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| when markets to not perform their expected functions |
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| or welfare; primary goals reducing poverty and income inequality and stabilizing individual or family income |
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| benefits that governments provide to all citizens, more or less equally, usually funded through general taxation |
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| provides benefits to categories of people who have contributed to a public insurance fund |
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| means tested public assistance |
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| food stamps, subsidized public housing: America's idea of welfare |
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| different govts combine 3 types of programs in different ways |
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| social democratic welfare states |
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| emphasize universal entitlements to achieve greater social equality and promote equal citizenship: high rate of taxation |
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| Christian democratic welfare states |
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| emphasize income stabilization; social program or social insurance |
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| focus on preserving individual autonomy via market participation than with reducing poverty |
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| when someone does not bear the full consequences of his action in a transaction, gives him an incentive to overuse beneficial resource |
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| national health insurance |
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| government mandates all citizens must have insurance |
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| government financed and managed system; all citizens pay through a separate system or general taxation |
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| market based private insurance system |
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| rely on private insurance for the bulk of their health care |
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| unregulated use of free goods like water, air, land |
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| economic development that can continue over long term |
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| what the risks of damaging outcomes are |
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| policy used to keep those risks at acceptable levels |
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| emphasizes risk avoidance |
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| command and control policies |
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| governments set very specific limits on many pollutants from many sources and inspect possible polluters |
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| government sets an overall limit of how much of a pollutant is acceptable from an entire industry and issues pollutant vouchers to each company |
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| belief that different cultures in society ought to be respected |
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| multicultural integration |
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| accepts ethno-cultural identities matter to citizens, must be recognized within political institutions |
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| asks citizens not only to assume their rights and minimally participate through voting, but to engage actively in democratic discussions in effort to build a better society |
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| seeks to transform gender and sexual norms to liberate everyone to express whatever sexual orientation or gender identity they wish |
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| comparative institutional advantage |
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| different types of capitalist systems have different types of institutional advantages that they usually try to maintain |
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| the argument that globalization will force similar economic and social policies across countries |
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| coordinated market economies |
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| capitalist economies in which firms, financiers, unions coordinate their actions via interlocking ownership and participation |
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| convergence of economic policies occurring within LMEs and CMEs |
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| development policy based on encouraging economic growth via exports of goods and services |
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| foreign direct investment |
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| investment from abroad in productive activity in another country |
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| thesis that globalization is so powerful it will overwhelm the power of nation-states, forcing convergence of economic policies |
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| international capital flows |
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| movements of capital in the form of money across international borders |
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| countries that rely heavily on market relationships to govern economic activity |
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| Millennium development goals |
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| targets established by the UN to reduce poverty and hunger, improve education and health and status of women |
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| the flow of goods and services across borders |
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| transnational corporations |
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| large firms that operate in multiple countries simultaneously |
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| varieties of capitalist approach |
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| school of thought analyzing wealthy market economies that focuses primarily on business firms and how they are governed in terms of their interactions with governments |
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| parties that have a small membership of political elites who choose candidates and mobilize voters to support them |
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| closed-list proportional representation |
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| electoral system in which each party presents a ranked list of candidates, voters vote for the party and the party is awarded seats in legislature based on the percentage of total votes |
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| collective action problems |
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| the unwillingness of individuals to undertake political actions because they believe individual action has little or no effect |
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| party system in which multiple parties exist but one wins every election and governs continuously |
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| FPTP electoral systems will create 2 major political parties, eliminates smaller parties |
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| formal, legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices and shares of political power |
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| "first past the post" (FPTP) |
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| electoral system in which individual candidates are elected in single-member districts, the candidate with the most votes, but not necessarily the majority, wins |
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| in India, a movement to define the country as primarily Hindu |
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| the bringing together of a number of discrete interests into a coalition of a broadly shared interest, which enhances the power of individual votes by aggregating them and potentially overcomes the collective action dilemma |
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| an interest group system in which many groups exist to represent particular interests and the government remains neutral |
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| electoral systems in which, if no candidate wins an absolute majority, a second election is held between the top two candidates |
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| parties that recruit as many members as possible to gain financial support, labor and votes |
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| mixed representation system |
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| an electoral system that combines single-member district representation with overall proportionality in allocation of legislative seats to parties |
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| party systems in which more than 2 parties could potentially win a national election and govern |
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| nongovernmental organizations |
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| volunteer orgs, most commonly working to make countries more democratic or to provide assistance with development |
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| open-list proportional representation |
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| electoral system with multiple candidates in each district; voters are presented with a list of candidates and vote for the individual candidate of their choice |
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| the number of parties and each one's respective strength as an institution |
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| orgs that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with the state |
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| the receipt of the most votes, but not the majority |
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| a broad and charismatic appeal to poor people on the part of a leader to solve their problems via governmental largess |
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| proportional representation |
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| electoral system in which seats in a legislature are apportioned on a purely proportional basis |
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| single, nontransferable vote |
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| electoral system in which multiple seats exist in each legislative district but each voter only votes for one candidate |
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| electoral system in which each geographical district elects a single representative to a legislature |
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| social networks and norms of reciprocity important for a strong civil society |
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| part of civil society, have a loosely defined organizational structure and represent people who have been outside the bounds of formal institutions |
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| corporatism that evolves historically and voluntarily |
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| corporatism mandated by the state; common in fascist regimes |
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| two and a half party system` |
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| party system in which 2 large parties win the most votes but neither gains a majority, requires a third to join one of the major parties |
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| party system in which 2 parties are able to garner enough votes to win an election, though more may compete |
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