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Comp Anat
ZOL 328 Exam 1
118
Biology
Undergraduate 4
02/09/2016

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Term
heterocercal
Definition
upper lobe lengthened
Term
what is heterocercal tail correlated with and what is the function?
Definition
lack of swim bladder, and provides lift, stops sinking.
Term
Linnaeus (1707-1778)
Definition
hierarchical binomial
thought species were recently created & immutable
Term
Erasmus Darwin (1731-1802)
Definition
original idea all animals arose from single
no mechanism for evolution
Term
Lamarck (1744-1829)
Definition
species change through time

also ideas of acquired characteristics and use and disuse
Term
Cuvier (1769-1832)
Definition
Father of paleontology
extinction
showed parts of organism coupled tightly to function as a whole
Term
Darwin (1809-1882)
Definition
galapagos, studied artificial vs natural selection, blah blah blah
"Descent with modification"
Term
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913)
Definition
"Survival of the fittest"
Term
Huxley
Definition
comparative anatomist that found fundamental similarities between human and ape brains.
Term
Richard Owen (1804-1892)
Definition
coined "dinosauria"
promoted idea of archetypes
Term
3 requirements of natural selection
Definition
1. species produce more offspring than can survive
2. offspring vary, some variation in heritable
3. heritable variations that best suit organism, favored, passed on, leading to changes
Term
Definition of evolution
Definition
change in allele frequencies between gene pools of parental and offspring generations
Term
3.5 bya
Definition
first prokaryotes
Term
2.3 bya
Definition
oxygen revolution
Term
2 bya
Definition
first eukaryotes
Term
1 mya
Definition
first multicellular organisms
Term
800 mya
Definition
first multicellular animals
Term
Subphyla of chordates
Definition
Cephalochordata
Urochordata
Vertebrates
Term
Cephalochordata incules
Definition
lancelets and amphioxous
Term
Urochordates includes
Definition
tunicates and salps
Term
Vertebrates includes
Definition
fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals
Term
What is the largest group of bilateral coelomate deuterostomes?
Definition
chordates
Term
bilateria
Definition
bilaterally symmetrical
Term
coelom
Definition
fluid filled internal body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
Term
deuterostome
Definition
pattern of development including:
-radial cleavage
-coelom from outpouching of gut
-anus from blastopore
-skeleton from mesoderm
Term
Chordate characteristics (BIG 5)
Definition
1. notochord
2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
3. pharyngeal gill slits
4. endostyle or thyroid gland
5. postanal tail
Term
Define endostyle
Definition
glandular groove in floor of pharynx
Term
Characteristics of protochordate lifestyle
Definition
Marine
Feed by cilia and mucus
Often pelagic plankton as larvae
Adults usually benthic
Term
Examples of nonchordate deuterostomes
Definition
echinoderms: sea stars. crinoids, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.
Term
Examples of hemichordates:
Definition
acron worms, enertopneusts
Term
Characteristics of echinoderms
Definition
pentaradial symmetry
Endoskeleton of CaCO2
Water vascular system
no head, no brain
all marine
Term
Characteristics of hemichordates
Definition
prechordate marine
mostly burrowing
pharyngeal gill slits
no brain, nerve network in epidermis
collar cord, possibly homologous with dorsal hollow nerve cord
no post anal tail
no notochord
Term
Cephalochordata characteristics
Definition
(amphioxus)
body plan dorsoventrally inverted
all chordate characteristics
lacks bones or brain
filter feeders
Term
define fossorial
Definition
burrowing
Term
what are the three criteria of similarity?
Definition
Ancestry
Function
Appearance
Term
Homology
Definition
Features that share a common ancestry
Term
Analogy
Definition
Features with a similar function
Term
Homoplasy
Definition
Features with a strong resemblance due to convergent evolution

look alike
often also analogous
Term
Taxon
Definition
named group of organisms at any level
Term
Primitive/plesiomorphic trait
Definition
earlier or ancestral state
Term
Derived/apomorphic trait
Definition
later or descendant trait
Term
Natural taxon
Definition
group that corresponds to a natural unit of evolution
Term
Sister group (is an outgroup)
Definition
Outgroup taxon most closely related to group under study (ingroup) but not part of ingroup
Term
Grade
Definition
group of organisms sharing certain characteristics that is not necessarily a natural evolutionary unit
Term
Clade
Definition
an evolutionary lineage
Term
Paraphyletic group
Definition
does not include all descendants
Term
Crown group
Definition
smallest clade including all living members and nested fossil or recently extinct species
Term
stem group
Definition
extinct outgroup taxa
Term
total (or pan) group
Definition
crown and stem groups together
Term
Taphonomy
Definition
the study of how organisms decay and fossils form
Term
End Permian mass extinction
Definition
252 mya
wiped out 95% of marine invertebrates
52% species overall
Term
End Cretaceous mass extinction
Definition
66mya
wiped out all large species
Term
What are the "fish essentials" that amphioxus is missing?
Definition
paired fins/limbs
no vertebrae, ribs, skull, jaw
no notochord
no brain
no fish like muscle blocks
Term
Function of velum (in amphioxus)
Definition
sifts and sorts food
Term
Cecum (in amphioxus)
Definition
forward extension of the gut
Term
Atrium (in amphioxus)
Definition
surrounds and protects the pharynx
Term
Function of ileocolon (in amphioxus)
Definition
moves food along by cilia
Term
Explain respiration in amphioxus
Definition
**gills are for feeding, not breathing
no organized respiratory system
single layered skin, diffusion of gas through skin and pharyngeal wall
Term
Function of endostyle (in tunicates)
Definition
secretes mucus
Term
Function of endostyle in early chordates
Definition
for feeeding
Term
Functions of vertebral column
Definition
provides support and mobility
defines major body axis
composed of many vertebrae
replaces notochord
Term
Functions of the cranium
Definition
protects brain and sense organs
allows for centralization of sensory apparatus
situated frontally where moving body first interacts with environment
cartilage or bone
Term
Distinctive vertebrate charaters
Definition
cephalization
paired sense organs
tripartite brain
cranial nerves
neural crest cells
neurogenic placodes
Term
Overall vertebrate bauplan (body plan)
Definition
surface lined by epithelium
three types of muscle
hemoglobin binds O2 in blood
closed circulatory system
myelin-sheathed
Term
somatic division of post cranial vertebrates
Definition
skeleton, muscles, nerves in body wall
muscles attached to bone by tendons
double layer integument
Term
visceral division of post cranial vertebrates
Definition
muscles, nerves in guts and heart
paired kidneys with renal tubes
coelom divided into 2+ cavities
Term
what is an agnathan?
Definition
jawless vertebrate
Term
what is a gnathostome?
Definition
jawed vertebrate
(basically everything cartilaginous, ray-finned, lobe-finned fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals [except hagfish and lamprey])
Term
What is the centrum?
Definition
encloses notochord
Term
what is the intervertebral disk?
Definition
spongy gel like between centra
Term
what is the dorsal neural arch?
Definition
encloses spinal cord, has neural spine
Term
what is the ventral hemal arch?
Definition
encloses blood vessels and has hemal spine
Term
characteristics of the primitive cranial anatomy
Definition
olfactory capsule
otic capsule
braincase
lingual apparatus or jaws
Term
what 2 groups do chordates divide into?
Definition
agnatha and gnathostomes
Term
Examples of 2 living agnatha
Definition
hagfish and lampreys
Term
what are conodonts?
Definition
important index fossils (abundant through cambrian through triassic)
vertebrate
Term
major fish groups within sarcopts
Definition
Dipnoi (lungfish)
Crossopyerygians
Term
Cladistically, Sarcopts includes all _______ and _______
Definition
lobe finned fish and tetrapods
Term
Sarcoptergyian FISH features
Definition
o Lobate pectoral and pelvic fins with associated muscles and limb like pattern of bones
o True enamel on teeth
o Squamosal bones in cheek region
o Splenial (infradentary) series in lower jaw
o Intracranial joint
Term
Which historical figure first proposed the ideas of evolution by acquired characteristics and use and disuse?
Definition
Lamarck
Term
Which was the earliest event in the history of life?
Definition
Arisal of first prokaryotes
Term
Which is characteristic of the deuterostome pattern of development?
Definition
Radial cleavage
Term
Which is not a chordate characteristic?
terminal anus
endostyle/thyroid
pharyngeal slits
dorsal hollow nerve cord
Definition
terminal anus
Term
What is not a reason that no birds are truly fossorial?
Definition
They lack claws, so they cannot dig
Term
What is the term that refers to features with a strong resemblance due to convergent evolution?
Definition
Homoplasy
Term
Which plan divides a bilateral animal into dorsal and ventral halves?
Definition
frontal
Term
Which type of animal is most likely to be found as a fossil?
Definition
an aquatic species with a hard shell
Term
If you find a fossil and, from the strata it was in you assume it is roughly 2 million years old, which type of radiometric dating should you choose?
Definition
Potassium-40, with a half-life of 1.3 million years
Term
What is not one of the geological ages during which vertebrates existed?
Definition
Proterozoic
Term
What is not a lifestyle of any known protochordates?
Definition
active predator
Term
How is Stylophora different from echinoderms?
Definition
bilateral symmetry
lacked water vascular system
had pharynx with pharyngeal slits
Term
What is a characteristic of Enteropneustra that is most likely homologous with those of chordates?
Definition
gill slits
Term
Larger animals are more affected by ________
Definition
gravity
Term
Smaller animals are more affected by ________
Definition
surface forces
Term
in larger animals, how does cilia work best?
Definition
in small segments, in conjunction with muscles (i.e. tracheal surface)
Term
Larger animals make ________ & ________ sounds
Definition
louder, lower
Term
Largest animal in any lineage are very _______, _______
Definition
loud, low pitched
Term
Big animals have relatively _____ surface area/unit volume than small animals
Definition
less
Term
Volume ____ much faster than surface area
Definition
increases
Term
Why do we chew food?
Definition
increase surface area so digestive juices can work on many parts of the food at once
Term
explain relative vs. absolute need
Definition
large animals eat more/day than small ones, BUT small animals eat relatively more because they have higher metabolic rates. --> eat high % body weight
Term
bones of large animals must me relatively more _______
Definition
robust
Term
what is allometry?
Definition
the change in shape correlate with the change in size
i.e. human babies have very large heads, but short arms and legs.
Term
Positive allometry
Definition
growing feature grows faster than reference part
Term
Negative allometry
Definition
growing feature grows slower than reference part (baby heads)
Term
what is a transformation grid?
Definition
express overall shape changes
compares reference structure to derived structure
Term
what is geometric growth?
Definition
length multiplied by constant during each time interval
Term
what is arithmetic growth?
Definition
constant added to length
Term
what is a fulcrum?
Definition
pivot point
Term
force and speed are ________ related
Definition
inversely
Term
long lever arms favor ______
Definition
speed; sweep through greater distance
Term
short lever arms favor ______
Definition
force; shorter distance movement
Term
contribution of medial gluteus
Definition
high velocity ratio, favors "high gear"
Term
contribution of semimemnranosus
Definition
favors force for acceleration "low gear"
Term
what are the 2 types of drag?
Definition
friction drag (skin friction)
pressure drag
Term
what is profile drag?
Definition
friction and pressure drag together
-profilr object presents to moving fluid
-change in profile changes drag
Term
weight of air in atmosphere produces ______ near surface
Definition
pressure
Term
how do fish gain and lose buoyancy in water?
Definition
swim bladders.
if animal is less dense than water, it will rise & vice versa
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