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Comparative Political Systems- Test 1
Chapters 1-7 of Comparative
105
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
09/27/2009

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Term
comparative politics
Definition
the study of political phenomena that occur predominantly within countries
Term
international politics
Definition
the study of political phenomena that occur predominantly between countries
Term
comparative method
Definition
(Also known as Mill's methods) Involves the systematic search for the necessary and sufficient causes of political phenomena. The comparative method comprises the Method of Agreement and the Method of Difference.
Term
necessary condition
Definition
a circumstance in whose absence the event in question cannot occur
Term
sufficient condition
Definition
a circumstance in whose presence the event in question must occur
Term
necessary and sufficient condition
Definition
a circumstance in whose absence the event in question will not occur and in whose presence the event in question must occur
Term
Method of Agreement
Definition
compares cases that agree in regard to the outcome to be explained
Term
Method of Disagreement
Definition
compares cases that differ in regard to the outcome being explained
Term
deterministic cause
Definition
one that always produces a specific outcome
Term
probabilistic cause
Definition
one that influences the probability of a specific outcome
Term
interaction effect
Definition
occurs when the effect of one variable on an outcome depends on the value of another variable
Term
argument
Definition
a set of logically connected statements, typically in the form of a set of premises and a conclusion
Term
premise
Definition
a statement that is presumed to be true within the context of an argument leading to a conclusion
Term
conclusion
Definition
a claim that is thought to be supported by the premises
Term
valid argument
Definition
an argument in which, if you accept the premises, you are compelled to accept the conclusion
Term
invalid argument
Definition
an argument in which, if you accept the premises, then you are free to accept of reject the conclusion
Term
categorical syllogism
Definition
a specific type of argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion
Term
falsificationism
Definition
an approach in science in which scientists generate testable hypotheses from theories designed to explain phenomena of interest. It emphasizes that scientific theories are constantly called into question and that their merit lies only in how well they stand up to rigorous testing
Term
falsifiable
Definition
they are potentially testable--there must be some imaginable observation that could falsify or refute it
Term
tautology
Definition
a statement that is true by definition
Term
scientific method
Definition
describes the process by which scientists learn about the world
Term
theory
Definition
a set of logically consistent statements that tell us why the things that we observe occur. A theory is sometimes referred to as a model or an explanation.
Term
uniformity of nature
Definition
nature's operating mechanisms are unchanging in the sense that if X causes Y, then it will also cause Y tomorrow and the next day and so on.
Term
critical test
Definition
one that allows the analyst to use observation to distinguish between two or more competing explanations of the same phenomenon
Term
politics
Definition
the subset of human behavior that involves the use of power or influence
Term
exit
Definition
you accept that there has been a deleterious change in your environment and you alter your behavior to achieve the best outcome possible given your new environment
Term
voice
Definition
you use your voice (complain, protest, lobby, or take direct action) to try to change the environment back to its original condition
Term
loyalty
Definition
you accept the fact that your environment has changed and make no change in your behavior
Term
game theory
Definition
a fundamental tool for analyzing strategic situation
Term
strategic situation
Definition
one in which the choices of one actor depend on the choices made by others
Term
game
Definition
a situation in which an individual's ability to achieve her goals depends on the choices made by other actors
Term
strategy
Definition
a complete plan of action that specifies what a player would do under every possible circumstance
Term
Nash equilibrium
Definition
a set of strategies in a game such that no player has an incentive to unilaterally change her mind given what the other players are doing
Term
payoffs
Definition
indicate how the players value each of the possible outcomes
Term
extensive form games
Definition
players make their choices sequentially
Term
normal form game
Definition
players make their choices simultaneously
Term
choice node
Definition
a point in an extensive form game at which a player must choose an action
Term
terminal node
Definition
a place where the game ends
Term
initial node
Definition
a place where the game begins
Term
branches
Definition
represent the actions that can be taken at choice nodes
Term
game tree
Definition
the entire specification of choice nodes and branches that comprise an extensive form game
Term
subgame perfect Nash equilibrium
Definition
a set of strategies such that each player is playing a Nash equilibrium in every subgame
Term
subgame
Definition
the part of an extensive form game beginning at one choice nod and including all succeeding nodes
Term
backward induction
Definition
the process of reasoning backward, from the end of a game or situation to the beginning, in order to determine an optimal course of action
Term
nation
Definition
a group of people who share some sort of common identity like a language, religion, ethnicity, or shared history (ex. Jewish nation before Israel was established)
Term
nation-state
Definition
a state in which a single nation predominates and the legal, social, demographic, and geographic boundaries of the state are connected in important ways to that nation
Term
state
Definition
an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory
Term
failed state
Definition
a statelike entity that cannot coerce and is unable to successfully control the inhabitants of a given territory
Term
contraction view of the state
Definition
sees the creation of the state as resulting from a social contract between individuals in the state of nature in which the state provides security in exchange for obedience from the citizen
Term
state of nature
Definition
term used to describe situations in which there is no state
Term
payoff matrix
Definition
table that represents the strategies and payoffs available to players in strategic or normal form games
Term
preference ordering
Definition
indicates how a player ranks the possible outcomes of a game
Term
ordinal payoffs
Definition
allows us to know how a player ranks the possible outcomes; they do not tell us how much more a player prefers one outcome to another
Term
best reply
Definition
the action that yields the highest payoff given what the other player is doing
Term
dominant strategy
Definition
the strategy that is a best reply to all of the other player's strategies
Term
dominant strategy Nash equilibrium
Definition
occurs when both players have a dominant strategy
Term
natural right
Definition
a universal right that is inherent in the nature of living beings; as such, a natural right can exist even in the state of nature
Term
civil right
Definition
does not arise naturally but is instead created by the state through laws; as such, a civil right cannot exist in the state of nature
Term
social contract
Definition
an implicit agreement among individuals in the state of nature to create and empower the state. In doing so, it outlines the rights and responsibilities of the state and the citizens in regard to each other
Term
cardinal payoffs
Definition
allow us to know how much more the players prefer one outcome to another
Term
predatory view of the state
Definition
holds that states that exercise an effective control over the use of violence are in a position to threaten the security of citizens. This makes it possible for them to exploit the citizens that, according to the social contract view of the state, they have a duty to protect.
Term
Demokratia
Definition
a Greek word meaning "rule by the demos"
Term
demos
Definition
"the people" refers to the "common people" those people with little or no economic independence who were politically uneducated
Term
measure/indicator
Definition
a quantification of the concept or thing in which we are interested
Term
substantive view of democracy
Definition
classifies political regimes in regard to the outcomes that they produce
Term
minimalist (procedural) view of democracy
Definition
classifies political regimes in regard to their institutions and procedures
Term
contestation
Definition
captures the extent to which citizens are free to organize themselves into competing blocs in order to press for the policies and outcomes they desire
Term
inclusion
Definition
who gets to participate in the democratic process
Term
polyarchy
Definition
a political regime with high levels of both contestation and inclusion
Term
dichotomous measure
Definition
one that only has two discrete categories
Term
continuous measure
Definition
one that can take on any intermediate value within a given range
Term
conceptualization
Definition
the process of creating mental categories that capture the meaning of objects, events or ideas
Term
validity
Definition
the extent to which our measures correspond to the concepts that they are intended to reflect
Term
nominal measure
Definition
classifies observations into discrete categories that must be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive
Term
ordinal measure
Definition
rank-orders observations
Term
interval measure
Definition
places observations on a scale so that we can tell how much more or less of the things being measured each observation exhibits
Term
reliability
Definition
refers to the extent to which the measurement process repeatedly and consistently produces the same score for a given case
Term
replicability
Definition
refers to the ability of third-party scholars to reproduce the process through which a measure is created
Term
gross domestic product per capita
Definition
GDP measures the value of all goods and services produced in a country during a specified period, usually during one year. GDP per capita is a country's GDP divided by the size of the population. It is a common measure of the amount of wealth per person in an economy.
Term
modernization theory
Definition
predicts that democracy is more likely to emerge and survive as countries develop and become wealthier
Term
survival story
Definition
predicts that democracy is more likely to survive as countries develop and become wealthier but it is not more likely to emerge
Term
sovereign debt
Definition
debt that is accrued by the sovereign
Term
credible commitment problem
Definition
occurs when (a) an actor who makes a promise today may have an incentive to renege on that promise in the future and (b) power is in the hands of the actor who makes the promise and not in the hands of those expected to benefit from the promise
Term
quasi-rent
Definition
the difference between an asset's value and its short-run opportunity cost
Term
fixed asset
Definition
one that cannot easily be converted into cash
Term
liquid asset
Definition
one, such as cash, bank deposits, and the like, that can easily be turned into other types of assets
Term
rentier state
Definition
a state that derives all or a substantial portion of its revenue from the rent of indigenous natural resources to external clients
Term
natural resources
Definition
naturally occurring substances that are usually considered valuable, such as oil, diamonds, and minerals
Term
resource curse
Definition
the paradox that countries with an abundance of natural resources tend to experience things like poor governance, low level of economic development, civil war, and dictatorship
Term
foreign aid
Definition
aid that people in one country give to another
Term
dependent variable
Definition
an outcome that we want to explain
Term
independent (explanatory) variable
Definition
what we think will explain, or determine the value of, the dependent variable
Term
primordialist arguments
Definition
treat cultures as something that is objective and inherited
Term
constructivist arguments
Definition
treat culture as something that is constructed or invented than inherited
Term
cultural modernization theory
Definition
socioeconomic development does not directly cause democracy; economic development produces certain cultural changes, such as the emergence of a civic culture, and it is these cultural changes that ultimately produce democratic reform
Term
civic culture
Definition
a shared cluster of attitudes that includes things like a high level or interpersonal trust, a preference for gradual societal change, a high level of support for the existing political system, and high levels of life satisfaction
Term
experimental research
Definition
defining characteristic is that the analyst deliberately introduces variation into the date generating process
Term
data-generating process
Definition
the process by which data or observations are generated
Term
experimental data
Definition
data from experimental research
Term
non-experimental data
Definition
when the researcher observes the data but does not have anything to do with how it is generated
Term
observational data
Definition
data from non-experimental research
Term
natural experiment
Definition
one in which nature exogenously intervenes in the data-generating process. The analyst acts as if she intervened in it when analyzing the data
Term
laboratory experiment
Definition
an experiment that is conducted in a common location, such as a lab; the researcher controls all aspects of the environment except for the behavior of the participants, who are known subjects
Term
field experiment
Definition
an experiment in which the interactions between the analyst and subjects take place in the context of the subjects' everyday lives
Term
internet experiment
Definition
an experiment that occurs over the internet
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