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Community sm1le
Ch 16, 18
43
Other
Undergraduate 4
09/30/2016

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Cards

Term
What is epidemiology used for?
Definition
describe the health status of population
to identify multiple factors associated with disease and conditions.
to control the distribution of disease and conditions within the population.
Term
What are the uses of epidemiology?
Definition
to study, assess, and identify
Term

Usual presence of disease in a particular geographic region.

Ex. Malaria continues to be a constant concern in parts of Africa

Definition
endemic
Term

Occurence of an illness or condition in excess of normal expectance in a community or region, usually occurring suddenly and spreading rapidly.

Ex. Nine (9) cases of measles occured in Tarrant County, Tx, in August 2013 compared to the normal rate of 0 to 2 each year.

Definition
epidemic
Term

Epidemic in which the disease may cross international borders to affect several countries or continents. 

Ex. over 20 million people worldwide died from influenza in 1918-1919.

Definition
Pandemic
Term
Determinants
Definition

Factors of events capable of bringing about change in health: various factors that make up a multifactorial approach to a disease or health condition

Ex. Social and economic environment, physical environment, and a person's individual characteristics and behaviors

Term
Host
Definition

Organism housing the diease; the "who" factor of a disease or condition.

Ex. Humans or animals

Term
Agent
Definition

Microbial agent that causes the diseae or mechanical cause of the condition; the "what" factor

Ex. Type of bacteria, parasite, virus, fungus, or protoza etc.

Term
Morbidity
Definition

Extend of disease, injury, or disability in a defined population

Ex. In the U.S. 30,000 people are dx w/ oral or pharyngeal cancer each year

Term
Mortality
Definition

Death rate resulting from a specific disease or condition.

Ex. In India, 130,000 people died from oral cancer every year: this is est. to be 14 deaths every hour. 

Term
Eradication
Definition

Elimination of an infectous disease agent through survellance and containment; contrasted to control, which is to keep the disease at a minimum level so that it no longer poses a health problem. 

Ex. The elimination of polio in the US through vaccination.

Term
Validity
Definition

Accuracy of a measurement; measurement results are true or accurate

Explanation: the accuracy of a DMF to indicate caries experience in children. 

Term
Reliability
Definition

The ability to reproducibility of a measurement over time.

Ex. the consistency of an examiner to get the same results when repeating the DMF on the same child

Term
Sensitivity
Definition

The ability to identify all screened individuals who actually have the disease, influences validity

Ex. The ability of the DMF to identify caries when it is present

Term
Specificity
Definition

The ability to identify only non-diseased individuals who actually do not have the diease; influences validity

Ex. The ability of the DMF to identify the abscence of caries when the tooth has no carious lesion.

Term
Predictive value
Definition

Ability of a test to accurately measure of disease or condition. 

Ex. the ability of the DMF to measure caries with accuracy without the use of other diagnostic tools. 

Term
Inter-rater
Definition

Agreement among two or more examiner as they apply a test or index

Ex. two examiners agree when they measure DMF on the same individuals in a study

Term
Intra-rater reliability
Definition

consistency of a single examiner in the application of a test or instrument multiple times

Ex. One examiners is consistent when measuring DMF at several examinations on the same individuals

Term
Calibration
Definition

Standardization of examiners as they apply epidemiology-measurements.

Ex. Training and standardizations of the examiners on the use of the DMF to measure caries.

Term
Basic screening
Definition
rapid assessment accomplished in a short time by visual detection. Tools are tongue bade, dental mirror (easy to implemtn in the community)
Term
Epidemiologic examination
Definition
provides thorough visual-tactile assessment using dental instruments and a light source
Term
What are the two epidemiologic surveys?
Definition
Basic screening and epidemiologic examination
Term
Environmental
Definition
refers to the physical, social, sociocultural, sociopolitical, and economic circumstances that are required for the diease to thrive, survive, and spread (i.e., nutrition, sugar, intake, and smoking)
Term
Incidence
Definition
refers to the development of new cases of a disease or condition over a given period of time, or its progress over time
Term
Expressing measurement in epidemiology: What is count?
Definition
number of cases of the diease or condition in a population
Term

Expressing measurement in epidemiology

What is proportion?

Definition
provides more information about the extent of the disease in a population; prevalence is expressed as a proportion
Term

Expressing measurement in epidemiology

What is ratio?

Definition
Expresses the magnitude of one occurrence in relation to another
Term
What is a surveillance system?
Definition

the observation of the disease process in populations

Two type: Passive- data collected voluntarily

Active- data collected out in the field to identify cases of disease. 

Term
Trends
Definition

Long-term changes or movements in disease patterns and health-related conditions identified by examining surveillance data.

Ex. increase or diease of dental caries or dental visits.

Term
Pilot study
Definition
is a small version of a proposed study, and is carried out on a small, sometimes intentionally chosen sample
Term
Research design
Definition
a way of working out unforeseen errors in the overall plan for conducting a study, by doing a trial run
Term
Descriptive research
Definition
the attempt to identify and describe what the topic being research is
Term
Analytic research
Definition
attempts to establish why it is that way and how it came to be that way
Term
Analytical research
Definition
may test a hypothesis about the relationship of an exposure to a disease
Term
Survey
Definition
to gather broad information about status quo, usually involves large sample size
Term
Case study
Definition
to conduct in-depth report on a single person, group, event, or situation
Term
Cross-sectional
Definition
to study cross section of population in limited period of time
Term
Cohort or Longitudial
Definition
to study same population over extended period of time
Term
Trend Study
Definition
combines descriptive and historical research to establish patterns from the past and present in order to predict future occurrences.
Term
document or content analysis
Definition
to analyse documents themselves
Term
Retrospective
Definition
to investigate existing differences to determine possible causes.
Term
Quasi experimental
Definition
approximates true experimental approach but lacks control of true experimentation
Term
Experimental
Definition
to investigate cause-and-effect relationships. Involves manipulation of variables.
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