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| How Questions; short term. [ontogeny and physiology] |
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| how does behavior develop in an individual's lifetime. [prenatal] |
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| what are the mechanisms that control the behavior? [immediate stimuli] |
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| Why questions. [ecology and evolutionary] |
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| how does behavior effect survival and reproduction in natural habitat? |
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| what is the evolutionary history of the behavior? |
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| Psychologist. mother/infant separation |
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| zoologist/etheologist/ornothologist. 1 of the fathers of etheology. Geese. |
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| classified 4 categories of questions we ask about animal behavior. specialist on shore birds. |
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| Essence of Natural Selection |
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| many born but few survive; indiv must compete for resources; members of a species exhibit hereditary variation; some traits confer competitive advantage; those traits passes on to next generation; those traits become increasingly characteristic of species. |
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| ability to pass genes to next generation. overall contribution. |
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| enhance fitness; evolve because of selection pressure [trait] |
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| forces that lead to adaptations [climate] any factor in nature resulting in some dying and some succeeding. |
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| Selection pressure; adaptations; fitness |
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| anatomical; physiological; behavioral |
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| individual fitness+helping relatives have offspring |
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| hand in hand with behavioral. Nile Croc with broad strong snout for stealth attacks; U.S. Indian Gharial with narrow snout for catching fish- quick movements. adapted to type of prey. |
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| Physiological [adaptation] |
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Definition
| Kangaroo rat. never needs to drink water; lives on metabolic water generated by carbohydrate oxidation. kidneys adapted for extrememly efficient water conservation |
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| changes most easily-most rapidly evolving adaptations. African Impala: food generalist, very adaptable. able to go several days without drinking. alert, fast funners and good leapers. alarm calls and pheromones. social grooming- parasite removal. |
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| theory on how outside influences affect the species- darwinian concept |
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| males and females evolve differently because of competition with their own sex or selection pressure from other sex. males evolve to be desirable to females. long tailed widowbird/peacocks |
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| sexes look different. coloration, body size/contour, height, pitch of voice, feathers |
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| causes possesor more harm than good. [aggressive neglect in southern elephant seal] |
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| functional in ancestors, but no use today. brown thrasher lunging with open mouth because it evolved from reptile. dogs turning in cirlces to sit. |
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| assuming another species behaves as it does because it has thoughts or feelings like those of humans. |
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| assuming another species behaves as it does because it can foresee goals or consequences of its behavior |
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| disciple of Darwin. believed that if there was similarity between animal and human then animal was doing it for same reason. |
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| psychologist/skeptic. discovered clever hans was getting unintentional cues in math problems |
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| [C. Lloyd Morgan- never assume that an animal's behavior is due to some higher mental faculties if there is a simpler explanation that accounts for all facts |
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| interested in degrees of intelligence of animals at different levels [psychologist] used trial and error learning. made boxes and put animals in there. screen window- starve for a day- dish out here. discovered fewer mistakes with more tries. |
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| caused scientists to narrow field of study of animals and their ability to learn. Physiology psychology, studies of brain came from this. |
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| behaviorism. invnted operant chamber [electric puzzle box]. wrote Walden Two and Beyond Freedom and Dignity. argued ppl have no free will and everything you do is based on rewards and consequences. physiological input and output. |
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| Perceptual world- UV vision to honeybee's eye and to the sulfur butterfly. bioacoustics-frogs, and pheromones- moths. |
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| first used to refer to analyzing social behavior effect on reproductive success. |
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| sociobiologist. insect societis. wrote Sociobiology: The New Synthesis [was controversial] misconstrued book as racist. "genes have lot to do with social behavior saying that sexism, and racism is genetically justified." |
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| natural selection works on groups instead of individuals [wrong]-> bees. not behaving for good of species. |
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| studied infanticide in Human Langur- not for good of species. new male leader kills of infants of x-male leader |
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| sea lions refuse to adopt orphan pups and let them starve to death. but african lions readily adopt and nurse orphans- females in a pride all related so they are nursing a niece/nephew. seals have little relation-doesn't increase their gene freq in pop |
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| relevance of evolution to comparative psychology- ability to learn somethings more easily than others- evolutionary genes of species. maze learning rats adapt faster to change in food location than water bc food moves in wild and water does not |
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| feature of an animal that was there for some other reason that stuck around and became used for something else. cichlids. Haplochromis burtoni is mouth-egg carrier, male has egg-like spots on anal tail: ritualization. mane of lion thought to be anaomical ritualization pyloerection |
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| process of humans choosing cerain varieties of an organism over others implementing breeding programs favoring 1 over the other |
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| 3 prerequisites to natural selection |
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| variation in trait. fitness consequences. mode of inheritance. [resources must be limited with respect to trait being studied]. |
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| Truncation selection experiment |
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| 1 way to measure heritability. heritability=R/S. allows only those with extreme traits to breed and tracks it. |
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| use mendel's laws of genetics to predict distribution of behavioral phenotypes. maps genes for behavioral traits. use other measures of heritability to determine what % of variation in a behavioral trait is genetic and what % is environmental |
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| caused by action of more than 1 gene |
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| QTL's [quantitative trait loci] and fear/fearlessness in mice |
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| parent-offspring regression |
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| another way to measure heritability-measures trait in parent and offspring |
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| behavior in cliff swallows. |
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| cross-fostering experiment |
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| measures relative contributions of genetic and environmental variation on expression of behavioral traits. + correlation with group size preferences of genetic parents. -correlation when group size preferences of offspring and foster parents. |
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| approach to etheology-genes associated with behavior are units upon which natural selection acts. process of nat selection favors genes that increase expected relative reproductive success. term first coined by Richard Dawkins |
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| component of antipredator behavior. swimming together in a group- is a measure of group cohesiveness. |
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| component of antipredator behavior. refers to tendency for individual to mmove toward a predator to gain various types of info |
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| produced by natural selection. traits associated with highest fitness lable [among a specific set of behaviors in a specific environment] |
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| place ["dump"] eggs into nests of other individuals |
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| extreme form of sociality that is present in many social insect groups. cooperative broad care, division of labor, overlapping generations. reproductive division of labor, wherein individuals in certain castes reproduce and individuals in other castes don't. overlapping generations, such that individuals of diff generations are alive at same time. communal care ofyoung. |
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| molecular genetic technique often used to examine genetic relatedness among individuals |
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| cooperative action taken by at least 2 individuals/groups against another individual/group |
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| evolutionary history through common descent |
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| depict evolutionary history of a group of species |
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| trait shared by 2 or more species becasue those species shared a common ancestor |
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| trait not due to descent from common ancestry shared by 2 or more species, but is almost always result of natural selection acting independently on each species. |
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| homoplasies as result of shared natural selection pressure |
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| process leading to production of analogous traits |
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| direction of historical change in a trait |
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| [william of Ockam] phylogenetic tree that requires least # of evolutionary changes is most likely correct |
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| change in the hereditary characteristics of a pop through the selective transmission of genes- anatomical changes |
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| change in behavioral characteristics of a pop through observational learning and cultural transmission [goes at least 2 generations] dominant mode in humna evolution |
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| ultimate source of allnew genes and alleles. caused by chromosome breakages and reannealing, DNA replication errors, and environmental mutagens. consequences: neutral, harmful-maladaptive [majority], and beneficial. |
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| behavioral; individual animals move into an area or move away carrying their alleles with them and thus affecting gene pool |
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| behavioral; animals are selective in their choice of mates. courship behavior and sexual selection revolve around this selectivity. |
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| Paramecium avoidance reaction |
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Definition
| cell hits obstruction poviding an anterior, mechanical stimulus- cell will then reverse, stop, and rotate and move off in diff direction |
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| Fruitless [fruit fly courtship] |
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Definition
| courts but doesn't copulate |
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| dismounts too quickly [fruit fly courtship] |
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| Yellow [fruit fly courtship] |
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Definition
| courtship call ineffective |
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| spinster [courtship fruit fly] |
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Definition
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| cross-fostering experiments |
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Definition
| Broadhurst. cross-fostered rat pups of calm and nervous strains to mothers of opposite strain. great blue heron& great egret |
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| death of individual caused by close relatives, can occur directly between siblings or be mediated by parents- avian siblicide |
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Vp= VG+VE+ VGxE
Vp= total phenotypic variance. VG= variance due to genetics. VE= variance due to environment. VGxE= variance due to gene-environment interactionss |
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| failure to copulate. genital incompatibility; sperm destruction; hybrid sterility; weakness or mortality |
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| prevents 2 species from mating in firts place. geographic (nonbehavioral). ecological separation. seasonal isolation. temporal isolation. sexual isolation. |
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| frequency dependent selection |
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| any particular trait might be good for individuals when rare, but when most individuals acquire that trait its not advantageous. |
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| stable percentage of left vx right advantageous shifts, but remains mostly even |
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