Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is heterocercal tail correlated with and what is the function? |
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Definition
| lack of swim bladder, and provides lift, stops sinking. |
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Term
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Definition
hierarchical binomial
thought species were recently created & immutable |
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Term
| Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802) |
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Definition
original idea all animals arose from single
no mechanism for evolution |
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Term
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Definition
species change through time
also ideas of acquired characteristics and use and disuse |
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Term
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Definition
Father of paleontology
extinction
showed parts of organism coupled tightly to function as a whole |
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Term
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Definition
galapagos, studied artificial vs natural selection, blah blah blah
"Descent with modification" |
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Term
| Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) |
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Definition
| "Survival of the fittest" |
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Term
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Definition
| comparative anatomist that found fundamental similarities between human and ape brains. |
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Term
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Definition
coined "dinosauria"
promoted idea of archetypes |
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Term
| 3 requirements of natural selection |
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Definition
1. species produce more offspring than can survive
2. offspring vary, some variation in heritable
3. heritable variations that best suit organism, favored, passed on, leading to changes |
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Term
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Definition
| change in allele frequencies between gene pools of parental and offspring generations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| first multicellular organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| first multicellular animals |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals |
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Term
| What is the largest group of bilateral coelomate deuterostomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid filled internal body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm |
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Term
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Definition
pattern of development including:
-radial cleavage
-coelom from outpouching of gut
-anus from blastopore
-skeleton from mesoderm |
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Term
| Chordate characteristics (BIG 5) |
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Definition
1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal gill slits
4. endostyle or thyroid gland
5. postanal tail |
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Term
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Definition
| glandular groove in floor of pharynx |
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Term
| Characteristics of protochordate lifestyle |
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Definition
Marine
Feed by cilia and mucus
Often pelagic plankton as larvae
Adults usually benthic |
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Term
| Examples of nonchordate deuterostomes |
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Definition
| echinoderms: sea stars. crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc. |
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Term
| Examples of hemichordates: |
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Definition
| acron worms, enertopneusts |
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Term
| Characteristics of echinoderms |
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Definition
pentaradial symmetry
Endoskeleton of CaCO2
Water vascular system
no head, no brain
all marine |
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Term
| Characteristics of hemichordates |
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Definition
prechordate marine
mostly burrowing
pharyngeal gill slits
no brain, nerve network in epidermis
collar cord, possibly homologous with dorsal hollow nerve cord
no post anal tail
no notochord |
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Term
| Cephalochordata characteristics |
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Definition
(amphioxus)
body plan dorsoventrally inverted
all chordate characteristics
lacks bones or brain
filter feeders |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three criteria of similarity? |
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Definition
Ancestry
Function
Appearance |
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Term
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Definition
| Features that share a common ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| Features with a similar function |
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Term
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Definition
Features with a strong resemblance due to convergent evolution
look alike
often also analogous |
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Term
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Definition
| named group of organisms at any level |
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Term
| Primitive/plesiomorphic trait |
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Definition
| earlier or ancestral state |
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Term
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Definition
| later or descendant trait |
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Term
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Definition
| group that corresponds to a natural unit of evolution |
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Term
| Sister group (is an outgroup) |
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Definition
| Outgroup taxon most closely related to group under study (ingroup) but not part of ingroup |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms sharing certain characteristics that is not necessarily a natural evolutionary unit |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| does not include all descendants |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest clade including all living members and nested fossil or recently extinct species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crown and stem groups together |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of how organisms decay and fossils form |
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Term
| End Permian mass extinction |
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Definition
252 mya
wiped out 95% of marine invertebrates
52% species overall |
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Term
| End Cretaceous mass extinction |
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Definition
66mya
wiped out all large species |
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Term
| What are the "fish essentials" that amphioxus is missing? |
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Definition
paired fins/limbs
no vertebrae, ribs, skull, jaw
no notochord
no brain
no fish like muscle blocks |
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Term
| Function of velum (in amphioxus) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| forward extension of the gut |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds and protects the pharynx |
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Term
| Function of ileocolon (in amphioxus) |
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Definition
| moves food along by cilia |
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Term
| Explain respiration in amphioxus |
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Definition
**gills are for feeding, not breathing
no organized respiratory system
single layered skin, diffusion of gas through skin and pharyngeal wall |
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Term
| Function of endostyle (in tunicates) |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of endostyle in early chordates |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of vertebral column |
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Definition
provides support and mobility
defines major body axis
composed of many vertebrae
replaces notochord |
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Term
|
Definition
protects brain and sense organs
allows for centralization of sensory apparatus
situated frontally where moving body first interacts with environment
cartilage or bone |
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Term
| Distinctive vertebrate charaters |
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Definition
cephalization
paired sense organs
tripartite brain
cranial nerves
neural crest cells
neurogenic placodes |
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Term
| Overall vertebrate bauplan (body plan) |
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Definition
surface lined by epithelium
three types of muscle
hemoglobin binds O2 in blood
closed circulatory system
myelin-sheathed |
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Term
| somatic division of post cranial vertebrates |
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Definition
skeleton, muscles, nerves in body wall
muscles attached to bone by tendons
double layer integument |
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Term
| visceral division of post cranial vertebrates |
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Definition
muscles, nerves in guts and heart
paired kidneys with renal tubes
coelom divided into 2+ cavities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
jawed vertebrate
(basically everything cartilaginous, ray-finned, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals [except hagfish and lamprey]) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the intervertebral disk? |
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Definition
| spongy gel like between centra |
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Term
| what is the dorsal neural arch? |
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Definition
| encloses spinal cord, has neural spine |
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Term
| what is the ventral hemal arch? |
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Definition
| encloses blood vessels and has hemal spine |
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Term
| characteristics of the primitive cranial anatomy |
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Definition
olfactory capsule
otic capsule
braincase
lingual apparatus or jaws |
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Term
| what 2 groups do chordates divide into? |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of 2 living agnatha |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
important index fossils (abundant through cambrian through triassic)
vertebrate |
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Term
| major fish groups within sarcopts |
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Definition
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Crossopyerygians |
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Term
| Cladistically, Sarcopts includes all _______ and _______ |
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Definition
| lobe finned fish and tetrapods |
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Term
| Sarcoptergyian FISH features |
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Definition
o Lobate pectoral and pelvic fins with associated muscles and limb like pattern of bones
o True enamel on teeth
o Squamosal bones in cheek region
o Splenial (infradentary) series in lower jaw
o Intracranial joint |
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Term
| Which historical figure first proposed the ideas of evolution by acquired characteristics and use and disuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which was the earliest event in the history of life? |
|
Definition
| Arisal of first prokaryotes |
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Term
| Which is characteristic of the deuterostome pattern of development? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Which is not a chordate characteristic?
terminal anus
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
dorsal hollow nerve cord |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not a reason that no birds are truly fossorial? |
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Definition
| They lack claws, so they cannot dig |
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Term
| What is the term that refers to features with a strong resemblance due to convergent evolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which plan divides a bilateral animal into dorsal and ventral halves? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of animal is most likely to be found as a fossil? |
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Definition
| an aquatic species with a hard shell |
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Term
| If you find a fossil and, from the strata it was in you assume it is roughly 2 million years old, which type of radiometric dating should you choose? |
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Definition
| Potassium-40, with a half-life of 1.3 million years |
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Term
| What is not one of the geological ages during which vertebrates existed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not a lifestyle of any known protochordates? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Stylophora different from echinoderms? |
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Definition
bilateral symmetry
lacked water vascular system
had pharynx with pharyngeal slits |
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Term
| What is a characteristic of Enteropneustra that is most likely homologous with those of chordates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Larger animals are more affected by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Smaller animals are more affected by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| in larger animals, how does cilia work best? |
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Definition
| in small segments, in conjunction with muscles (i.e. tracheal surface) |
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Term
| Larger animals make ________ & ________ sounds |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Largest animal in any lineage are very _______, _______ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Big animals have relatively _____ surface area/unit volume than small animals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Volume ____ much faster than surface area |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| increase surface area so digestive juices can work on many parts of the food at once |
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Term
| explain relative vs. absolute need |
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Definition
| large animals eat more/day than small ones, BUT small animals eat relatively more because they have higher metabolic rates. --> eat high % body weight |
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Term
| bones of large animals must me relatively more _______ |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
the change in shape correlate with the change in size
i.e. human babies have very large heads, but short arms and legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| growing feature grows faster than reference part |
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Term
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Definition
| growing feature grows slower than reference part (baby heads) |
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Term
| what is a transformation grid? |
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Definition
express overall shape changes
compares reference structure to derived structure |
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|
Term
| what is geometric growth? |
|
Definition
| length multiplied by constant during each time interval |
|
|
Term
| what is arithmetic growth? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
|
Term
| force and speed are ________ related |
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Definition
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|
Term
| long lever arms favor ______ |
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Definition
| speed; sweep through greater distance |
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Term
| short lever arms favor ______ |
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Definition
| force; shorter distance movement |
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Term
| contribution of medial gluteus |
|
Definition
| high velocity ratio, favors "high gear" |
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Term
| contribution of semimemnranosus |
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Definition
| favors force for acceleration "low gear" |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of drag? |
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Definition
friction drag (skin friction)
pressure drag |
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Term
|
Definition
friction and pressure drag together
-profilr object presents to moving fluid
-change in profile changes drag |
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Term
| weight of air in atmosphere produces ______ near surface |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do fish gain and lose buoyancy in water? |
|
Definition
swim bladders.
if animal is less dense than water, it will rise & vice versa |
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