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Comparative Government Test 2
ch.5-?
72
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
02/21/2008

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Term
authoritarianism
Definition
a political system in which a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public
Term
totalitarianism
Definition
a non democratic regime that is highly centralized, posessing some form of strong ideology that seeks to transform and absorb fundamental aspects of state, society, and the economy, using a wide array of institutions
Term
coercion
Definition
compelling behavior by threatening harm
Term
co-optation
Definition
the process by which individuals are brought into a beneficial relationship with the state, making them dependent on the state for certian rewards
Term
corporatism
Definition
a method of co-optation whereby authoritarian systems create or sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the interests of the public and restrict those not set up or approved by the state
Term
clientelism
Definition
a process whereby the state co-opts members of the public by providing specific benefits or favors to a single person or a small group in return for public support
Term
rent seeking
Definition
a process in which political leaders essentially rent out parts of the state to their patrons, who as a result control public goods that would otherwise be distributed in a nonpolitical manner
Term
personality cult
Definition
promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure by as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual and is thus portrayed in a quasi-religious manner
Term
personal rule
Definition
rule by a single leader, with no clear regime or rules constraining that leadership
Term
patrimonialism
Definition
an arrangement whereby a ruler depends on a collection of supporters within the state who gain direct benefits in return for enforcing the ruler's will
Term
military rule
Definition
rule by one or more military officials, often brought to power through a soup d 'etat
Term
coup d'etat
Definition
a move in which military forces take control of the government by force
Term
bureaucratic authoritarianism
Definition
a system in which the state bureaucracy and the military share a belief that a technocratic leadership, focused on rational, objective, and technical expertise, can solve the problems of the country without public participation
Term
one-party rule
Definition
rule by one political party, with other parties banned or excluded from power
Term
theocracy
Definition
a nondemocratic form of rule where religion is the foundation for the regime
Term
illiberal regime
Definition
rule by an elected leadership through procedures of questionable democratic legitimacy
Term
democracy
Definition
a political system in which political power is exercised either directly or indirectly by the people
Term
direct democracy
Definition
Democracy that allows the public to participate directly in government desicion making
Term
civil rights
Definition
individual rights regarding equality that are created by the constitution and the political regime
Term
civil liberties
Definition
individual rights regarding freedom that are created by the constitution and the political regime
Term
civil society
Definition
Organizations outside of the state that help people define and advance their own interests
Term
constituency
Definition
a geographical area that an elected official represents
Term
constitutional court
Definition
the highest judicial body in a political system that decides whether laws and policies violate the constitution
Term
electoral systems
Definition
a set of rules that decide how votes are cast, counted, and translated into seats in a legislature
Term
first past the post
Definition
an electoral system in which individual candidates compete in single-member districts; voters choose between candidates, and the candidate with the largest share of the vote wins the seat
Term
executive
Definition
the branch of government that carriers out the laws and policies of a state
Term

head of government

        
 

Definition
the executive role that deals with the everyday tasks of running the state, such as formulating and executing policy
Term
bicameral systems
Definition
a political system in which a legislature comprises of two houses
Term
concrete review
Definition
judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on the basis of actual legal disputes brought before it
Term
abstract review
Definition
judicial review that allows the constitutional court to rule on questions that do not arise from actual legal disputes
Term
liberal democracy
Definition
a political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights
Term
indirect democracy
Definition
democracy in which representatives of the public are responsible for government decision making
Term
initiative
Definition
a national vote called by members of the public to address a specific proposal
Term
legislature
Definition
the branch of government charged with making laws
Term
judicial review
Definition
the mechanism by which courts can review the actions of government and overturn those that violate the constitution
Term
multimember districts
Definition
an electoral district with more than one seat
Term
mixed electoral system
Definition
an electoral system that uses a combination of single member districts and proportional representation
Term
proportional representation
Definition
an electoral system in which political parties compete in multimember districts; voters choose between parties, and the seats in the district are awarded proportionally according to the results of the vote
Term
plebiscite
Definition
a nonbinding vote called by a government in which the voters express an opinon for or against a proposal
Term
parliamentary system
Definition
a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are assigned to separate executive offices
Term
presidential system
Definition
a political system in which the roles of head of state and head of government are combined in one executive office
Term
republicanism
Definition
indirect democracy that emphasizes the separation of powers within a state and the representation of the public through elected officials
Term
rule of law
Definition
a system in which all individuals and groups, including those in government, are subject to the law, irrespective of their power and authority
Term
single member district
Definition
an electoral district with one seat
Term
referendum
Definition
a national vote called by government to address a specific proposal, often a change to the constitution
Term
separation of powers
Definition
the clear division of power between different branches of government and the provision that specific branches may check the power of other branches
Term
semipresidential system
Definition
an executive system that divides power between two strong executives, a president and a prime minister
Term
head of state
Definition
the executive role that symbolizes and represents the people both nationally and internationally
Term
suffrage
Definition
the right to vote
Term
unicameral systems
Definition
a political system in which the legislature comprises one house
Term
advanced democracy
Definition
a country with institutionalized democracy and a high level of economic development
Term
devolution
Definition
a process in which political power is "sent down" to lower levels of state and government
Term
integration
Definition
a process by which state pool their sovereignty, surrendering some individual powers in order to gain shared political, economic, or societal benefits
Term
intergovernmental system
Definition
a system in which two or more countries cooperate on issues
Term
modern
Definition
Characterized as secular, rational, materialistic, technological, and bureaucratic, and placing a greater emphasis on individual freedom then in the past
Term
post modern
Definition
characterized by a set of values that center on "quality of life" considerations and give less attention to material gain
Term
postindustrialism
Definition
the shift during the last half century from an economy based primarily on industry and manufacturing to one in which the majority of ppeople are employed in the service sector, which produces the bulk of profits
Term
service sector
Definition
Work that does not involve creating tangible goods
Term
supranational system
Definition
An intergovernmental system with its own sovereign powers over member states
Term
Central Committee
Definition
the legislature-like body of a communist party
Term
communism
Definition

a political economic system in which all wealth and property are shared so as to eliminate exploitation, oppression, and ultimately the need for political institutions such as the state

a political ideology that advocates such a system 

Term
central planning
Definition
a communist economic system in which the state explicitly allocates resources by planning what should be produced and in what amounts, the final prices of goods, and where they should be sold
Term
Glasnost
Definition
Term
marketization
Definition
the creation of the market forces of supply and demand in a country
Term
nomenklatura
Definition
politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, society, or economy that were staffed by people chosen or approved by the Communist Party
Term
party-state
Definition
a political system in which power flows directly from the ruling political party (usually a communist party) to the state, bypassing government structures
Term
Perestroika
Definition
Literally, restructuring. The policy of political and economic liberalization implemented in the soviet union in the late 1980's
Term
Politburo
Definition
the top policy-making and executive body of a communist party
Term
privatization
Definition
the transfer of state-owned property to private ownership
Term
shock therapy
Definition
a process of rapid marketization
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