Term
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Definition
- huge geographic area to control
- largely a land-locked nation - dedicated to finding warm water ports
- trade routes between China/East & Mediterranean
- constant invasion from all sides!
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Term
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Definition
- mish-mosh of people & tribes
- Kievan Empire (820's-1240) - starts to unify area
- Mongols invade, Mancur Olson's stationary bandit effect
- Ivan the Great & Ivan the Terrible - start to build a Russian NATION - able to establish authority & ability to collect taxes near Moscow - essentially imposes feudalism
- Russian feudalism - Ivan the Terrible: peasants are stuck to land by law, institutionalized feudalism
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Gerschenkron's Insight |
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Definition
- states don't just develop domestically, external events have a great deal of influence
- Late developers try to catch up, this will be socially disruptive
- Compounded b/c the people you compare yourself to are often invading you
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Peter the Great
(1682-1725) |
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Definition
- constant war! (Swedes, Ottomans, Persians) - because Russia is on the outskirts of everything, warm water port
- modernized military - nobles owe service to him, TRAINS them, aristocracy is weak & largely removed from feudal lands - communal taxing was easier because the lords weren't connected well to their serfs
- Rationalized bureaucracy - individual tax collectors, strong tax system
- Expanded tax infrastructure - rely on individual collectors, more taxes added (beehives, bathhouses, beards, stamped paper)
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Catherine the Great |
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Definition
- 2nd great Russian reformer
- possible pathway for Russian development: Constitutional democracy, as was common in developed countries
- Legislative Convention (1767-68) - gather info from across country, she cut it short because they wouldn't support her war with the Ottomans
- Charter to the Nobility (1785) - deal w/nobility, more taxes in countryside but they're exempt
- Entrenches & extends serfdom - realizes liberal democracy isn't so good for the rulers, her reign coincides w/French Revolution!
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Revisiting Moore |
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Definition
- Bourgeois impulse: WEAK - Peter & Catherine's modernizing reforms encourage a middle class but there's just not enough $ for a bourgeoisie - agriculture also not very efficient, taxed heavily, no innovative entrepreneurs
- Commercial Agriculture: labor-repressive (feudal) - plus, aristocracy didn't have motivation to encourage agriculture, very repressive feudal system
- Peasant Revolutionary Potential (and this is key!): radical solidarity - linked together in communal organizations
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Peasant Solidarity |
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Definition
- NO private property for peasants
- peasant communities (obschina/mir) held collectively responsible for feudal dues & labor obligations - EVERYTHING shared communally
- creates a "moral economy" - all responsibilities shared, EVERYBODY cooperates, lots of internal pressure to conform to the village system - collective action!!!
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Emancipation of the Serfs (1861) |
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Definition
- Alexander II - notices peasant revolts are sporadic but increasing
- Crimean War (1854-55) - Russia wanted more access near Mediterranean Sea, get CRUSHED, lose access & lots of people die - peasants are physically & morally weak, don't want to fight
- Alexander II modernizes army (Peter created officer core, Alexander creates standing army) - gives foot soldiers food, training, rotated every few years
- serfdom was an outdated way to go - give the peasants some land, hopefully stop a revolution before it happens
- ENDS SERFDOM IN 1861
- expectations rise, but not much changes - they either got crappy land or had to pay mortgage (feudal dues!!!) on the good land
- moral economy remains - allocate how they use the land, pay back the tsar amongst themselves
- Northern peasants (where land was crappier) begin "commuting" to urban factories in seasonal migrations
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Term
Tsarist Russia
Other "Great Reforms" of Alexander II |
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Definition
- democratize local governments (zemstvo) - little local councils - some of the more radical elements get involved
- Independent judiciary - worked OK, give the peasants the belief that they actually do have a say
- people's Will - one increasing violent group, assassinations of various people, including Alexander II (1881)
- radicalize society, political violence starts to ramp up
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Term
| *** The most dangerous time for an autocratic regime... |
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Definition
... is when it is liberalizing!!! ***
Tries offering some concessions and the public runs with them! |
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Term
Tsarist Russia
"Revolution" of 1905 |
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Definition
- 1890's, rapid state-led industrialization (to prepare for war)
- greater degrees of taxation (pool $ for financial capital): reallocation of wealth from rural to urban sectors
- Landed aristocracy alienated
- Russo-Japanese War (1905): Japan wins war! Russian army had attention turned eastward, leaving the west to rebel
- massive strikes, rebellions
- Duma convened (legislative parliament), splits on opposition & Tsar Nicholas II consolidates his power
- 1906: reorganized Duma, far fewer workers/peasants, more power to landed aristocracy - tsar continues for another decade but other forces in play
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Term
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Definition
- Russia inexorably committed
- Despite reforms, military woefully unprepared - get asses kicked big time in both World Wars!
- Food shortage & bread riots
- Germans take in Lenin to Russia (he wants to overthrow tsar, that's be easier for Germany to take over)
- Petrograd Mutiny - riots getting worse, loyal army is deployed, reserve army is sympathetic to rioters
- February Revolution & provisional government, got tsar to abdicate, think that constitutional gov. would put down riots
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Term
1917 Revolution
Rural Rebellion |
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Definition
- troops mutiny & return home
- big mistake of provisional gov: decide to keep fighting, thought morale would somehow improve (it didn't!)
- go home, soldiers join rebellion
- no army to suppress rebellions
- weakness of provisional government prompts October Revolution - communists were best organized, they take over
- peasants expropriate land, soviets expropriate factories & take over military
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Term
1917 Revolution
War Communism |
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Definition
- factions emerge, Russia's "Reign of Terror"
- economy is shambles
- civil war against a variety of elements, 1917-22
- war communism (nationalization of industry & land)
- New Economic Policy (NEP) - partial privatization of business & land - middle-sized, non-essential businesses privatized, major industry still communal - peasants can keep some of what they grow & production shoots up - provide individuals incentive to produce
- Bolsheviks won the civil war (Gersch. would say this was a guaranteed thing, but it looked uncertain)
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Term
| Revolution Institutionalized |
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Definition
- Joseph Stalin (1924-53)
- no institutionalized succession when Lenin dies
- creates incentives for "bloody politics"
- constant purges create short time horizons - ruler = PARANOID, advisors = fearful
- Economic policy (Gerschenkron): reverses NEP, realized war could be any time, promotes state industrialization, collectivize agriculture
- GOSPLAN - VERY centralized economic planning
- Gulags - prison labor, slave labor as political control, also labor to do industrial projects
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Term
Revolution Institutionalized
Political System |
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Definition
- "Elected" bicameral legislative body - Supreme Soviet (meets infrequently), President manages - rubber stamp!
- CPSU (Communist Party) - where the power is at
- Politburo, secretariat, central committee - advancement based on personal politics - under Stalin, ALL the power was in him
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Term
The Collapse
Economic System |
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Definition
- centrally planned economies don't work
- good for short term mobilization, very specific ideas of what is needed
- Bureaucratic goals, not consumer needs (bias towards capital and military goods)
- Quantity counts, not quality (quantity is easy to measure, quality is not)
- No incentive for productivity gains (efficiency isn't awarded)
- Huge incentives for shirking & stealing (surplus? take some away!)
- Long-term economic stagnation (no innovation, technological/productivity improvements)
- "You can't eat ideology!" (A generation later, you don't remember the tsarist regime & distance selves from ideology.)
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Term
The Collapse
Global Environment |
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Definition
- The Cold War was expensive.
- Centrally planned economies REALLY good at building nuclear weapons but it's expensive
- military deadweight costs
- tensions w/China (should-be ally becomes a threat, lots of territory to protect)
- Detente (NEEDED to jumpstart economy, military expenditures not how to do so)
- Afghanistan & Reagan military buildup
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Term
The Collapse
Gorbachev's Reforms
*HINT, HINT, HINT!!!* |
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Definition
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Term
The Collapse
Gorbachev's Reforms
Perestroika
***HINT, HINT, HINT!!!* |
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Definition
- Perestroika (restructuring, economic)
- Economic reforms to enhance productivity - individual firms become self-financing, don't rely on gov.
- Bankruptcy laws (though largely ignored)
- Private property & foreign investments allowed (encourages innovation, foreigners teach them how to run a business again)
- Prohibition campaign - moonshine/black market - state loses revenue
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Term
The Collapse
Gorbachev's Reforms
Glasnost
***HINT, HINT, HINT!!!*** |
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Definition
- Glasnost - political openness
- Political opening to generate new ideas (no innovation if nobody will speak)
- Used to undermine entrenched bureaucrats (to push perestroika through - managers didn't want things to change)
- Includes: freeing political prisoners, greater autonomy for non-Russian nationalities, foreign withdrawal (Afghanistan & Eastern Europe)
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Term
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Definition
- Gosplan stops, communication simply breaks down, looting & pilfering, state becoming very, very weak
- free elections: reformers and nationalists win
- the Baltic states bail
- July 1, 1991: Warsaw Pact ends (East & West Germany reunited, protection alliance ends)
- August 19, 1991: coup attempt - end of coup, Gorby resigns, effectively ends the Soviet Union
- Yeltsin: chaos for about a decade
- Putin comes, starts to clamp down
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Term
Russia
Yeltsin vs. Putin Russia
(Think of Yeltsin's Finest Moments!) |
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Definition
Yeltsin:
+ 1st democratically elected pres.
+ "destroyer of communism"
+ much weaker leadership style
+perceived as a very accessible leader
+has a taste for capitalism!
+/- more devolved power
- shock therapy
- rampant corruption: merger of political power & business became weak, systematic, chaotic
-contradictory leadership
Putin:
+ consolidation of power; "managed democracy"
+ anti-oligarchic revolution
- use of presidential power extensively/expansively |
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Term
| Why did the USSR collapse, but not the PRC (People's Republic of China)? |
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Definition
- Russia = Berlin Wall, China = Tienanmen Square
- people wanted political freedom in both places
- China: the military cracked down!! (And early!)
- no cascade like in Russia
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Term
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Definition
- Dynastic cycles:
- military conquest secures large territory
- Economic growth, bureaucratic elite expansion - elite much more important in China than in Europe, much less political/ideological fragmentation
- imperial overreach, increased corruption
- Marauders & natural disaster
- imperial decay & collapse (often w/competing warlord period)
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Term
China
1433: A Critical Year in World History |
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Definition
- Chinese shipbuilding FAR surpasses Europe
- "Age of Chinese Exploration" under Zheng He (forced into military as a eunuch)
- 1433, exploration drastically curtailed
- - Mongol pressure concerns military about preserving the dynasty,
- - eunuch military & merchant classes threatened position of bureaucracy,
- - opens door for Europe, reduces revenue for Ming (huh?)
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Term
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Definition
- Bourgeois impulse: very, VERY weak - dynasty tightly controlled economy, NO possibility for independent bourg. class (the central problem of controlled economies)
- Commercial agriculture: semi-feudal sharecropping w/wage & corvee labor - not a manorial system
- Peasant revolutionary potential: moderate (??)
- weak: peasant feudal system, not all on the same boat!
- strong: a LOT of revolutionary action happened!
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Term
Imperial China
The Peasantry & Rural Classes |
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Definition
- emperor grants land to important families, they rent the land to peasants, non-renters become wage laborers
- "sharecropping" (rent-based feudalism) w/wage labor
- range of peasant classes
- heavy peasant indebtedness (yes, a comm. agricultural impulse, but the terms were ALWAYS favorable to the landlord - more like indentured servitude)
- throughout the century, absentee landlordism increases -->
- scholar-officials serve as intermediaries (corruption), contributes to dynastic cycles
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Term
Revolutions (China & Russia)
Are they made or found? |
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Definition
- Chinese revolution, more so than Russian rev., becomes model for future social rev.s - rural not industrial, don't have to wait for bourg. class - made, not found
- Found: structural organizations, emphasis on class relation and/or state collapse, Marx/Moore/Gerschenkron
- Made: Agency-based explanations (collective action, individual circumstances & people), emphasis on mobilization/leadership, Luxemburg/MAO/Guevara
The Answer: YES!!
- need certain structural organizations in play, then it's easier to organize the masses
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Term
Imperial China
China circa 1800 |
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Definition
- population starting to cause ecological pressures (Chirot's cycles! Push into marginal lands, diminishing returns. Simple technological improvements = rapidly expanding population)
- Agricultural productivity stalls - landlords still want $
- No major industrial activity to absorb increasing labor force
- Peasant rebellions becoming increasingly common
- Imperial center weakening, foreign pressure increasing
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Term
Imperial China
The Gerschenkron Factor
(w/reference to Chirot) |
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Definition
- First Opium War (1839-42) exposes imperial weakness - China gets its ass kicked
- Self-strengthening moment (1840's) - military officer start studying British methods, ban opium again
- 2nd Opium War (1856-60) - defeated again, forced to allow opium & have Christian missionaries come in
- Taiping Rebellion (1850-64) - creates BIG army against emperor, disruptions in agricultural production (transportation) - LOTS of people die, weak dynasty
- Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) - ADD MORE!!
- Boxer Rebellion (1900) and Boxer Protocol (1901) -secret societies rise up, against ethnically foreign Qing (Manchu) dynasty, defeated - Boxer protocol: Britain pissed off after rebellions, carve up China into spheres of influence
- need to modernize QUICKLY!!
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Term
China
The Revolution
1911 Revolution |
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Definition
- several steps (like in Russia) leading up to rev.
- new emperor called - he was a 3 year old
- called Constituent Assembly (Parliament), 1910 - decided to nationalize railways, rebellion in Szechuan province, successful private companies don't want to be taken over
- Sun Yat-Sen emerges as new intellectual leader - wants to modernize China, mix new w/old - nationalism, democract, economic egalitarianism
- Dictatorship emerges under Yuan Shih-Kai (1911-1916) - guided by Sun Yat-Sen, who knew democracy wasn't going to happen any time soon
- Warlord Period (1916-27) & KMT dominance
- KMT = post- Sun Yat-Sen party, brings some political stability, quasi-unification
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Term
China
The Revolution
The Communist Party |
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Definition
- May 4th Movement (1919) spawns CCP - Treaty of Versailles = Japan gets to keep some of China's territory, Chinese pissed, many converts to Communism (Mao!)
- CCP urged to cooperate w/KMT - Stalin encourage China to be commie ally, but also a buffer between USSR & Japan
- split between rural (Mao) & urban approach
- Mao's Long March (1934-35)
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Term
China
The Revolution
The Long March |
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Definition
- revolution was MADE
- shifts Marxist rev. thought to guerilla army in the countryside
- hones guerilla tactics
- forges strong army - if you are ANYBODY in China, you have to get a stamp of approval from the military!
- sponsors land reform - leave people behind as they defeat local landlords to establish bases there
- wins hearts and minds of rural communities
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Term
China
The Revolution
Japanese Occupation
(1937-45)
&
Civil War
(1945-49) |
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Definition
- WWII: nationalists & Red Army form weak alliance against Japanese
- Japanese are defeated, leave weapons behind
- Comm.s defeat nationalists for control of territory in civil war
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Term
China
Revolution Institutionalized
Consolidate Power |
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Definition
- 1st priority: neutralize internal rivals!
- Adopt Soviet modeal: central communist party (CCP), bureaucracy (esp. economic), MILITARY
- eliminate all remnants of opposition (brutal repression)
- divide & conquer tactics among ruling elite
- "cult of personality"
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Term
China
Revolution Institutionalized
Generate Rapid Economic Growth |
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Definition
- follow Soviet plan (although Mao doesn't really like Lenin)
- Nationalize the economy, collectivize farms - 5 year plans, not a lot of capital, state has to pool resources
- Centralized planning, establishing production quotas
- Great Leap Forward - Mao not satisfied w/the pace of progress, 5 year plan on steriods, MASSIVE failure, Mao discredited w/in party
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Term
China
Revolutionalize the Population
Revolutionize the Population |
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Definition
- problem: "conservative" peasantry = 80%/population
- urban sectors inclined towards capitalism - individual merchants had arisen during imperial decay
- campaign against the 4 Olds (early '50s) - habits, customs, cultures, ideas
- campaign against the 5 Evils - bribery, tax evasion, theft of state intelligence, cheating on state contracts, theft of state property
- "Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom" - before GLF, state wants to hear from the people - more vocal critics taken away for "re-education," flowers mowed
- Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution - Mao reasserts himself in HIS revolution, new generation has no idea what the REAL revolution was like - Little Red Book, creation of Red Guard, Sweep Away All Monsters & Demons, Shanghai People's Committee & January Storm
- May 7th Cadre Schools (intellectuals re-educated in ways of peasantry)
- Up to the Mountains & Down to the Villages (intellectuals sent away to work)
- pushes classes all OVER the place, disruptive to the economy!!
- Criticize Lin Baio & Confucius (Lin turned vocal against Mao) - military becoming very irritated with all this
- Gang of Four (1960's-70's)
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Term
|
Definition
- turbulence, many human & capital resources wasted
- 1976 - Mao dies, all his friends are getting old
- The Gang of Four (prime movers & shakers, includes Mao's 3rd wife, Madam Mao) falls from grace - tried to take over power & failed, military & others tired of societal upheavals/fear society, bad for economy
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Term
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Definition
- Rise of Deng Xiaopeng - revolutionary hero but still a pragmatist, purged in Cultural Revolution, reintegrated, purged again, then re-emerges
- 4 Lessons of Deng's "Ups and Downs": no institutionalized succession, patron-client relationships VERY important in Chinese politics, support from military important, HAVE to be part of Central Military Committee
- Deng Xiaopeng's Reforms:
-"Reds (ideologues) vs. experts (technocrats)" brings expertise into gov.
- encourage private agricultural production (rural - does away w/communes, gives econ. incentive)
- special economic zones in urban areas & profit retention (spurs productivity)
- promote foreign investment
- limited political reforms (do NOT last, military cracks down)
- Tienanmen Square Incident - puts the potential political cascade to rest very quickly
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Term
China
Why no Soviet-style collapse? |
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Definition
- Rapid economic expansion since mid- 1980's - easier to keep people on your side w/a good economy
- Gradual economic reforms emphasized over political reforms - even limited poli. reforms taken away sharply
- PRC not spread as thin as USSR (Afghanistan, E. Europe) - military calling the shots in China
- PRC still run by revolutionary leaders in 1980's-'90s
- Tienanmen Square dealt with rather harshly - unlike "Sinatra Doctrine"
- DISSENT NOT TOLERATED!!!
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Term
Politics in the Third World
Some "Common" Problems |
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Definition
- colonial/imperial legacy - Europe's impact
- political vacuum following colonialism - who's in charge? several decades of poli. instability - see era of cadillos!
- primarily commodity industrializers - you don't actually do the industrializing, just produce the raw goods for the rich nations
- industrialization in post-WWII era
- rapid growth creates new socio-economic challenges - rapid migration, not enough industrial jobs = slums
- caught in Cold War crossfire - politics influenced by dominant superpower in the area
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Term
|
Definition
- dynastic cycles
- important trade route (Silk road) = VERY strategic location
- conversion to Islam
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Term
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Definition
- also had dynastic cycles pre-European
- direct colonization
- Latfundia & encomienda (feudal structure, granted people along with land to work there and give their serf/slave-like labor
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Term
Iran
What would Moore say? |
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Definition
- Bourgeois impulse: moderate-weak - bazaaris but they never really pool capital and industrialize
- Commericial agriculture: labor-repressive (feudal) - and labor intensive crops!
- PRP: weak solidarity - taxes collected more one-on-one, no revolution from country
Prediction: autocratic rule (FASCIST/corporatist)
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Term
Mexico
What would Moore say? |
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Definition
- Bourgeois impulse: weak (Latfundia = feudal)
- Commercial agriculture: labor-repressive (feudal)
- PRP: moderate/strong solidarity - encomienda = communal, looks more like Russia here
Prediction: autocratic rule (COMMUNIST/corporatist) - although Mexico never became communist, which means Moore's theory works less with late, late developers
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Term
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Definition
- late, late developer (1930s--->)
- weak domestic capital formation - based on consumption, not investment
- 4 international pressures: Russia warm water access, 1907 Anglo-Russian entente (carve up Iran into spheres of influence)=external signal!!, German influence, WWII & Cold War
- 1908: oil discovered, Iran becomes strategic again
- will lead to state-led industrialization
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Term
Mexico
Gerschenkron/Chirot |
|
Definition
- Late, late developer (1930s--->)
- weak domestic capital formation (not a lot of money floating around in the private sector to pool & borrow)
- ***International pressures minimal, relative to Ger/Jap/others: (Mexican-American War, Maximiliano, proximity of U.S. industrial market = measure of econ. comparison)
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Term
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Definition
- difficulty for developing world: primary commodity producers (don't actually get to do the industrializing)
- But everybody needs oil!
- Rentier state: when most of the governmental revenue comes from a non-societal source (e.g., oil)
- Less need for direct taxation of the population
- No need to negotiate with society, not to build trust
- state buys loyalty with patronage
- no social base of legitimacy
- can stall industrialization via "Dutch disease:" (all your resources like labor and $ go to oil sector, making it difficult for every other industry and they become uncompetitive; currency becomes in great demand, makes it difficult to export because of financial tension)
.
- The problem of commodity (e.g., oil) price instability, it can make government planning difficult. (When oil prices are low, you can't pay the patronage networks what they've come to expect when prices are high.)
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Term
|
Definition
- 19th century chaos/Porfiriato
- Rising expectations of new social classes (new ideas, new interests)
- Revolution is largely a civil war over a crisis of political succession
- Radicalization by way of Zapata's army
- Ideological climate: socialism, Marxism, but doesn't strongly affect Mexico
- not a bottom-up revolution, mostly
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Term
|
Definition
- (the top-down part of the revolution)
- PRI establishes corporatist government - state-led unionization, land reforms, industrialization - a "cacique" culture
- ISI & oil revenue support PRI patronage network
- The "Mexican Miracle" (tremendous growth rates, led to a lot of corruption, which led to economic problems!)
- The "Perfect Dictatorship" (largely one-party rule, kept winning all the time because they bought everyone's support)
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Term
Mexico
Collapse of Corporatism |
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Definition
- Growth of middle class (thanks to Mexican Miracle)
- Mexican Miracle stalls, leading to indebted industrialization
- 1980s debt crisis & 1085 earthquake (state was unable to save its population, people started forming their own CIVIC self-help organizations, became basis for political protests)
- Factions: dinosaurious vs.tecnicos
- Economic & political reform lead to victory of opposition (*Ernesto Zedillo,* Vicente Fox)
- Corporatism cost too much
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Term
Iran
Democracy & Autocracy: Constitutional Revolution, Modernizing Autocracy, Democratic Interregnum, White Revolution, 1979 Revolution |
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Definition
- Constitutional Revolution (almost Iran's Glorious Revolution, but people realize the parliament is weak, lose hope in democracy and start to support a more authoritarian regime)
- Modernizing autocracy (Pahlavi Dynasty):
- secularizing reforms - EDUCATION!
- industrialization (shift of resources to urban sectors)
- direct taxation (for industrialization, connection between regime & population, bigger grasping hand, stronger state)
- Flirtation w/Nazism (this was the undoing of the Pahlavi regime)
- Democratic Interregnum
- oil nationalization (Britain & US don't like this)
- Feudalism ends (land reform)
- Flirtation w/Communism (Tudeh, U.S. military coup)
- Muhammad Reza Shah & The White Revolution
- ISI, oil, and growing middle class
- Land reform (alienates landlords & clergy)
- educational reform (alienates clergy)
- legal reforms (alienates clergy)
- welfare reform (alienates clergy)
- women's suffrage (alienates clergy)
- increased repression (alienates everybody)
- Basically, he alienated his support base but didn't actually gain the middle-class allies he sought
- Economic turmoil prompts strike in late 1977--> leads to next revolution
- The Revolution
- largely urban-based
- coalition between clergy & bazaari (middle class)
- clergy are the best-organized group in society
- concessions mixed w/repression
- U.S. withdraws support (Carter's human rights)
- (Shah flees)
- result: theocratic autocracy and the Iran-Iraq War
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Term
|
Definition
- Oil a greater portion of state revenue (rely on coercion??)
- Economic instability (but no refining ability, so high oil prices hurt them when they have to buy the refined stuff from elsewhere)
- Incentive for regional chaos
- Agitated middle class still exists, yet Iran remains a closed system
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Term
|
Definition
- free vs. fear society (town square test)
- doublethink (preference falsification)
- Dognat y peregnat (pg. 85) - "catch & overcome" - Gerschenkron! Autocratic ruler wants to pool capital resources to industrialize - "catch up" mentality kicking in - basically, the West is an anti-hero
- creation of heroes & antiheroes
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Term
Sharanksy
Major Questions
(Answers to come?) |
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Definition
- How could an oppressive regime cultivate a fear society? What exactly would they do? How could the doublethink be broken?
- Is holding an election sufficient to say that the country is democratic?
- Most Russians evaluate the pre-Gorbachev Soviet system favorably yet would prefer not to bring it back. How would you explain this apparent contradiction?
- What did Stalin do to catch up and overcome? - creation of heroes (Alexei Stachanov) & anti-heroes
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Term
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Definition
| leader of Communist Party after Stalin, presided over an ortodox Marxist-Leninist regime that became more and more politically corrupt and economically stagnant over time |
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Term
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Definition
| Stalin's policy of creating "collective farms" and "state farms" throughout the Soviet countryside, supposedly in order to build socialist agriculture. Led to the deaths of millions of peasants through political violence and famine, and created an enormously inefficient agricultural system. |
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Term
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Definition
| central institutional principle of Leninist political organization. "Democratic" debates among party members are allowed only until the party leadership makes a final decision, at which point all members are obliged to implement the orders of their superiors without question |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper house of the Federal Assembly - appointed by governors and regional legislatures |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic organizing framework of Stalinist economic institutions - bonuses went to those managers & workers who overfulfilled their plan targets to demonstrate their revolutionary zeal |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the Communist Party after Brezhnev. Tried to reverse the stagnation of the Brezhnev era by launching a policy of "revolutionary restructuring" (perestroika) that called for open criticism of the past, greater democracy, and "new thinking" in foreign policy. Resulted in the wholesale disintegration of Leninist political institutions and Stalinist economic organizations, leading to the collapse of the USSR |
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Term
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| Russian labor camps - set up by Lenin and greatly expanded by Stalin, imprisoned millions of people who were suspected of opposing the Communist Party and its policies |
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| leader of the Communist Party directly after Stalin - endeavored to reinvigorate socialism by means of a series of "revolutionary" economic campaigns in agriculture and industry, and also attached Stalin's terror - only produced general administrative chaos, was ousted in a Politburo coup |
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| Russian revolutionary, led the October Revolution and founded the Soviet regime |
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| New Economic Policy (NEP) |
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| economic program adopted by Lenin in the wake of social devastations caused by the Russian civil war - he saw it as a "strategic retreat" from the ultimate goal of building socialism - small scale private trade OK, big industry still state-led, one-party rule strengthened |
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| group of 12 or so bankers & industrialists who took advantage of the rapid privatization of Soviet property to amass huge personal fortunes - Putin cracked down on the oligarchs who openly opposed his regime |
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| temporary gov. of former parliamentarians that ruled Russia after the fall of the tsarist empire in 1917 - ineffective body failed to stablize the country & was overthrown by Lenin's Bolshevik Party |
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| policy of rapid transition to capitalism officially adopted by Yeltsin - supposed to involve the simultaneous liberalization of all prices, privatization of state property, and stabilization of the Russian currency - implemented haphazardly, generating disastrous economic and social results |
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| Stalin's slogan advocating the defense of Marxism-Leninism with the USSR alone, despite the absence of a global worker revolution in response to the Bolshevik Revolution - used to denounce opponents & to justify Stalin's policies of rapid industrialization & collectivization of agriculture |
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| unrivaled leader of Communist Party - rose to power in a bitter and prolonged struggle - implemented a policy of rapid industrialization & mass terror designed to build "socialism" in peasant Russia as quickly as possible |
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| lower house of the Federal Assembly, the Russian Parliament created in the constitution of 1993 - half selected by PR & half in single-member districts - as of 2007, all chosen by PR |
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| first democratically elected president of Russia - organized the movement to declare the Russian Federation an independent country & thus to destroy the USSR - violently disbanded old order, introduced new Russian constitution in 1996 |
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| chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party |
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| paramount leader of the CCP until the position was abolished in 1982 - Mao's position |
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| Chinese Communist Party (CCP) |
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Definition
| founded as part of the international Communist movement - heavily influenced from Moscow from the beginning - fought KMT during civil war - led by Mao Zedong, mobilized peasant nationalism |
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| political upheaval in the PRC - Mao's attempt to regain political influence after the Great Leap Forward - prominent leaders purged, state paralyzed, educational system destroyed, production seriously disrupted - ironically, laid a sloid groundwork for the post-Mao reforms, as the disrupted planned economy proved much more conducive to market reforms than the more rigid former system |
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| paramount leader of the Chinese Communist Part after Mao - purged & brought back twice during the Cultural Revolution - pragmatist, opposed Mao's ultraleft line - directed China towards structural economic reform, inefficient communes abolished, limited market economy introduced, foreign capital was invited, living standards improved - NOT pro-democracy, only economically liberal - was totally OK with crushing democratic movement @ Tienanmen Square |
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| ultra-leftist leaders during the Cultural Revolution - included Mao's 3rd wife, Madam Mao - tried to seize party leadership after Mao's death but were thwarted |
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| top leader of the CCP, abolished and re-instituted until after Deng's death |
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| Mao's greatest economic adventure - Mao was impatient, decided to mobilize human labor through ideological agitation and plunge the whole population into production campaigns - goal was to surpass the West in production, but it brought famine and many deaths |
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| general secretary after Jiang - core of fourth-generation leadership and a quintessential technocrat |
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| Chinese Nationalist Party - led initially by Sun Yat-sen, eventually reorganized like the Soviet model when he saw there was no chance of democracy developing in China's warlord politics - Chiang Kai-shek took over after Sun Yat-sen, and moved the KMT/ROC to Taiwan |
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| retreat of Mao's communist forces from the nationalist army - communists had been purged from the KMT, launched campaigns against them, Communists fled w/the nationalists on their heels, setting up "Soviet regions" along the way |
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| leader of the CCP from 1935-his death in 1976 - espoused an unorthodox strategy of revolution that emphasized the importance of peasants and land reform - brought about CCP victory over the KMT, became China's leader, applying his guerrilla-style tactics to economic development with the Great Leap Forward (famine & economic destruction) and the Cultural Revolution (great political upheaval) |
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| People's Republic of China (PRC) |
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| socialist country founded in 1949 and ruled by the CCP - totalitarian regime under Mao and Hua Guofeng, but gradually shifted to authoritarian under Deng Xiaoping-Jiang Zemin-Hu Jintao. |
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| organ of the CCP where the real power resides - Soviet model in power structure - headed by the general secretary and is composed of the highest-ranking officials from the party and government - has a standing committee to assume power when the Politburo is not in session |
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| not-ethnically-Han dynasty, showing signs of breaking down when Westerners arrived but able to survive military defeats, unequal treaties, domestic rebellions, and a bankrupting economy until it was undone by a revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen |
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| country founded by Sun Yat-sen - suffered from warlord politics and did not reach political unification until after Chiang Kai-shek took over - retreated to Taiwan after the Chinese civil war - was authoritarian, now democratized |
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| central government of the PRC - headed by the premier, who is usually the second most powerful in the PRC |
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| Three Principles of the People |
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| Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy of nationalism, democracy, and people's livelihood - livelihood emphasizing the combination of private entrepreneurship and active state involvement in economic development - by nature a liberal program for reconstructing China |
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| massive student pro-democracy movement of June 1989 and its brutal suppression - Deng's rapid economic growth was coupled with curruption and rising expectations for greater political liberties - economic fluctuations fueled public dissatisfaction and students became inspired by Western (US) democracy - students took to the streets demanding fundamental political reforms, protracted month-long stalemate between students and authorities, martial law finally declared & troops moved in - great casualties running in the thousands |
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| town councils established during the colonial period that served as the basis for the independence movement |
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| political bosses who control local government, relatively autonomous with the fed. gov. - co-opting these indiv.s has been a main concern in the centralization of poli. authority in Mexico |
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| second non-PRI president elected since the '20s - member of the PAN (National Action Party) and committed to a pro-business, market-oriented economic platform |
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| president of Mexico from 1934-1940, responsible for institutionalizing the corporatist form of gov. and bringing labor, agricultural workers, and industry under the control of the state |
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| political strongmen in the 1800's who frequently controlled their own armies and dominated local politics. Their presence made centralizing political authority difficult to establish during the nineteenth century and led to decades of political instability |
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| loose-knit political party during the 1800's that represented the interests of the agricultural sector while being opposed to industrialization and democratic reforms |
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| constitution of the Mexican Revolution that promoted radical agrarian reform and workers' rights - would become the legal basis for Cardens to redistribute land and nationalize Mexico's oil industry |
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| individuals of pure-blooded Spanish heritage born in Mexio - the elite tended to come from this racial class |
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| Democratic Revolutionary Part (PRD) |
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| a leftist political party formed after the 1988 political election by defectors from the PRI to offer an electoral alternative to the dominant party |
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| faction of the ruling PRI party in the last 2 decades of the 20th century - wanted to maintain corporatist forms of economic and political organization |
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| communal farms that originated in pre-Columbian indigenous societies, promoted in the 1917 constitution - cardens established a number of them in the late '30s to distribute land among indigenous populations and poor farmers, mostly in southern Mexico |
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| elected president in 2000 from the PAN (National Action Party), first candidate from an opposition party to win a presidential election since the Mexican Revolution |
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| import-substituting industrialization (ISI) |
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| dominant economic policy of Mexico throughout much of the 20th century - designed to industrialize the nation, high import tariffs are imposed to stimulate domestic production of consumer goods |
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| Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) |
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| dominant ruling party of Mexico since the '20s - originally center-left, drifted towards center-right since the '80s |
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| period in Mexican political history, liberal political forces dominated over conservative rivals, began implementing econ. and poli. reforms designed to bring Mexico closer to the policies and gov.s of the US and Europe - represented the first time since the end of colonialism that a consistent governmental plan appeared, even though this era was beset by civil war and a foreign occupation |
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| loose-knit political party during the 1800's that represented urban interests and promoted increased trade ties with N. Europe and the US |
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| Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna |
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| most important caudillo in Mexico during the 1800s, intermittently served as President |
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| 1940s-1980s, rapid industrialization promoted high levels of economic growth and improved living standards - gave rise to a new middle class with rising expectations that were restricted by the government's inability to satisfy these demands during the last 2 decades of the 20th century |
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| 1910-1920, major civil war among various factions led to a set of radical social programs, namely labor rights and land reform, being included in the constitution on 1917 and eventually implemented under Caderos during the 30s |
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| National Action Party (PAN) |
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| center-right party established in the mid-1900s as a challenge to PRI dominance, won some critical local elections during the 80s and 90s that pushed Mexico toward greater poli. liberalization |
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| a policy that emphasizes free trade, privatization f industry, and a reduction in government intervention in the economy - pursued by Presidents Salinas and Zedillo |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) |
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| an international treaty that lowered trade barriers among Mexio, US and Canada - centerpiece of Pres. Salinas's neoliberal economic strategy, implemented on the same day the Zapistas initiated its guerrilla insurgency |
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| "bread or club" wherin pan=bread=polital patronage to buy support, palo=club=use of coercion |
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| 1876-1910, caudillo and dictatorial president Porfiro Diaz ruled - first time since colonial days that Mexico was united under central rule for a significant period - strong econ. growth that gave rise to new social classes and eventually the Mexican Revolution |
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| faction within the ruling PRI that rose to prominence in the late 1980's by promoting neoliberal reforms, typically trained in US and Eu. universities, in conflict with the dinosaurious |
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| site of a massacre in 1968, protesters killed by state police, signaled that the long-standing legitimacy of the PRI's corporatist rule was wearing thin, especially among students and the middle class |
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| symbol of Mexico's unique identity that blends European Catholicism with indigenous images - has been used as a rallying point for Mexican nationalism |
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| Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) |
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| guerrilla army that appeared with the implementation of NAFTA - like their revolutionary namesake, Zapata, they demand land reform, economic justice, and freer political representation for the poor indigenous communities |
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| the central decision-making body in a communist party structure |
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| attack by the revolutionary forces on intellectuals in order to purge them of liberal and leftist elements and to force conformity with revolutionary values |
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| radical students took over U.S. embassy in Tehran, demanding the handover of the Shah to Iran and recognition of Iran's grievances against the U.S. for its role in the 1953 coup and support of the Shah |
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| import-substitution industrialization (ISI) |
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| strategy for industrialization that became popular in the developing world after WWII, advocates beginning industrialization by producing finished goos and then expanding the scope of the process by moving to intermediary and primary industrial goods and using protectionism to favor the young industries - has been associated with several economic and political problems |
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| political doctrine coming from a puritanical understanding of Islam, guiding ideology of the religious faction of the revolution |
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| Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini |
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| chief architect and leader of the revolution of 1979, who ruled Iran as supreme leader following |
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| nationalized Iran's oil industry, led the drive for limiting foreign influence in Iran and for institution democracy in the country |
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| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, wanted to strengthen position of oil producers in the international market, pushed for higher oil prices |
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| state that earns an overwhelming proportion of its income from sources outside of its domestic economic activity - become autonomous from the society and rely on distributive mechanisms to assert authority - erodes their legitimacy over time |
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- What does Dognat y Peregnot mean?
- Russia - Yeltsin vs. Putin
- Moore: compare Iran/Mexico to Russia (?)
- Why did the Qing dynasty collapse?
- China - Deng Xiaopeng's reforms
- Who were the dinosaurious & tecnicos?
- Be able to explain the Gerschenkronian/Chirot framework! - external pressures that drive domestic politics!
- Underlying economic problems w/perestroika & glasnost
- Why did the USSR collapse but not the PRC?
- Revolutions: "found" or "made?"
- oil rentier states
- ISI
- Latifundia system (?)
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