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Comparative Animal Behavior 1
Chapters 1 and 2
84
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/06/2011

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Term
Proximate Causation
Definition
How Questions; short term. [ontogeny and physiology]
Term
Ontogeny
Definition
how does behavior develop in an individual's lifetime. [prenatal]
Term
Physiology
Definition
what are the mechanisms that control the behavior? [immediate stimuli]
Term
Ultimate Causation
Definition
Why questions. [ecology and evolutionary]
Term
Ecology ques
Definition
how does behavior effect survival and reproduction in natural habitat?
Term
Evolutionary
Definition
what is the evolutionary history of the behavior?
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
Psychologist. mother/infant separation
Term
Konrad Lorenz
Definition
zoologist/etheologist/ornothologist. 1 of the fathers of etheology. Geese.
Term
Niko Tinbergen
Definition
classified 4 categories of questions we ask about animal behavior. specialist on shore birds.
Term
Essence of Natural Selection
Definition
many born but few survive; indiv must compete for resources; members of a species exhibit hereditary variation; some traits confer competitive advantage; those traits passes on to next generation; those traits become increasingly characteristic of species.
Term
Fitness
Definition
ability to pass genes to next generation. overall contribution.
Term
adaptations
Definition
enhance fitness; evolve because of selection pressure [trait]
Term
selection pressures
Definition
forces that lead to adaptations [climate] any factor in nature resulting in some dying and some succeeding.
Term
3 Darwinian Concepts
Definition
Selection pressure; adaptations; fitness
Term
3 types of adaptations
Definition
anatomical; physiological; behavioral
Term
Conclusive fitness
Definition
individual fitness+helping relatives have offspring
Term
Anatomical [adaptation]
Definition
hand in hand with behavioral. Nile Croc with broad strong snout for stealth attacks; U.S. Indian Gharial with narrow snout for catching fish- quick movements. adapted to type of prey.
Term
Physiological [adaptation]
Definition
Kangaroo rat. never needs to drink water; lives on metabolic water generated by carbohydrate oxidation. kidneys adapted for extrememly efficient water conservation
Term
Behavioral [adaptation]
Definition
changes most easily-most rapidly evolving adaptations. African Impala: food generalist, very adaptable. able to go several days without drinking. alert, fast funners and good leapers. alarm calls and pheromones. social grooming- parasite removal.
Term
Natural selection
Definition
theory on how outside influences affect the species- darwinian concept
Term
sexual selection
Definition
males and females evolve differently because of competition with their own sex or selection pressure from other sex. males evolve to be desirable to females. long tailed widowbird/peacocks
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition
sexes look different. coloration, body size/contour, height, pitch of voice, feathers
Term
Maladaptive behavior
Definition
causes possesor more harm than good. [aggressive neglect in southern elephant seal]
Term
Paleobehavior
Definition
functional in ancestors, but no use today. brown thrasher lunging with open mouth because it evolved from reptile. dogs turning in cirlces to sit.
Term
anthropomorphism
Definition
assuming another species behaves as it does because it has thoughts or feelings like those of humans.
Term
teleology
Definition
assuming another species behaves as it does because it can foresee goals or consequences of its behavior
Term
George Romanes
Definition
disciple of Darwin. believed that if there was similarity between animal and human then animal was doing it for same reason.
Term
Wilhelm von Osten
Definition
owner of Clever Hans
Term
Osak Pfungst
Definition
psychologist/skeptic. discovered clever hans was getting unintentional cues in math problems
Term
Morgan's Cannon
Definition
[C. Lloyd Morgan- never assume that an animal's behavior is due to some higher mental faculties if there is a simpler explanation that accounts for all facts
Term
E.L. Thorndike
Definition
interested in degrees of intelligence of animals at different levels [psychologist] used trial and error learning. made boxes and put animals in there. screen window- starve for a day- dish out here. discovered fewer mistakes with more tries.
Term
General Process Theory
Definition
caused scientists to narrow field of study of animals and their ability to learn. Physiology psychology, studies of brain came from this.
Term
B.F. Skinner
Definition
behaviorism. invnted operant chamber [electric puzzle box]. wrote Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. argued ppl have no free will and everything you do is based on rewards and consequences. physiological input and output.
Term
Umwelt
Definition
Perceptual world- UV vision to honeybee's eye and to the sulfur butterfly. bioacoustics-frogs, and pheromones- moths.
Term
Sociobiology
Definition
first used to refer to analyzing social behavior effect on reproductive success.
Term
Edward O. Wilson
Definition
sociobiologist. insect societis. wrote Sociobiology: The New Synthesis [was controversial] misconstrued book as racist. "genes have lot to do with social behavior saying that sexism, and racism is genetically justified."
Term
Group Selection Theory
Definition
natural selection works on groups instead of individuals [wrong]-> bees. not behaving for good of species.
Term
Sara B Hrdy
Definition
studied infanticide in Human Langur- not for good of species. new male leader kills of infants of x-male leader
Term
Adoption
Definition
sea lions refuse to adopt orphan pups and let them starve to death. but african lions readily adopt and nurse orphans- females in a pride all related so they are nursing a niece/nephew. seals have little relation-doesn't increase their gene freq in pop
Term
Biased Learning
Definition
relevance of evolution to comparative psychology- ability to learn somethings more easily than others- evolutionary genes of species. maze learning rats adapt faster to change in food location than water bc food moves in wild and water does not
Term
Preadaptation
Definition
feature of an animal that was there for some other reason that stuck around and became used for something else. cichlids. Haplochromis burtoni is mouth-egg carrier, male has egg-like spots on anal tail: ritualization. mane of lion thought to be anaomical ritualization pyloerection
Term
artificial selection
Definition
process of humans choosing cerain varieties of an organism over others implementing breeding programs favoring 1 over the other
Term
3 prerequisites to natural selection
Definition
variation in trait. fitness consequences. mode of inheritance. [resources must be limited with respect to trait being studied].
Term
Truncation selection experiment
Definition
1 way to measure heritability. heritability=R/S. allows only those with extreme traits to breed and tracks it.
Term
Behavioral Genetics
Definition
use mendel's laws of genetics to predict distribution of behavioral phenotypes. maps genes for behavioral traits. use other measures of heritability to determine what % of variation in a behavioral trait is genetic and what % is environmental
Term
Polygenic
Definition
caused by action of more than 1 gene
Term
Jonathon Flint
Definition
QTL's [quantitative trait loci] and fear/fearlessness in mice
Term
parent-offspring regression
Definition
another way to measure heritability-measures trait in parent and offspring
Term
Charles and Mary Brown
Definition
behavior in cliff swallows.
Term
cross-fostering experiment
Definition
measures relative contributions of genetic and environmental variation on expression of behavioral traits. + correlation with group size preferences of genetic parents. -correlation when group size preferences of offspring and foster parents.
Term
Selfish gene
Definition
approach to etheology-genes associated with behavior are units upon which natural selection acts. process of nat selection favors genes that increase expected relative reproductive success. term first coined by Richard Dawkins
Term
shoaling
Definition
component of antipredator behavior. swimming together in a group- is a measure of group cohesiveness.
Term
predator inspection
Definition
component of antipredator behavior. refers to tendency for individual to mmove toward a predator to gain various types of info
Term
adaptations
Definition
produced by natural selection. traits associated with highest fitness lable [among a specific set of behaviors in a specific environment]
Term
brood parasitism
Definition
place ["dump"] eggs into nests of other individuals
Term
eusociality
Definition
extreme form of sociality that is present in many social insect groups. cooperative broad care, division of labor, overlapping generations. reproductive division of labor, wherein individuals in certain castes reproduce and individuals in other castes don't. overlapping generations, such that individuals of diff generations are alive at same time. communal care ofyoung.
Term
DNA fingerprint
Definition
molecular genetic technique often used to examine genetic relatedness among individuals
Term
coalition
Definition
cooperative action taken by at least 2 individuals/groups against another individual/group
Term
phylogeny
Definition
evolutionary history through common descent
Term
phylogenetic trees
Definition
depict evolutionary history of a group of species
Term
homology
Definition
trait shared by 2 or more species becasue those species shared a common ancestor
Term
homoplasy
Definition
trait not due to descent from common ancestry shared by 2 or more species, but is almost always result of natural selection acting independently on each species.
Term
analogies
Definition
homoplasies as result of shared natural selection pressure
Term
convergent evolution
Definition
process leading to production of analogous traits
Term
polarity
Definition
direction of historical change in a trait
Term
parsimony analysis
Definition
[william of Ockam] phylogenetic tree that requires least # of evolutionary changes is most likely correct
Term
biological evolution
Definition
change in the hereditary characteristics of a pop through the selective transmission of genes- anatomical changes
Term
cultural evolution
Definition
change in behavioral characteristics of a pop through observational learning and cultural transmission [goes at least 2 generations] dominant mode in humna evolution
Term
mutations
Definition
ultimate source of allnew genes and alleles. caused by chromosome breakages and reannealing, DNA replication errors, and environmental mutagens. consequences: neutral, harmful-maladaptive [majority], and beneficial.
Term
gene flow
Definition
behavioral; individual animals move into an area or move away carrying their alleles with them and thus affecting gene pool
Term
assortive mating
Definition
behavioral; animals are selective in their choice of mates. courship behavior and sexual selection revolve around this selectivity.
Term
Paramecium avoidance reaction
Definition
cell hits obstruction poviding an anterior, mechanical stimulus- cell will then reverse, stop, and rotate and move off in diff direction
Term
Fruitless [fruit fly courtship]
Definition
courts but doesn't copulate
Term
coitus interruptus
Definition
dismounts too quickly [fruit fly courtship]
Term
Yellow [fruit fly courtship]
Definition
courtship call ineffective
Term
spinster [courtship fruit fly]
Definition
unreceptive female
Term
cross-fostering experiments
Definition
Broadhurst. cross-fostered rat pups of calm and nervous strains to mothers of opposite strain. great blue heron& great egret
Term
siblicide
Definition
death of individual caused by close relatives, can occur directly between siblings or be mediated by parents- avian siblicide
Term
Thomas Bouchard
Definition
minnesota twin study
Term
heritability of behavior
Definition
Vp= VG+VE+ VGxE
Vp= total phenotypic variance. VG= variance due to genetics. VE= variance due to environment. VGxE= variance due to gene-environment interactionss
Term
Postcopulatory isolation
Definition
failure to copulate. genital incompatibility; sperm destruction; hybrid sterility; weakness or mortality
Term
Precopulatory Isolation
Definition
prevents 2 species from mating in firts place. geographic (nonbehavioral). ecological separation. seasonal isolation. temporal isolation. sexual isolation.
Term
frequency dependent selection
Definition
any particular trait might be good for individuals when rare, but when most individuals acquire that trait its not advantageous.
Term
balanced polymorphism
Definition
stable percentage of left vx right advantageous shifts, but remains mostly even
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