Term
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Definition
Oxidation of food to release energy
Final electron acceptor in ETC.. releases ENGERGY
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Term
Simple, small animals can obtain O2 how?
Large, more complex animals need what? |
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Definition
Small simple animals can obtain O2 via simple diffusion
Large, complex animals require specilized respiratory organs |
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Term
| All respiratory surfaces must be _____ and ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple diffusion occurs via _____ gradient. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the O2 availability in air?
What is the O2 availability in H2O? |
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Definition
Air: 21% O2
Water: 0.5-1% |
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Term
| T/F... Lose pressure at increase altitudes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Atmosphere of Terrestrial Evr is made of What % of N2, O2, and CO2? |
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Definition
O2= 20.95%
N2= 79.02% (physiologically inert)
CO2= 0.03% |
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Term
| What is the role of H2O vapor in air? |
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Definition
| Exerts P that affects overall P of ATM gases |
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Term
| Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure |
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Definition
| Total P exerted by gaseous mixture = sum of partial pressures of each individual gas. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is the Std. Barometric P at Sea Level?
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Definition
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Term
| How would you calculate the pO2 at 1ATM? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in H20 vapor at a specific atmosphere would increase or decrease the partial pressure of the other atmospheric gases at the same atmosphere? |
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Definition
| It would decrease the partial P of the other atmospheric gases. |
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Term
| What is solubility in H20 affected by? |
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Definition
Nature of the gas
Pressure of the gas in gaseous phase
Temperature
Other solutes |
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Term
| An increase in solute [] would increase or decrease solubility? |
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Definition
An increase in solute would decrease solubility.
This means that salt water has a lower O2 concentration than clean deionized fresh water. |
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Term
| What are the solubilities of ATM gases in pure H20 at 0˚C and 1ATM (STP) |
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Definition
O2 = 34.1 ml/L
N2 = 16.9 ml/L
CO2 = 1019 ml/L
So an increased partial pressure decreases the solubility of a gas at STP. |
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Term
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Definition
Concentration of gas depends on partial pressure of gas.
If partial pressure is doubled, number of collisions with surface doubles. The number of collisions with the surface increases the dissolved gas.
Vgas = alpha(Pgas/760)xVolH20 |
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Term
Increasing T will increase or decrease solubility?
Increasing salinity will increase or decrease solubility? |
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Definition
Increasing T will decrease solubility
Increasing salinity will decrease solubility |
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Term
| symbol alpha stands for what? |
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Definition
solubility coefficient.
this is vol of gas dissolved in 1L of H2O at STP |
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Term
solubility coefficient of CO2 is what?
What about solubilty coefficient of O2? |
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Definition
| 1019 ml/L... which is 30 x that of O2! |
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Term
| If the solubility coefficient of CO2 is 30 times that of O2... then why is there such a low concentration of CO2 in the water? |
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Definition
| It is so low because there is a low partial pressure of CO2 in the atmosphere! |
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Term
| With regard to pH... describe why life in a tidepool is so stressing. Detail! |
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Definition
During the day, when photosynthesis and respiration are going on there is a small amount of CO2 used so CO3 reverses; CO2 out from HCO3-; strips H+;pH increases.
During the night, no photosynthesis is happening but respiration is still occuring. This means that there would be a decrease in the pO2 and an increase in CO2. This shifts to HCO3- + H+; Adds H+; pH decreases. So from day to night in a small tidal pool, the organisms within the pool must deal with a pH change. The change in T amplifies this shift. A T change in a tide pool would be significant from day to night because of the smaller volume of H20. |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages to living in the air? |
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Definition
| The advantage of living in the air is that O2 is more abundant and less dense BUT it sucks because there is a higher evaporation rate from respiratory surfaces. Terrestrial lungs are designed to decrease dessication. This was one of the challanges from moving to land. |
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Term
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of living in the water? |
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Definition
| It is advantageous to live in H2O because there is a higher diffusion rate across the respiratory surfaces BUT H2O is more viscous and tougher to move in. |
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Term
| Respiratory strategies vary w/ animals... give an example of animal that is in each strategy category. |
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Definition
Simple diffusion through H20 of air: unicellular & small thin animals
Bulk Flow of H2O: Porifera and Cnidaria
Bulk flow of air: Insects still use diffusion but depend on Large quantity of respiratory gas in tracheal system.
Diffusion/Gas Transport: Utilize Diffusion & Bulk Flow in some type of circulatory system (Annelids)
Ventilation/Gas Transport: Bulk flow of respiratory gas/diffusion/circulatory system. |
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Term
What is an oxyconformer?
What is this common in? |
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Definition
O2 consumption decreases in proportion to ambient O2 levels
Common in marine inverts |
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Term
What is an oxyregulator?
What is this common in? |
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Definition
An oxyregulator has a constant respiratory rate despite decline in available O2.
Common in terrestrial insects and inverts, many fresh water inverts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pc is the critical pO2... which determines when a shift is made between an organism being an oxyconformer or an oxyregulator. (if it happens in that species) |
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Term
Major respiratory Structure: Body surface
Who does this happen in?
What is the limiting factor for who can use this? |
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Definition
Happens in porifera, cnidaria, nematoda and platyhelminthes.
The limiting factor is SAV! |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized respiratory structure for aquatic animals that are envaginations of body surface that increase the SA for gas exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| Raised extensions of skin (on most echinoderms and annalids) |
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Term
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Definition
Feather like, supported by cuticle
Some arthropods and juvinile amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
Flat plates extending from central gill arch
Most crabs, best example of fishes |
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Term
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Definition
Plate like structures
Horseshoe crabs |
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Term
| Why dont many terrestrial animals have gills? |
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Definition
| Because they tend to collapse, lose SA and dry out. |
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Term
| Why is dessication such a major obstical when moving to the terrestrial environment? (with reguards to respiration) |
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Definition
| In order for respiratory structure to work it must be MOIST! (and thin) in order to facilitate gas exhcange! |
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Term
| Why must terrestrial respiratory structures be envaginations of the body wall with limited exposure to the outside? |
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Definition
| Because the goal is to keep the lung as moist as possible to facilitate diffusion! |
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Term
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Definition
| Gill like structure enclosed in a chamber.. limited oustide axcess and is typically kept on the ventral body surface. |
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Term
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Definition
Highly Vascularized sac like structure
Pulmonate gastropods |
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Term
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Definition
Branch from pharnx
Amphibians |
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Term
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Definition
Complex multi-branched
Mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized tube system in insects, not linked to circulatory system... connected to outside via spiracles. |
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Term
| Aquatic animals can use gills one of two ways... what are they? |
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Definition
| They can either move the media over the gill surface fo cas exchange, or they can move the gill through the H2O. |
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Term
What is RAM ventilation?
Who uses it? |
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Definition
Ram ventilation is high speed swimming with mouth open.. H20 in through mouth and over gills.
Fish such as tuna and marlin use this constantly. |
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Term
| Buccal pump.. what is it and who uses it? |
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Definition
Buccal pump is a meli step mechanism ...
1. Mouth opens, buccal chamber expands, floor of mouth drops, H2O in BUT opercular valve closed... Mouth closes, buccal chamber contracts, floor of mouth rises, opercular valve opens, H2O moves over gills and out.
Done by low speed swimmers and hoverers. |
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Term
| What is the scaphognathite? |
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Definition
| A type of aquatic gill for crustaceans... its a leaf like modified mouth part that is usd to set up H2O motion. |
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Term
| In a crustacean, where does H2O enter the body and where does it leave? |
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Definition
| H2O enters the body through the openings ofvove the legs and exit beneath the oral region. |
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Term
A 322 g Lobster can move up to how many L of H2O/Hr?
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Definition
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Term
| Why do lobsters have to move such a high volume of water through their respiratory structures per hour? |
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Definition
| Because the concentration of O2 in salt water is relatively low |
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Term
| How do mollusks set up H2O flow? |
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Definition
Cilia on the gill surface
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Term
| What two things do mollusks accomplish with bulk flow of H2O ? |
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Definition
| Suspension feeding and ventilation |
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Term
| In a mollusk where does the water enter and leave? |
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Definition
| Enters via incurrent sciphon and exits via excurrent sciphon |
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Term
| Explain counter current gas exchange in fish. |
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Definition
| Courter current gas exchange is a mechanism that fish use to maximize dissolved O2 extraction from the surrounding medium (H2O). In this system, water that passes over the gills flows in the opposite direction of the blood that passes through the gills. The purpose of this polar directionality is to keep an O2 concentration gradient between the water and the blood, with the blood always containing a lower concentration of O2. The afferent vessels enter the gills with a low blood O2 level. When this happens, diffusion is constant from the water to the blood, maximizing O2 concentration from the water. Efferent vessels leave the gills to oxygenate the body cells. Fish exhibit a 80-90% loading capacity with this system. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of respiratory media into or over the respiratory structure |
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Term
What is vO2?
What are the units? |
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Definition
Rate of O2 consumption
mgO2/Kg/Hr |
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Term
| Name the two things vO2 is affected by |
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Definition
| O2 concentration and activity level |
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Term
| What is the biggest challenge for respiratory systems of terrestrials? |
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Definition
| Getting the max O2 with minimum H2O loss... Remember.. the respiratory surface must be MOIST! |
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Term
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Definition
The exoskeleton is impervious to gases and H2O
Use multibranched tube system, not connected to circulatory system (trachea)
Depend on spiracles and internal valve system plus body movement to move air
Use bulk flow |
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Term
| How to insects supply individual cells with O2? |
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Definition
| Tracheoles: smallest tubes that supply cells directly |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid fills these small tubes and permit O2 duffusion into the cells |
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Term
| T/F... pulmonate gastropods have a diffusion lung? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a diffusion lung |
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Definition
| Moist, Highly vascularized bag like cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opening in the body that connects the exterior to the pneumostome. |
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Term
| Pulmonate gastropods limited to ______ environment |
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Definition
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Term
| In amphibians.. describe the unique respiratory system |
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Definition
Amphbians mix air and water breathing.
Larval gills are external... adults have a small highly vascularized sac like lungs |
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Term
| T/F... frogs use positive pressure ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how frogs use positive pressure ventilation |
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Definition
The throat moves down, drawing in air through the nostriles. The nostriles close. The throat moves up, pushing the air into the lungs.
The throat moves down pushing air back into the oral cavity. Nostriles open, throat moves up, forcing air out. |
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Term
| Frogs use two systems to extract air from the environment... what are they? |
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Definition
Through respiration (main) and supplemented by gas exchange through smooth moist skin.
Cutaneous gas exchange meets 90% respiratory needs.
Distinct disadvantage in dry environment. |
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