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| Collection of people bound by shared institutions defining how relations are conducted. |
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| Special attributes differentiating one group from another, culturally speaking. |
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| Sense of belonging to a nation. |
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| Pride in a people and belief that they have own sovereign political destiny that is separate from others. |
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| Individual or group's relationship to state; those who swear allegiance to a state that is obligated to protect their rights. |
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| Pride in a state and its political system; desire to promote and defend it. |
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| Sovereign state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to represent. |
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| When different ethnic groups struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at each other's expense. |
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| When one or more groups clash as they aspire for sovereignty. |
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| Views regarding the necessary pace and scope of change between freedom and equality. |
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| Those advocating dramatic and revolutionary change. |
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| Those favoring evolutionary transformation. |
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| Those skeptical of profound change. |
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| Those seeking to restore institutions. |
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| Sets of political values held by individuals regarding the fundamental goals of politics. |
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| Ideology placing a high priority on individual political and economic freedom. |
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| System of political, social and economic liberties. |
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| System where state controls all economic resources. |
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| Shares communist influences and liberal values. |
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| Like Communism but rejects equality and regards different people as inferior or superior. |
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| Ideology rejecting the notion of a state altogether. |
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| Ideology seeking to unite state and religion. |
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| Government based upon religion as a foundation. |
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| Social road map comprised of a societies' basic institution. |
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| Basic means for political activity in a society. |
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| Study of how politics and economics relate and how their relationship shapes the blaance of freedom and equality. |
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| Interactions between the forces of supply and demand and they how they allocate resources through the process of that interaction. |
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| Ownership of goods and services. |
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| Goods provided by the state for society that no private person or organization can own. |
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| State's provision of public benefits. |
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| Institution that controls how much money is flowing through the economy and how much it costs to borrow money in that economy. |
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| Problem when prices begin to rise and money loses its value. |
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| Inflation that is more than 50% a month for more than two months in a row. |
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| Rules or orders that set boundaries of a given procedure. |
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| Group of producers that, although indvidually are unable to dominate a market, try to do so in collabortion with one another. |
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| A single producer of a good or service that is able to dominate the market. |
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| Laws limiting the quantity of a good coming into the country. |
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| Restrictions with a purpose of making it difficult to sell foreign goods in a local market. |
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| Ability to produce a particular good or service more efficiently relative to other countries' efficiency in producing the same good or service. |
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| Political-economic system |
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| Actual relationship between political and economic institutions in a particular country, as well as the policies and outcomes they create. |
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| System of production based upon private ownership and free markets. |
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| Tenet holding that the economy should be "allowed to do" what is wishes. |
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| System of policy making involving the state, labor and businesses. |
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| Industry partially owned by the state. |
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Term
| Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
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Definition
| Total market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a period of one year. |
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| Purchasing-Power Parity (PPP) |
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Definition
| Attempts to estimate the buying power of income in each country by comparing similar costs. |
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| Mathematical formula that measures the amount of economic inequality in a society. |
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| Human Development Index (HDI) |
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| Looks not only at the total amount of wealth in a society but at the overall outcome of that wealth. |
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| Changes limiting state power over that of private property. |
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| Violence outside of a state control that is politically motivated. |
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| Public seizure of the state in order to overturn the existing government and regime. |
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| Relative Deprivation Model |
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| Model from a study dedicated to understanding the causes of revolutions. Concludes that revolutions are less a function of specific conditions than the gap between actual conditions and public expectations. |
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| Period of conservatism and the loss of revolutionary idealism and zeal. |
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| Use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in order to achieve a political goal. |
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| State-sponsored Terrorism |
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| Terrorism sponsored by a government as a means to extending their power by proxy. |
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| Violence committed by individuals who accept traditional rules of war and target the state rather than civilians. |
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| Belief that all institutions and values are meaningless and that the only redeeming value one can embrace is that of violence. |
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| Term drawn from a long extinct faith that viewed the world in such terms (good vs. evil, light vs. dark.) |
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| Political power exercised either directly or indirectly through participation, competition, and liberty. |
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| Political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty |
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| Political system that allows the public to participate directly in the affairs of government, choosing policies and making governing decisions. |
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| Moderm form of democracy with representative government. |
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| System based upon separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials. |
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| Political system that all individuals are subject to regardless of their position or power. |
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| Rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature. |
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| Geographical area that an elected official represents. |
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| An electoral district with one seat. |
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| Proportional Representation (PR) |
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Definition
| Electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote. |
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| Single-member distritct. Candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat. |
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| Multimember districts (MMDs) |
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| More than one legislative seat is contested in each district. |
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| System combining plurality with proportional representation. |
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| A publicly initiated national referendum. |
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| Ballot called by government to consult public opinion rather than to make decision. |
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| System where power within government is diffused among branches. |
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| Branch that carries out laws and policies of a state. |
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| First role of executive branch which symbolizes and represents the body, nationally and internationally. |
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| Second role of executive branch which deals with running the state and executing policy. |
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| System where head of state and head of government are separate individuals. |
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| System where head of state and head of office are in one single office. |
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| System where prime minister coexists alongside a president who is directly elected by the people and who holds a significant degree of power. |
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| Branch of government charged with making laws. |
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| Two houses in a legislature. |
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| One house in a legislature. |
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| Highest judicial body that rules on the constituitonality of laws and government actions. |
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| Mechanism by which the court can review laws and policies and overturn them for being unconstitutional. |
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| Power by which the court can rule on constitutional issues on the basis of disputes brought before it. |
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| Power allowing a court to decide on questions that do not arise from actual legal cases, sometimes even before legislation actually becomes law. |
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| Organized life outside of the state. |
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| Countries with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development. |
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| Secular, rational, materialistic, technological, bureaucratic and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom than on collective equality. |
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| Process by which states pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain political, economic or societal benefits in return. |
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| Process by which political power is devolved, or "sent down," to lower levels of government. |
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| Group created by states to serve policy ends. |
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| An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states. |
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| Set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain. |
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| The shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of people are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits. |
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| Work that involves not the creation of tangible or physical goods, such as cars or computers, but such industries as finance, insurance, real estate, education, retail sales, etc. |
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| Study and comparison of politics across countries. |
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| Organizations that maintain a monopoly of violence over a territory. |
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| Leadership that administers the state. |
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| Extent to which state's authority is regarded as right and proper. |
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| System with most political powers in the national capital. |
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| Norms and rules regarding individual freedoms and collective equality, the locus of power, and the use of that power. |
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| Systems with rules that emphasize a large role for the public in governance and protect basic rights and freedoms. |
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| Regimes that limit the role the public in decision making and often deny citizens' basic rights and restrict their freedoms. |
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