Term
| 3 Goals of Community Organization |
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Definition
3 SPS
Solve Problem: Solve social problems (e.g. Poverty, Discrimination, Unemployment)
Prevention: Prevent problems from happening again better than intervention. Intervention is more expensive (e.g. prenatal care (less expensive to care for a mother than a sick child), Juvenile delinquency programs)
- Prevention is better than intervention but society is reluctant it is difficult to show you have "saved this kid in school" there is no cause and effect relationship with prevention)
Strengthen: Beyond prevention we want to strengthen individuals and communities; help people become self actualized. (e.g. parks and libraries
- We mostly solve problems (crisis work), some prevention, and little to strengthen. We need to do more with prevention and strengthening. |
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Term
| What Must Be Done To Achieve 3 Goals of Community Organization |
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Definition
Production and Mobilization of Life Sustaining Goods and Services: We can not reach goals unless we increase piece of pie (more money larger production to produce services). Richness is based on assets (America is in debt but has a lot of resources). We need to be better producers. We need to not only be able to produce wealth we need to mobilize what we have.
Reform Social Institutions: Institutions are set up to support citizens (e.g. educational institutions=provide education; legal institutions=take care of laws, crime, and justice. Institutions have become less responsive to meeting the needs of the people; more involved in power and have become oppressive (e.g. health care, IRS. We need to work with institutions for support.
Relationships: 80-90% of problems happen because of faulty relationships or lack of relationships between individuals. We are suing each other instead of building relationships. 80-90% of community problems would go away with stronger relationships |
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Term
| 6 Operational Values of Community Organization |
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Definition
6 RSDCCO
Respect: View each individual as a person of worth, unique, and capable. Have respect for each individual.
Self Determination: People have the right to self determination and agency. We give them resources and most likely they will make a "good choice." (E.G. 15 year old wanting to get an abortion. Given resources and education and made a "better" decision.
Democracy:Democracy empowers people. Individuals need to participate in the community. Usually decisions are made behind doors and they need to be a democratic process...get people involved.
Community Life: Through community life we enjoy social, political, economic, and spiritual blessings. (E.G. If everyone had to make their own pen it would be really expensive. Through community life you can get a pen for 25 cents.) Living in a group makes a difference.
Change: Social workers have a responsibility to bring about change we are social change agents. It is a moral and ethical obligation.
Optimism and Persistence: Need to be optimistic and keep working and persistent to bring desired change. It is difficult to change institutions and people. |
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Term
| Community can be defined as a place and non place community |
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Definition
Place community: Suggests that there is a geographic politically determined boundary. (E.G. Provo or Orem)
Non Place Community: Does not have a political boundary but communities are made up of people who share the same values, practices, orientations, etc. (E.G. business community, academic community, BYU community)
Kinship: sometimes kinship is considered a community. (E.G. American Indian community often made up of tribes of blood relation) |
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Term
| 5 Characteristics of well functioning Communities |
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Definition
PSSPS
Production Distribution and Consumption: Community must produce what it is supposed to produce effectively and efficiently (E.G. mining town became a ghost town because they were not able to produce what they were supposed to and became dysfunctional). Military=safety; Religious=spirituality; Academic=Knowledge; Faculty=Research. Also need to be able to distribute. Only reason people are starving is because we lack a good distribution scheme. US better than China because China has a larger gap between the poor and rich.
Socialization: Need communications between community members (e.g. creating knowledge base in the academic community, become knowledge producers; LDS church does a good job at socializing members)
Social Control: Deviants can create harm in family and the community. Need social control measures to prevent problems from taking over. Not always punishment may be rehabilitation. Want rehabilitation because you need deviants to contribute to society. Social control can be done through Gemeinshaft or Gessellshaft
Participation: More productive and progressive when community members are encouraged to participate with setting goals. This creates a sense of belonging. In dysfunctional communities members may feel marginalized. (E.G. LDS Church)
Support: A well functioning community will have mutual support. If people are only concerned about their progress there is dysfunction.
Knowing these five areas you can pick out the dysfunction, diagnose, and intervene to make the community healthier and better functioning |
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Term
2 Social Control Methods:
Gemeinshaft and Gessellschaft |
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Definition
Gemeinshaft: informla method of social control measure. Based on traditions, values, morals, and customs. Can be used in churces to "get back into the fold"
Gessellschaft: a more formal method to rehabilitate laws, ordinances, statues. (E.G. If you break a speeding law gessellschaft will come in. |
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Term
| 3 Events that Contributed to the development of Community Organization Practice |
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Definition
Industrial Revolution: Double edge sword wealth created people lost jobs went to big cities. Cities became less desirable..poverty, crime, disease: victims of industrial revolution
Agricultural Revolution: similar impact as industrial revolution. Victims minorities, under-educated, unskilled.
Mass Immigration: They too go to big cities. Now a triple whammy of problems (industrial, agricultural, and mass immigration). Big cities are a mess: dirty water, bad conditions, times were tough and dangerous. No protection for the workers |
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Term
| 5 Chronological Periods of Community Organization |
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Definition
Charity Period
Federation Period
Professional Development
Postwar Golden Age
Today International Social work |
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Term
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Definition
Form: In the beginning there is confusion and issues are articulated
Storm: Organize and identify and try to come up with some sens of order (acceptable consensus)
Norm: Everyone comes to an agreement, understanding, and acceptance of the condition then a norm is developed
Perform: Do the work. Everyone is brought into the system, everyone agrees, everyone contributes |
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Term
| Community Organization Practices |
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Definition
Locality Development
Social Planning
Social Action |
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Term
Locality Development
Goal, Problem, Strategy, SW Role, Theory, Strengths and Weaknesses |
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Definition
Goal:SW wants to create a self help community. The people decide for themselves how to take care of their needs
Problem: Conclude that something is wrong with the people; lack of motivation, limited knowledge, faulty knowledge
Strategy: Since people are the problem the goal is to bring the people together to talk, interact, and start building relationships. Give the people knowledge and information
SW Role:Educator (give people the information they need); Coalition Builder (Bring People Together); Facilitator (Get people Talking); Motivator (Encourage People)
Theory: Developmental theory: people are capable and can grow and can increase their ability. Belief that people can take care of themselves
Strengths and Weaknesses:
Strength- Changes that make people self reliant over a long period of time.
Weaknesses- model calls for consensus in the community. May take a long time and possibly social control. |
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Term
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Definition
Goal:
Identify and solve a specific problem. Once problems are gone the community is okay again
Problem:
There is a substantial problem because of lack of money or people have made bad decisions or lack resources (Macro Level)
Strategy:
Try to understand what is going on and why the problem exists (collect data and do research)
SW Role:
Technician: conduct a needs assessment
Expert
Planner: economic and social impact planning
Theory:
Systems theory: everything is interrelated. Requires studying to find out which elements are broken in the system
Strengths/Weaknesses:
Strengths- bases on objectivity & rationality, realistic, and comprehensive. Focus on teaching by learning
Weakness- takes a long time to create change, problem may not be as relevant. This model supposes the social worker knows what is best |
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Term
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Definition
Goal:
Create a community to empower people. Empower people to manage their own affairs
Problem:
People are marginalized and have no voice or say over community decision making
Strategy:
Get the people organized. Get them to act as a political force (E.G. Blacks in the 1960s)
SW Role:
Advocate
Mediator
Negotiator
Theory:
Conflict Theory- we are living in a system with limited resources and competing interests. Powerful people are more likely to benefit. Conflict is needed to bring solutions (E.G. civil rights movement brought issues to public and creative change.)
Strengths- When you win you win big (E.G. 1960s blacks) Issue becomes public priority
Weakness: When you fail, you lost all credibility. People no longer want to follow you |
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Term
| Systems Verse Associations |
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Definition
| Today most of the work in the community is performed by systems (banking, transportation, health care). People are moving towards associations to manage affairs (self help community rather than experts coming in and telling them what to do) |
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Term
| 5 Characteristics of Systems |
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Definition
Control vs Consent: is about control and hierarchy of power
Mass Production vs Choice: Most important purpose is cost effectiveness. Focus is on mass production not choice and individuality
Service vs care: service supposes something is lacking in the people we give service to correct problems.
Client vs Citizen: Viewed as a client that lacks power. Professional tells client what to do
Needs vs Capacity: systems get resources from focusing on the needs. Constantly doing needs assessment to figure out shortcomings |
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Term
| 5 Characteristics of Associations |
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Definition
Control vs Consent: consensus meaning people are giving each other power and permission to take care of the issue. People deciding for themselves what it is they want
Mass Production vs Choice: Not concerned about uniformity and mass production more concerned about meeting membership needs. Not always cost efficient
Service vs Care: Give people care. Want to empower individual
Client vs Citizen: citizen has sovereignty (tells the social worker what they need or want to happen)
Needs vs Capacity: capacity is a strength that is focused on and how they can become better |
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Term
| 4 relationships between systems and associations: Outreach |
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Definition
| systems come into associations to promote outreach and the well-being of the association (E.G. social work is park of a social service systems. They set up things like parenting classes. How to be better more effective parents) |
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Term
| 4 relationships between systems and associations: Volunteer |
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Definition
| people/associations go into systems and give of themselves. (E.G. church members to hospitals) |
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Term
| 4 relationships between systems and associations: Advisory |
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Definition
| Association does not go into the system but acts as advisors. System understands that they need specific skills and talents, so they seek specific people to advise them in policy making. (E.G. BYU SW Advisory board has members from wasatch, DCSF, Former Students, Etc.) |
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Term
| 4 relationships between systems and associations: Equal Partnership |
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Definition
| Equal exchange between association and system. Do not see often. |
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Term
Strength Based Community Org
ABCD: Assest Based Community Development 3 components |
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Definition
AIR
Asset: instead of focusing on needs/problems/challenges, greater focus on identifying assets/strengths in the community. Look at individual (talents), association (clubs/churches), and system (healthcare, space/building) assets.
What talents, skills, and resources does the individual, association, and system have.
Internal Focus: The people in the community take responsibility for what it happening and what is to happen (they decide what the issues are. Community can come up with unique and creative ideas.
Relationship: build relationships 90% of problems are a result of poor/broken down relationships. (E.G. in utah non mormons and mormons)
Model believes that people can find solutions. Calls for people coming together. Embrace theory that people are basically good |
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Term
Pages 7-8
Rebirth of Dudley Street Page 13 |
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Definition
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Term
| Social Planning Basic Concepts |
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Definition
Skills used: brainstorming, setting goals, using an agenda, values to help orient goals/priorities, writing things down. Requires rationale and technical skills
- If you don't plan, you plan to fail |
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Term
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Definition
| - No central planning should take place unless there is consensus. Do not plan in political arena. |
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Term
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Definition
rather than causing problems for everyone "leave the people alone, they will find solutions. The community will come together. At first they may suffer but eventually...there should be no community regulation, unless there is a consensus.
- Presupposes that people are competent and have good intentions
- Gov. should not force people to pay taxes and welfare programs
- You made a choice, and if you're struggling then you need to make a better choice to take care of yourself
- Libertarian, protects the rights of individuals, would oppose regulations, policies, etc. |
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Term
| Reasons for bad planning in social service |
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Definition
Band-Aid Approach: make decision to repair situations in time of crisis rather than prevention
Mixed Motives: over and covert objectives (e.g. food stamps- overt-provide food to needy- Covert- control price of surplus crops, etc)
Linkage Between Policy and Programs: not communicating to meet needs
We Were Too Optimistic About Our Ability to Solve Social Problems: danger in too much optimism and being let down |
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Term
| 4 Problems with Social Services |
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Definition
FDIU
Fragmentation: people want comprehensive services but need to go to different agencies because of lack of comprehensive care. Eligibility is different
Discontinuity: people learn to rely on services and when discontinued it is very difficult.
Inaccessibility: 8-5 schedule made with professionals in mind and are not always convenient for clients. Travel- time and cost.
Un-accountability: service not up to par and no one wants to take responsibility |
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Term
| 3 Proposals for Addressing problems with Social Service |
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Definition
Restructure Authority:
- All social services under one administration
- Alter composition of policy makers
Reorganize Tasks:
- Turn most of social service programs over to volunteers, non-professionals, indigenous leaders
- Turn services over to the marker
Alter the composition of services:
- Client Centered
- Purposely duplicate the services |
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Term
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Definition
All Services Under One Administration: benefits- saves money on administration all things are put in the same building uniformity-Limitations- bureaucratic/inflexible and there is no incentive to be innovative
Leave agencies as is, but alter composition of policy makers: instead of having all outside professionals replace half of them with clients |
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Term
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Definition
Turning most of the social service programs over to volunteers, non professionals, indigenous leaders: minorities can relate better with other minorities
Turning Service Over to the Market: magic of the market place open up and see what potential the market has for providing services. Clients choose SW..SW become entrepreneurs |
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Term
| Alter the Composition of Service |
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Definition
Client Centered: act as an advocate, broker, negotiator. lots of services help clients to navigate (E.G. guy calls in for service told there were not openings and he then went and shot up a Mcdonalds)
Purposely Duplicate the services: provide more services at agencies (E.G. Va provides a variety of services)
- Weakness: possible quality loss if trying to provide to many service areas |
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Term
| 5 Things we are doing well in Social Service |
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Definition
1. Idea of least restrictive environment (E.G. integration of kids with disabilities in classroom)
2. Community Based services/ De-Institutionalization (People thrive better in the community)
3. Permanency Planning for our children who are living in substitute care: 1970 parents have three year to shape up
4. Civil Rights- Protecting civil rights of clients (E.G. used to make decisions like lobotamy...no work under unless harm to self or others..ethics)
5. Accountability: were are more accountable |
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Term
| 3 Ways we can view Organizations |
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Definition
Bureaucracy: organization is a place where expert work is taking place. Has a negative connotations (rigid, red tape, hierarchical, slow, evil)
Rational System: Organizations are created to provide solutions (E.G. educational, health care, religious)
Political System: Decision making depends on power (E.G. hospitals: HMO's have power not patient, men have power patient care tailored to men's needs; Education: poor do not receive the same opportunities--do no have power/influence. |
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Term
| 6 Management Theories: How can we make Organizations more efficient and productice |
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Definition
1. Scientific-Physiological
2. Human Relations-Social
3. Theory X
4. Theory Y
5. MBO- Management by Objectives
6. Theory Z |
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Term
| Management Theories: Scientific-Physiological |
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Definition
- Increase productivity by manipulating work environment aptitude test (E.G. training for Olympic athletes-optimize performance maximum physiological capability.)
- Work to optimize not only effectiveness and productivity but also work to optimize employee satisfaction, relationships, loyalty, etc. |
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Term
| Management Theories: Human Relations-Social |
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Definition
- People are more than just beasts of burden. You can get more out of people through human relations
- When feel belongingness and connectedness people will do more than they are physiologically capable of.
- Output created by social norm (E.G. Carnegie Corporation competition between shifts, Basketball team stepping up when star player injured.
- Model doesn't call for rewards of punishment |
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Term
| Management Theories: Theory X |
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Definition
Theory X:
Because people are lazy no good bums you have to micromanage them to make them do what they need to do. Carrot Method-incentives are what make people work. Played out in Social Welfare, business, and organizations. Social welfare system set up with the premise that people will cheat the system.
- There are some people who always do their best and there are others who only do their best under favorable circumstances |
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Term
| Management Theories: Theory Y |
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Definition
- Believe that people have an inherent desire to do good and that you can rely on them. Create an environment where people can achieve ultimate self development (E.G. Theory X would use time cares while theory y would not bc of the belief in human nature.
- "Money is okay, but not the driving force. I'd rather be in an environment where I can reach my full potential and grow."
- Personal development and growth is what counts. The people have a need to be creative. |
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Term
| Management Theories: Theory Y |
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Definition
- Believe that people have an inherent desire to do good and that you can rely on them. Create an environment where people can achieve ultimate self development (E.G. Theory X would use time cares while theory y would not bc of the belief in human nature.
- "Money is okay, but not the driving force. I'd rather be in an environment where I can reach my full potential and grow."
- Personal development and growth is what counts. The people have a need to be creative. |
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Term
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Definition
- Management by Objectives (popular in the 70's)
- Used by Steven Covey. Lets begin with the end in mind. Do whatever is necessary to make goal happen (take workers to lunch, top performers a bonus, fire dead beets (E.g. mission--Number of baptisms) |
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Term
| Management Theories: Theory Z |
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Definition
- Comes out of a Japanese Management strategy (group process)
- Japanese treat employees like family but in return expect complete loyalty.
- Family life may be non-existent in this management style and people literally die because they work so hard for so long
- Americans more individualistic like assembly like Japanese more of a group process. |
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Term
| 3 Events that led to citizen participation |
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Definition
1. Declining Mediating Institutions: 1960s challenge of status quo. Two groups: one wanted to change our views on class, materialism, and social convention and the other group wanted to save social institutions such as churches and marriage.
2. Rise of Bureacracy: As society tried to take care of the vacuum bureaucracies came into play to compensate for the lack of institutions. Took control over education, marriage, social institutions, etc.
3. Media: played a more active role than merely reporting news.(E.G. Vietnam media exposed real atrocities of war. Led to demonstration people wh felt war was necessary and people who felt it needed to end) |
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Term
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Definition
You need to have power to make change. Without power, we cannot change--hopeful thinking will not bring about change.
- The ability to influence others to bring about your will or changes in others
- Every social movement is about power
- You enjoy more social and political benefits if you have power (E.G. corporation Vs consumer; social workers vs clients; Men vs women)
- SWs care about this because we work in communities and in order to get things done we need to have power |
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Term
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Definition
CRN
Coercive: Power through your ability to hurt or threaten someone
Remunerative: source of this power is that you can manipulate others to do your will because they want what you have (E.G. money)
Normative: source comes from your ability to exercise symbolic goods and services. (E.G. Bishop you will be blessed if you do this) Preferred power but reluctant to do this |
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Term
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Definition
ACM
Alienation: anger, frustration, seek revenge (Prison Alienation and Coercive)
Calculative: neutral response, you are getting something out of it so you will do it (E.G. remuneratice and calculative=Job Setting)
Moral: positive response, happy to do it, is there anything more you can do? (Moral & Normative= Religion) |
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Term
| Who in the community has power |
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Definition
Floyd Hunter's Theory: Power Elite theory
Robert Dahl: Polyarchic Theory
Pioneers of who has power in the community many theories came from these |
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Term
| Floyd Hunters Power Theory |
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Definition
- Power elite Theory
- Professor at NC study in Atlanta
- Study suggest that every community has small groups of homogeneous in terms of wealth, race, gender, educational status, religion, etc who have most of the power
- From study 4 major groups of power
political, civic, status, corporations/business (most of the power from business leaders because they have access to elite country clubs.
- Study not randomized and can not be generalized |
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Term
| Robery Dahl Theory of Power |
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Definition
- Polyarchic Theory
- Critic of huner
- Communities are not made up of one elite group but many special interest groups. Each group has its own power elite (E.G. Religious Groups, Economic Groups, Political Groups, Educational Groups, Etc)
- Study in CT: focus was to prove Hunter wrong he manipulated his survey so respondents would respond in ways he wanted them too |
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Term
| How Ordinary Citizens Can Obtain Power |
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Definition
Complain
Do nothing
complain to manager
Boycott
Form a group
(E.G. PineView apartments: tenants burned rental agreement to rally and negotiate BYU housing)
As an individual you do not have power.
Whether you win or lose has very little to do with whether or not you are right or wrong but rather how much power you have. To obtain power you organize |
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Term
| Example of People Organizing |
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Definition
| Union Movement: workers had not rights until they got organized |
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Term
| Why People Don't Organize |
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Definition
Lack of hope
They have more important priorities
They haven't done it before
Scared of repercussions |
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Term
| 3 steps of organization of ideas |
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Definition
OMS
Optimum size: how many people do you need to get the job done. Big enough to get done small enough for people to feel valued
Members: Who should be the members of the organization. Make sure people are effect by the issue, agree on how to solve it, allow others to join org., make sure enemies do not come in and disrupt.
Structure: what is a good structure- it has a sense of belongingness and designed to promote growth and development of the people within. |
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Term
| 4 Ways to keep your organization going year after year |
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Definition
Money: money is needed to keep things going. Ongoing fundraising
Mission: keep focus on mission and what you are trying to do. Update mission, bring in outside consultants, generate crisis
Spirit: Meet the social/emotional/spiritual needs of your people |
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Term
| 4 Strengths of Minority Communities |
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Definition
Extended Family: have inherent strengths- financial, social, emotional, family role
Folk Healers: (witch doctor, corrandors, medicine man, priesthood blessing). Esteemed because of spirituality and wisdom
Religious Leaders: act as a social change agent and also provide religious guidance. Relationship between folk healers. (E.G. MLK spoke for minority)
Merchants/Social Clubs: make a club for social opportunity (E.G. seips soccer club) |
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Term
| 4 Background Reasons for Minorities |
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Definition
Force: African American Slavery. Blacks have different understanding to how they became a minority
Push/Pull: pushed out of country for economic reasons, pulled into USA. Asian Americans needed cheap labor worked on railroads
Colonization: Native Americans. Land was taken from them.
Land was Annexed: Mexican Americans. Through foul means most Mexicans lost their land
Need to be sensitive to perception, views, and concerns for each ethnicity. Should not lump all minorities together. Acknowledge how minority got to the USA and understand their view on the issue |
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Term
| Different Minorities have different sets of values and as a results their behavior will differ dramatically: Comparison of US vs Native Americans 6 characteristics |
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Definition
USA: Competitive, temporal (materialistic), individualistic, independent, time (live by the clock), progress (everything has to be new and improved)
Native Americans: Cooperation, Spiritual (only have what they need), group (they do what is best for the group), interdependent, timeless (eat, sleep, etc when they feel like it), tradition (emphasis is more on how things are done) |
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Term
| Analysis of Minority groups ( Primary and Secondary Systems) |
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Definition
Dual Perspective (primary and secondary system)
Primary: minorities are often rewarded through primary systems (home, family)
Secondary: White people are rewarded though secondary systems (school, work, etc.)
- SW needs to determine if there is racism in secondary system and advocate for equal treatment
- If minorities are not succeeding we need to work with them
- If primary interfering with secondary counsel with primary and encourage them to adapt
- Relationship is body and soul they need to know we are advocating for them; but also encourage clients to change their behavior to accommodate success in secondary system |
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Term
| Intervention Methods for Minority groups |
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Definition
- Treatments are designed with whites in mind (Eurocentric); Consider minorities when coming up with a treatment model-- adjust existing to better fit minorities
- Perhaps higher someone who is a part of the minority culture to improve intervention |
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Term
| Self Awareness and Minority groups |
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Definition
- Watch out for countertransference
- Need to acknowledge issues and be aware
- Just because you are a professional does not mean you can handle any population |
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