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| a form of one-sided mass killing in which the state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are identified by the perpetrator |
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| characteristics of genocide |
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| strong state structures, lack of military independence, economically depressed, culture of obedience |
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| process by which legislations made by elected officials are applied to institutions previously governed by other principles (eg. coercon, seniority, etc. ) and at the same time, the right to participate is extended to groups previously not included |
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| a process by which all major actors come to agree that the institutional framework provides the only channel of interest mediation. in other words, major actors come to accept "institutionalized uncertainty" |
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| the relationship between economic development and the probability of democracy is nonlinear (S curve...urbanization, higher education, internal modernization) |
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| problems with modernization |
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| correlation does not equal causation, survivability, urb and higher ed does not imply democratization, etc |
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| a non linear relationship with democratization |
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| if there is low inequality... |
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| low incentive to democratize. the masses aren't jealous of elite. low incentive for dem reform |
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| if there is medium inequality... |
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| the masses have incentive, elite is willing to democratize-they wouldn't lose too much |
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| if there is high inequality... |
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| masses want to rise up, elite is afraid of losing everything...more prone to use repression |
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| as the economy industrializes... |
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| the elite become more afraid of the poor' more likely to democratize; poor people disrupt industrial production more than ag (strikes) |
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| reasons to "put down the gun" |
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| gun doesn't work anymore, pulling trigger is costly, and putting down the gun isn't bad |
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| opening in the dictatorial regime, economic shock, or war |
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| increase of freedom of speech... |
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| in the absence of institutions to break up and/or regulate informational monopolies, this increase can create an opening for nationalist mythmakers to hijack public discourse |
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| democracy & regime change more likely... |
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| developed countries/good economies and during economic downturns, respectively |
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| personalist, military, single-party, or amalgams of the pure types |
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| group of officers determines who will lead the country and has some influence on policy (not a personalist dictatorship--led by one military officer) |
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| features of social life--networks, normas, and trust--that enable participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives |
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| causes of social capital erosion |
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| education, pressures of time/money, mobility/suburbanization, role of women, marriage and family, welfare state, race/civil rights, generational effects... |
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| the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society |
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| History moves through series of thesis and antithesis (basically an idea or a style of thinking, and one that rises in opposition); primitive to slavery to feudalism to capitalism to communism |
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| supporting ideals that do not support them or that are against them |
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| (a) • Capitalists try to appease workers in advanced countries by exploiting workers in developing countries → so the first place to start a revolution is in backward countries (b) • The revolutionaries need to organize into a hierarchical political party and purse any means necessary to defeat the capitalists. (c) Workers need to be led by a “vanguard of intellectuals" (d) • Capitalists want to keep power, and workers suffer from “false consciousness” |
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| a result of different patterns in long-run economic performance of 2 sets of countries |
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| the deliberate attack on civilians through the assassination of leaders or creating mass casualties and/or destruction of property, in order to demonstrate the power of the attacker and to intimidate a population |
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| (a) nation/regional or ethnic (tamil tigers in sri lanka, sendero luminoso in peru) (b) international movements aimed at overthrowing widespread systems of political organization (guerrilla fighters in latin america, fascism in italy, communism in russia, etc.) (c) hybrid movements |
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| lacks an arena of contestation, opposition victory requires a lot of mobilization, Requires international observation and intervention to preempt and prevent or to expose and delegitimate the electoral manipulations of authoritarian regime |
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| inherent uncertainty and variation in outcomes of regime transitions |
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Definition
where the effective power of elected officials is so limited, or political party competition so restricted, or the freedom and fairness of elections so compromised that electoral outcomes, while competitive, still deviate significantly from popular preferences; and/or where civil and political liberties are so limited that some political orientations and interests are unable to organize and express themselves”
Examples: Senegal, Zimbabawe, Malaysia, Thaliand (1980-88) |
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| Competitive authoritarian |
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| hegemonic party system; ruling party monopolizes political arena; denies competition for power (mexico, singapore) |
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| Elections are free when... |
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| Legal barriers to entry into political arena are low, Freedom for candidates and supporters of different parties to campaign, Voters experience little/no coercion |
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| elections are fair when... |
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| Administered by a neutral authority, Electoral administration is sufficiently competent and resourceful, Police/military and courts treat competing candidates impartially, Contenders have all access to media, Electoral districts and rules don’t disadvantage opposition, Independent monitoring of voting and vote-counting, Impartial procedures for resolving complaints and disputes |
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| replacing the free-enterprise system (capitalism) with an entirely different economic system in which the workers/people as a whole owned the factories, farms, mines, and other productive enterprises |
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| believed capitalism was exploitative, evil, and needed to be replaced with a more humane society based on the values of equality and community |
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| developed by Karl Marx, incorporated utopian socialism, philosophy, history, economics, sociology, and political theory |
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| A political and economic system in which private enterprise (capitalism) is abolished and replaced by some form of common ownership of factories, farms, and other productive enterprises |
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| the entrepreneurs who owned factories and other productive enterprises, together with other private businesspeople who stood to profit from providing their services in a free-enterprise economy (bankers, lawyers, etc) |
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| a form of socialism in which the focus is the primacy of the Communist party as the party that governs the country once the revolution has eliminated its foes |
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| consists of the following four features: 1) Hypernationalism, 2) Racism, 3) Totalitarianism, and 4) Mass mobilization through propaganda and coercio |
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| an exceptionally intrusive form of authoritarianism in which the state monopolizes control not only over all institutions of government but also over the educational system, the media, science, and the arts, leaving little room for private liberty |
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| Over time, democracies end up with more and more policies that favor vested interests (small concentrated) to the detriment of general interests |
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| can no longer deliver positive political goods, lost legitimacy, enduring character of violence |
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| the simple majority single-ballot system favors the two-party system |
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