, based on deeply internalized, education dependent high cultures, each protected by its own state." |
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Term
| according to Weber, what engenders a nation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a nation is an IMAGINED POLITICAL COMMUNITY |
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Term
| four features of anderson's imagined political community |
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Definition
- imagined
- limited
- sovereign
- community |
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Term
| rise of the imagined community |
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Definition
- a new way of linking fraternity, power, and time meaingfully together
- decline of the religious community
- decline of the dynastic realm
- rise of print languages and vernacular |
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Term
| the resource course: paradox of plenty |
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Definition
countries with large endowments of natural resources often do worse ECONOMICALLY and POLITICALLY generally than countries with few resources
- the antithesis would be expected |
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Term
| Evidence for the paradox of plenty |
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Definition
- have grown less rapidly than resource poor countries in the last 25-35 years
- associated with weak democratic development, corruption, and civil war
- make up a growing fraction of authoritarian regimes |
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Term
| variation among resource rich countries |
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Definition
not all suffer from lack of development or civil strife and some rank near the top of countries in terms of income, health, and education, but others rank near the bottom. some are plagued by inequality but not others
- Valenzuela a concentration of wealth, where Norway does not to the same extent |
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Term
| nations with large endowments tend to be |
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Definition
Rent seeking
- economic rent refers to the gap between the value of a resource and the cost of extracting it
- |
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Term
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Definition
gains from MANIPULATIN and EXPLOITING the economic environment rather than profits from economic transactions and the production of wealth
- --> adverse behavior: using political mechanisms to capture rents |
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Term
| economic challenges and consequences |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
refers to a figurative economic bubble that will inevitably 'pop'.
- US housing market is an example
- rise in currency value and redirection of factors of production |
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Term
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Definition
variability over time of extraction and payments, and fluctuations in value
- --> long term planning is difficult with boom bust cycles |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| political challenges and consequences: corruption |
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Definition
corruption
- business leaders and govt officals make deals that benefit parties involved |
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Term
| political challenges and consequences: unaccoutnable states with weak institutions |
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Definition
| dont need to develop sophisticated institutions |
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Term
| political challenges and consequences: grievances in producing regions |
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Definition
| negative externailities on environemnt, poor working conditions, |
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Term
| political challenges and consequences: military challenges |
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Definition
posses the means to control operation
- weak state builds military apparatus to ensure internal security or oppress population |
|
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Term
| political challenges and consequences: threats to democracy three effects |
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Definition
rentier effect
- taxation, spending, and group formation
repression effect
modernization effect |
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Term
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Definition
taxation
- state has low tax rate if any do to large revenues from natural resources so state does not have to be accountable to citizens
spending effect
- government will hand select groups to support to maintain power
group formation effect
- not very much private entrepreneur ship, huge publc sector, small private sector, and a repressed middle class |
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Term
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Definition
| government will use military to ensure internal security and control regions rich in natural resources |
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Term
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Definition
| - informal institutions are stymied by government in resource rich states so democratization does not occur |
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Term
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Definition
resource wealth and absence of democracy are closely related
- more so in poor democracie
- rentier effect is supported, but repression and modernization effect is not supported in later studies |
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Term
| ross's findings about islam |
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Definition
rules out islam as a factor in absence of democracy
- non oil muslim countries have democratized at the same rate as non muslim countries
non oil countries in the middle east have liberalized much more than oil rich countries |
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Term
| 5 economic challenges and consequences |
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Definition
- unequal expertiase
- dutch disease
- long term planning difficult so boom, bust cycles
- overconsumption
- underinvestment in education |
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Term
| 5 political challenges and consequences |
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Definition
- corruption
- unaccountable states with weak institutions
- grievances in producing regions
- military challenges to government
- threats to democracy |
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Term
| clash of civilizations: Huntington |
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Definition
Culture matters
- legacies of civilizations
- cultural differences include political values |
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Term
| what aspects of cultural differences comprise political values |
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Definition
- sepration of religion and state
- rule of law
- social pluralism
- representive institutions and government
- protection of individual rights and liberties |
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Term
| what do cultural differences lead to? |
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Definition
| ethno-religious clashes between and within states |
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Term
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Definition
| some cultures are particularly hostile to democracy - confucianism and Islam |
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Term
| support for Huntington's hypothesis |
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Definition
- how confucian and islamic values are opposed to democratic views
- show these values are in fact the factors that hamper democratization |
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Term
| problem of the Mosque and state |
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Definition
| islam is undemocratic because the absence of distinction between religous community and political community |
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Term
|
Definition
muhamed is the last prophet
- monotheistic
islam means submission |
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Term
|
Definition
profession of faith-
- prayer 5 times a day
- fasting during ramadan
- zakat
- making haj or pilgrimage to mecca |
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Term
|
Definition
- mecca
- medina
- jerusalem
1.3 billion believers with many demoninations |
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Term
| sources of religious authority |
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Definition
the koran
- literal words of god
sunnah
- words and acts of muhamed
ijma
- scholarly consensus
qlyas
- analagous deduction
ijtjihad
- indpenednent judgement
syariah
- codified law, conidered divene
figh
- jurisprudence based on the four sources of authority |
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Term
| politics and religion in Islam |
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Definition
golden age
- first four caliphs
sunni- shiite schism
- rift between groups
ummayad, abbasid, and ottoman empires
codification of the syariah
abence of central authority in sunni islam |
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Term
|
Definition
"form of theory and practice that have as their gal the establishment of an islamic political order in the sense of a tate whose govt principles, intitutions and legal system derive directly from the syariah
- no reference to teh state in the quran or syariah |
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Term
|
Definition
| espoused modern science,said islam was a religion of change and progress |
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Term
|
Definition
divided islamic law into two spheres
- obligations to god and social duties
- supported improving status of women |
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Term
| Stepan's and Robertson's emprical evidence |
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Definition
non arab muslim majority countries are much more likely to enjoy high level of poltical rights
- non arab muslim majority countries are electoral over acheives |
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Term
| Norris and Inglehart 2002 |
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Definition
western and muslim societie agree on most political values
- support for democratic ideals, approval of how democratic performance, attitudes towards leadership
- exeption, role of religous leaders, but this is congruent with catholics in latin american countries |
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Term
| Norris and Inglehart contd |
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Definition
-support for democracy is stronger in muslim socieites
- biggest gap between western and muslim societies are, social values, especially for gender |
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Term
| issue of modernization in muslim societies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what reasons are there supporting the claim, the middle east region is not prone to democratize based on region itself not religion |
|
Definition
- economic development
- colonialism and its aftermath
- patrimonial states with coercive apparatus
- geopolitics, us support for authoritarian regimes
- oil |
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