Term
| Importance of keeping informed and up to date about demographic trends pertaining to families and all types of households |
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Definition
| Nurses can use “family demographics” to predict family developmental changes and stresses while they try to find solutions to family problems. Knowing current demographics helps nurses determine cultural/ethnic shifts in US population and thus provide better care; helps determine shifts in the composition of families—can determine what challenges/resources/advantages patients may be dealing with (single-parent household, multi-generational household, divorced families, 2 parents working, levels of poverty, etc.) |
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Term
| Traditional family functions: |
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Definition
1) Families exist to achieve financial survival. Families are economic units to which all members contribute and from which all family members benefit.
2) Families exist to reproduce the species.
3) Families provide protection from hostile forces.
4) Families disseminate their culture, including religious faith.
5) Families educate (socialize) their young.
6) Families confer status in society. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Relationship function—focuses on how people get along and their level of satisfaction (couples marry for love, not status, protection or to work the land)
2) Health function—families are involved with the health care of its members, both physical and mental |
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Term
OPT step 1
Outcome Present-State Testing Model (also called OPT) |
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Definition
| a dynamic, systematic clinical reasoning process that emphasizes outcome of care. It is built on the nursing process model (outcome driven). Organizes care around the main health challenge (“keystone issue”) the family is facing; is collaborative with family. |
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Term
OPT step 2
Family Story—data collection step |
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Definition
| (Assessment) (info from interviews, chart review, phone calls to other profs, school records) |
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Term
OPT step 3
Cue Logic—nurse |
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Definition
| clusters the data collected and makes connections between clusters to identify the main health challenge (keystone issue). This issue is stated as the family Nursing Diagnosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| the issue is presented to the family in a way they can understand, and work with them to determine best possible outcomes (part of Planning step) |
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Term
OPT step 5
Present State and Desired Outcome |
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Definition
| Keystone issue is stated, outcome stated in positive language – this helps to clearly see the evaluation criteria that will be used to see if interventions are successful (also called “testing”) (part of Planning step) |
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Term
OPT step 6
Interventions and Decision Making— |
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Definition
nurse and family collaborate to implement a plan based on the outcome stated in previous step (Planning and Implementation)
6) Clinical Judgment—nurse evaluates whether the interventions are working or not. If not, start again with Family Story step.
7) Reflection – nurse thinks about how the particular case resolved, and learns from it |
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Term
| significance of The Family Leave legislation passed in 1993 |
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Definition
| Positive family policy; a family member can take a defined amount of leave for family events without fear of being fired. |
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Term
| significance of a family genogram and an ecomap and how the nurse can use them to provide care for the family |
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Definition
| Genogram: displays pertinent family information (health history, family structure) in a family tree format that shows family members and their relationships over at least 3 generations. Can be used to see connections and plan interventions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most recent statistical characteristics of a population; can be used to make generalizations about groups of people |
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Term
| why it is important to assess family structure |
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Definition
| Changes in family structure can affect the family’s ability to carry out family functions. How families are organized can determine what interventions can be used to achieve desired outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| child development programs for at-risk families |
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Term
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Definition
| child development and behavior management programs for families who have not yet abused their children, but who have been flagged by authorities for aggressive behavior patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| family therapy for abusive families, including removal of child from home |
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Term
| four approaches to family nursing |
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Definition
Family as Context: focus is on individual--family is the context that affects the health of the individual, either as strength or stressor
Family as the Client: focus is on how the family reacts as a whole (and as individuals) to the health of the individual members
Family as a System: focus is on the family, which is viewed as an interactional system greater than the sum of its parts. Implies that when something happens to one family member, it affects everyone else
Family as a Component of Society: family is a unity of society, just like hospitals, schools, banks, churches, etc. The family as a whole interacts with these units to give/receive/exchange services. |
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Term
|
Definition
| focus is on individual--family is the context that affects the health of the individual, either as strength or stressor |
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Term
|
Definition
| focus is on how the family reacts as a whole (and as individuals) to the health of the individual members |
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Term
|
Definition
| focus is on the family, which is viewed as an interactional system greater than the sum of its parts. Implies that when something happens to one family member, it affects everyone else |
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Term
| Family as a Component of Society: |
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Definition
| family is a unity of society, just like hospitals, schools, banks, churches, etc. The family as a whole interacts with these units to give/receive/exchange services. |
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Term
| Structure-function theory: |
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Definition
defines families as social systems which interact with other major social institutions (religious, government, education, economy, health care, etc.) Assumptions are that family:
• is a social system with functional requirements
• is a small group that has basic features common to all small groups
• accomplishes functions that serve individuals and society
• socialization process gives its members social norms and values
Advantage: This approach views families within the broader context of society.
Disadvantage: This approach views families as static and unchanging over time |
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Term
|
Definition
views clients as participating members of a family; Assumptions include:
• The family is greater than the sum of its parts
• Family systems change over time
• Change in one part affects the whole
• Family systems use feedback to achieve homeostasis
Advantage: this approach views family interactions both within the family and between the family and the society
Disadvantage: does not focus on the individual, only the family and larger systems |
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Term
|
Definition
views the family and the individual within the family as having developmental tasks to be accomplished; tries to use this view to explain and predict the changes that occur to people and groups over time. Assumptions include:
• Developmental tasks are goals to be worked toward
• Each family is unique
• Families can arrive at similar developmental levels through different processes
Advantage: the approach can give a basis for predicting the next developmental stage a family will be going through
Disadvantage: stages are based on the traditional nuclear family structure |
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Term
|
Definition
families are units of interacting personalities and communicate with each other symbolically; each member has a number of different roles and expectations, and these roles and expectations interact both within the individual and between individuals. Assumptions include:
• Family members assign complex meaning to symbols, which have common meaning within the context of the family
• Behavior is influenced by these symbols rather than by instincts, needs, or drives
• The ‘self’ is constantly evolving both physically and socially
• Individuals learn from the culture and become the society
Advantage: focus is on social interactions and internal family processes
Disadvantage: this theory is really broad and there is little agreement among theorists about the concepts of the theory; typically families are seen as closed units that have little interaction with society |
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Term
| strategies the nurse could use to terminate the nurse-family relationship |
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Definition
1) give family credit for the outcomes of interventions they helped design
2) decrease contact with the family
3) extend invitations to the family for follow-up
4) refer to other agencies/providers where appropriate
5) include family in a summative evaluation meeting to formally close the relationship |
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Term
| Family Assessment Intervention Model: |
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Definition
an extension of Neuman’s Health Care Systems Model (systems approach); family-as-client; Asks: can the family adapt to a stressor to maintain its stability? What strengths does the family use to maintain stability? Primary prevention: assessing family strengths. Secondary prevention: assessing what strengths the family can use to attain stability. Tertiary prevention: instituting actions to maintain stability going forward
Can be used as a way to gather data for planning an intervention. |
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Term
| Friedman Family Assessment Model: |
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Definition
| based on structure-function framework and developmental and systems theory; family is an open social system which interacts with other social systems. Good for interviewing families to assess what is happening within them to plan interventions. |
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Term
| importance of family policy on family health |
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Definition
| Family policy means anything that is done by the government that directly or indirectly affects families. Family policy demonstrates a government’s understanding of families and its role in promoting their health (the US is starting to develop specific family policies and each state and intrastate regions have programs and laws related to family services). Current policies are not effective because there are growing health disparities; the US would benefit from more cohesive family policy. |
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Term
| two factors that motivate individuals to participate in health behaviors |
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Definition
| Individuals’ health behaviors are affected by and acted out within the family environment, larger community, and society. Family health habits are developed based on availability and accessibility. |
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Term
| Neuman systems model defines family health in terms of system stability characterized by five interacting factors |
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Definition
physiological
psychological
sociocultural
developmental
spiritual |
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Term
|
Definition
| focuses on family wellness in the face of change. Families need a flexible external line of defense, a normal line of defense, and an internal line of resistance – the family feels stress when a life event is big enough to flex the external and break the normal lines of defense. The degree of wellness is determined by the amount of energy it takes for the system to become and remain stable, want a surplus of energy over what is needed for wellness. Energy building is through social support, resources, and prevention of stressors. |
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Term
| examples of family coping strategies |
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Definition
- The family’s efforts to manage, adapt, or deal with the stressful event in order to achieve balance in the family system.
- Example: if a family were to experience unexpected illness in the primary wage earner, family resources might include financial assistance or emotional support from relatives, and family coping strategies might include: whether the family was able to ask a relative to loan them emergency funds or was able to talk with relatives about the worries they were experiencing. |
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Term
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Definition
| present new situations and demands for families. Age-related or life-event risks often occur during transitions from one developmental stage to another. May require families to change behaviors, schedules, and patterns of communication, make new decisions, relocate family roles, learn new skills, and identify and learn to use new resources. May place demands on families that affect the health of the family unit. Anticipatory preparation increase’s family coping ability and improves outcomes. If unexpected, the outcome may be increased stress, crisis, or even dysfunction. |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited biological risk includes age-related risks, social and physical environmental risks. Several illness have family component – genetics or lifestyle patterns which contribute to biological risk for certain conditions. Includes transitions (previous question). Difficult to separate biological risks from individual lifestyle factors. Assess biological risk with a genogram or standard family risk assessment. …it sounds like biological risk just looks at the biological factors and changes in a family |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of personal health habits and behavioral risk defines individual and family lifestyle risk. The family is the basic unit within which health behavior is developed, organized, and performed. Health behavior includes health values, health habits, and health risk perceptions. Food, sleep patterns, planning family activities, setting and monitoring health norms and health risk behaviors, determining when a family member is ill, determining when healthcare should be obtained, and carrying out treatment regimens. …behavioral risk is the family’s behaviors and how that affects their health |
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Term
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Definition
the process of assessing for the presence of specific factors in each of the categories that have been identified as being associated with an increased likelihood of an illness, such as cancer, or an unhealthy event, such as a car accident. Lots of tools and techniques for assessing health risk.
Get to know the family, their strengths, and their needs. Requires many approaches. Look at biological and age-related risk, social and physical environmental risk (neighborhood, socioeconomic status, pollution, etc.), and behavioral risk. Assess using: genogram, standard family risk assessment, ecomap, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assumes that decreasing the number of risks or the magnitude of risk will result in a lower probability of an undesired event, like changing family behaviors such as parent’s not drinking or having alcohol available will decrease an adolescents likelihood of drinking. Types of risks are voluntarily assumed risks, scientific, or risks of natural origin. Risk reduction is a complex process that requires knowledge of the specific risk and the family’s perceptions of the nature of the risk. |
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Term
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Definition
| to give a more accurate assessment of family structure, the natural or home environment, and the behavior in that environment; provide opportunities to identify barriers and supports for reaching family health promotion goals; gives the family a sense of control. |
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Term
| Contracting with families – |
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Definition
| working with families in an interactive, collaborative style; determine family’s value system before assuming contracting will work; contracting involves a shift in responsibility and control toward shared effort by client and professional; family control; increases the family’s ability to make healthful choices. |
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Term
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Definition
| rather than enabling or providing help; recognize a family’s competencies and define an active role for them; families need to become active participants with a sense of personal competence and desire for and willingness to take action. Three characteristics: access and control over needed resources, decision-making and problem-solving abilities, and the ability to communicate and to obtain needed resources. Partnership between the professional and the client, professional is not dominant. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are those that are generally expected to occur at a particular stage of development or of the lifespan. Can be identified from stages of the family lifecycle, such as child leaving home to go to college or retirement from work. |
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Term
|
Definition
| are those that are unpredictable, such as family move related to job market, divorce, or death of a child. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the family is not able to cope with an event and becomes disorganized or dysfunctional. When the demands of the situation exceed the family resources, a family crisis exists. In the crisis, families attempt to gather their resources to deal with the demands created by the situation. Examples: unexpected illness of the primary wage earner. |
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Term
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Definition
| are the biological factors (like genetics) and biological changes in a family (biological risk just looks at the biological factors, age-related risk, and changes in a family such as transitions. |
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Term
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Definition
| are under the environmental risk umbrella, includes living in high-crime neighborhoods or communities without adequate recreation or health resources, environmental hazards like pollution, or other high-stress environments. Discrimination is a social stress. Risky social situations. If adequate resources and coping processes are not available, breakdown in health can occur. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the poor are at greater risk for health problems. Related to social risk, determined by the relationship between family financial resources and the demands on those resources. Family needs adequate financial resources to have access to adequate housing, healthcare, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| same as behavioral risk, personal health habits, see previous question. |
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Term
| phases and activities of a home visit |
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Definition
1. Initiation phase: Clarify source of referral for visit, clarify purpose for home visit, share information on reason and purpose of home visit with family.
2. Previsit phase: Initiate contact with family, establish shared perceptions of purpose with family, determine family’s willingness for home visit, schedule home visit, review referral and/or family record.
3. In-home phase: Introduce self and professional identity, interact socially to establish rapport, establish nurse-client relationship, implement nursing process.
4. Termination phase: Review visit with family, plan for future visits.
5. Postvisit phase: Record visit, plan for next visit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Completing a family genogram and assessing health risks with the family to contract for family health activities to prevent diseases from developing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Developing a contract w/family to change nutritional patterns to reduce further complications from obesity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using a behavioral health risk survey and identifying the factors leading to obesity in the family. |
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Term
| two major roles of community health nurses in the area of child and adolescent health |
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Definition
| Role one: nurses provide direct services to children and their families, including assessment, care management, education, and counseling. Role two: Nurses are involved in the assessment of the community and the establishment of programs to ensure a healthy environment for this population. The population-focused nurse has the opportunity to teach healthy lifestyles to children and caregivers and provide family centered care |
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Term
| risk-taking behaviors that are increasing among adolescents that have implications for community health nurses |
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Definition
| Behaviors include increasing sexual activity, multiple sex partners, pregnancy, and increase in STDs. Experimentation with alcohol, smoking, and drugs occur at a younger age. More youth are involved in gang activity, use of weapons has increased, and teenagers are most likely to be the victims of violent crimes. Injury and violence are the leading causes of morbidity/mortality in teens. Teens are at a higher risk for motor vehicle deaths, drowning, and other unintentional injuries. One in three kids/teens is one year or more behind in school, and more teens are either running away or being forced out of their homes. One in eight teenagers drops out of high school before graduating. |
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Term
| When a nurse is assessing the child and family who have chronic health problems, identify what should be taken into account in the assessment |
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Definition
Is the condition stable or life threatening?
What is the actual health status? (How sick is child right now)
What is the degree of impairment to the child’s ability to develop?
What types of treatments and therapy are required, and with what frequency?
How often are health care visits and hospitalizations required?
To what degree are the family routines disrupted? |
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Term
| guidelines for playground safety |
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Definition
Playgrounds should be surrounded by a barrier to protect kids from traffic
Activity centers should be distributed to avoid crowding in one area
Surfaces should be finished with substances that meet Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations for lead
Durable materials should be used
Sand, gravel, wood chips, and wood mulch are acceptable surfaces for limiting the shock of falls (so these should be used in play grounds, although I’m not sure I agree that GRAVEL is an acceptable surface to fall on)
Equipment should be inspected regularly for protrusions that could puncture skin/entangle clothes
Multiple occupancy swings, animal swings (like horse swings), rope swings, and trampolines are NOT recommended |
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Term
| contraindications to giving immunizations |
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Definition
Immunizations should be deferred if the child has moderate/acute febrile illness, because the reaction to immunization may mask the symptoms of the illness. Immunizations do NOT need to be deferred for MINOR acute illness.
o People with the following conditions are NOT routinely immunized and should consult with their PCP: pregnancy, immunosuppressive therapy/immunodeficiency disease, sensitivity to components of the agent (think allergy to eggs and flu shot), anyone who has recently had a blood/plasma/serum globulin transfusion. |
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Term
| Disabilities can limit functioning in seven areas. |
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Definition
| Self-help, language, learning, mobility, self-direction, independent living, and economic self-sufficiency |
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Term
| six subpopulations of disability |
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Definition
Employment disability
Sensory disability
Mental disability
Self-care disability
Go outside home disability
Physical disability |
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Term
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Definition
| person 5+ years old who has any of the following long-lasting conditions - condition that substantially limits one or more basic physical activities (walking, climbing stairs, reaching, lifting, or carrying) |
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Term
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Definition
| person 5+ years old with any of the following long-lasting conditions - blindness, deafness, or a severe vision or hearing impairment |
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Term
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Definition
| person 5+ years old who has difficulty in doing any of the following activities: learning, remembering, or concentrating because of physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6+ months |
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Term
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Definition
| person 15+ years old with health condition lasting 6+ months which makes it difficult to take care of personal needs (dressing, bathing, or getting around inside the home) |
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Term
| Go outside home disability – |
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Definition
| person 15+ years old who has difficulty going outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor's office because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6+ months |
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Term
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Definition
| person 15+ years old who has any difficulty in working at a job or business because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition lasting 6+ months |
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Term
| Social Security Administration definition of a disabled person as a person. |
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Definition
| A person who has “the inability to engage in any substantial, gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months” |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement that advocates for political correctness in defining persons with disabilities, initiated to promote acceptable language; examples – a woman who is blind rather than a blind woman or a person with diabetes rather than a diabetic |
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Term
| two leading causes of severe disabilities. |
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Definition
| Acquired brain and spinal cord injuries from motor vehicle accidents, violence, and falls |
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Term
| potential effects of being physically compromised at the individual level |
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Definition
| related health problems (nutrition, oral health, hygiene, limited activity/stamina); self-concepts/self-esteem; life expectancy and risk for infection and secondary injury; developmental tasks; change in role expectations |
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Term
| potential effects of being physically compromised at the family level |
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Definition
| stress on family unit; need for use of external resources to help family meet role expectations; options limited in use of discretionary income; social stigma |
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Term
| potential effects of being physically compromised at the community level |
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Definition
| need/demand to reallocate resources; discomfort or fear from lack of knowledge of disability; need to comply with legislation; services provided by health department and health care providers; need for other services beyond medical diagnoses (transportation) |
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Term
| issues and vulnerabilities of low-income persons with disabilities |
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Definition
| Less access to health care & less likely to participate in all levels of prevention, which results in greater risk for onset of disabling conditions and more rapid progression of disease process; greater risk for disabling conditions resulting from lifestyle choices (injuries, nutrition, ATOD); less likely to have resources to provide for own special needs; more likely to be unemployed, which results in lack of insurance and further limits access to health care; inadequate transportation; lack of coordination of care; limited locally available scvs for those who cannot pay for them |
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Term
|
Definition
| prior term for disability |
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Term
|
Definition
| when individuals experience difficulty performing basic activities of daily living because of their disability (such as difficulty standing, walking, climbing, grasping, reading) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ’73 Rehabilitation Act defines as one who (1) has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, (2) has a record of such impairment, or (3) is regarded as having such an impairment; SSA defines as inability to engage in any substantial, gainful activity by reason of a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for continuous period of 12+ months |
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Term
|
Definition
| WHO defines as problem in body function/structure such as significant deviation or loss (correctable such as myopia or uncorrectable such as CP); SSA defines as anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities which can be shown by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory, diagnostic techniques |
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Term
|
Definition
| Symptom pattern of developmental deficiencies that are unrelated to medical problems; occurs when parent perceives child as vulnerable and seeks professional care by exaggerating problem description, which reinforces lower functioning in child & stifles child’s intellectual/emotional development |
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Term
| Primary level of prevention for physically compromised populations |
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Definition
| educate community residents about behaviors during pregnancy that reduce risk of having a baby with a disability; push for congressional mandate for addition of folic acid to cereals to reduce neural tube defects in infants; promote exercise/physical fitness programs in schools to decrease obesity and incidence of dysmetabolic syndrome |
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Term
| Secondary level of prevention for physically compromised populations |
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Definition
| initiate early detection actions to ID any chronic/disabling condition; initiate BP screening programs to ID those at risk for strokes/heart damage as early as possible; push programs for earliest detection of cancer (as co-occuring morbidities are more common w/cancers detected later) |
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Term
| tertiary level of prevention for physically compromised populations |
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Definition
| take action to maintain or increase functional abilities for persons who have a physically compromising condition; encourage exercise programs for sedentary clients w/osteoporosis to reduce likelihood of fractures; initiate diabetes type I education program for children/parents with a focus on dz mgmt & prevention of dz complications |
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Term
| health promotion needs of physically compromised clients |
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Definition
| . Clients frequently define selves in terms of their physical problems and sick role, so focus on preventing complications from effects of immobility and dz process to ensure optimal independent and healthy living to provide opportunity to have productive/happy life; specific health promotion needs include appropriate nutrition and activities/exercise |
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Term
| roles of the nurse with compromised populations Referral agent |
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Definition
| – maintain current information about agencies whose services are of potential use; direct clients to resources that can meet their needs |
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Term
| roles of the nurse with compromised populations Advocate – |
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Definition
| speak on behalf of clients who are unable to speak for themselves without fostering excessive dependence; model data-collecting and negotiating skills to clients capable of using such knowledge |
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Term
roles of the nurse with compromised populations Primary care provider –
) |
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Definition
| ensure primary prevention for other health problems; make information about health promotion available; as case manager, meet client needs by developing plan of care to meet goals and evaluating plan’s effectiveness |
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Term
| roles of the nurse with compromised populations Collaborator – |
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Definition
| take part in joint decision making with clients, families, groups, and communities; involve clients in community-level decisions that affect their lives |
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Term
| roles of the nurse with compromised populations Change agent - |
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Definition
| originate/create change by IDing need for change, enlightening and motivating others of need, starting/directing proposed change; help to obtain more appropriate health care svcs for disabled |
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Term
| roles of the nurse with compromised populations Case finder – |
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Definition
| ID individuals with disabilities who need svcs they are not currently receiving (such as arranging screenings for development, hearing, and vision for young children); monitor health status of entire groups or communities; ID members of vulnerable pops who are at risk for acquiring dz (even though not presently affected |
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Term
| most common disability of persons aged 18 in the U.S. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| According to two reports from California, describe the health risks among migrant workers |
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Definition
| Overall, reports show a population at high risk for chronic disease, for dental health, and MH problems, higher rates of certain diseases such as TB, anemia, diabetes, and HTN, high levels of work injuries and chemical exposures, and detrimental physical and social environments for their children. Migrant workers lack health insurance and state program assistance, which further hinders their access to care. |
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Term
| factors that limit adequate provision of health care services |
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Definition
1. Lack of knowledge about services
2. Inability to afford care
3. Availability of services
4. Transportation
5. Hours of services (they work during dr. office hours)
6. Mobility and tracking (since they move around a lot they often don’t have medical records
7. Discrimination (perceived as poor, uneducated, ethnically different)
8. Documentation (unauthorized individuals fear they’ll be deported)
9. Language
10. Cultural aspects of health care |
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Term
| Describe how pesticide exposure affects migrant workers and their families |
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Definition
| The vast majority of the north American food supply is treated with pesticides, they are known to be potential hazards, workers are exposed to immediate effects and also unknown long term effects. Migrant workers are also likely to have dwellings near orchards or fields. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the and OHSA require farmworkers are given info about pesticide exposure safety, but it’s not guaranteed that they’ll get effectual training |
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Term
| cultural considerations in migrant health care. |
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Definition
| Nurses need to be knowledgeable about their backgrounds, traditional beliefs and practices. |
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Term
| Nurse/client relationship: ASSUMTION: MEXICAN CULTURE. |
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Definition
| nurse is considered an authority figure who should respect the individual but be able to relate to them and maintain their dignity. They prefer polite non-confrontational relationships with others, so they may appear to understand by nodding when they are just showing courtesy. They expect chit-chat for the first few minutes of an appointment, humor is appreciated. |
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Term
| Discuss how nurses can be political advocates for the migrant population |
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Definition
| Educating communities about these individuals, collecting necessary data on their lives and health, and communicating with legislators and other policy makers at local, state, and national levels are needed actions that nurses should be prepared to undertake. |
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Term
| Differentiate between a seasonal farm worker and a migrant farm worker. |
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Definition
| Seasonal farmers work cyclically in agriculture but do not migrate, while migrant farm workers establishes a temporary abode for the purpose of employment. The two distinct populations share many demographic, cultural, and occupational characteristics. |
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Term
| Identify occupational health risks for agricultural workers. |
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Definition
| Most common are injuries such as sprains and strains, fractures, and lacerations. Other injuries include amputations, crush injuries, pesticide poisoning, electrical injuries, and drowning in ditches. Adolescent injuries exceed adult injuries. Also physical demands of harvesting for 12-14 hours/day takes its toll on the musculoskeletal system. Infectious diseases caused by poor sanitary conditions, poor quality of drinking water, exposure to chemicals, dust, and pollen causing eye problems, cancer related to chemical exposure. |
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|
Term
| Identify what a variety of symptoms/diseases in migrant farm workers (including skin rashes, conjunctivitis, and even cancer) are highly correlated with. |
|
Definition
| As stated above, chemicals dust and pollen causing the majority of those kinds of problems, Exposure to three chemicals (organophosphate, malathon, and organochlorine) (**NOT memorizing those) associated with breast cancer risk. Also found in agricultural communities was high prevalence of brain tumors, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, and leukemia. |
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Term
| Identify the top health issues for migrant farm workers aged 5-19 years old |
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Definition
| Malnutrition (vitamin A and iron deficiencies), infections diseases (URIs, gastroenteritis) dental caries (from prolonged bottle feeding, bottle propping, and limited access to fluoride and dental care) inadequate immunization status, pesticide exposure, injuries, overcrowded and poor housing conditions, and disruption of social and school life which leads to anxiety. |
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Term
| three leading causes of death for farm worker children. |
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Definition
| accidents with machinery, drowning, and firearms/explosives. |
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Term
| background factors related to teen pregnancy. |
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Definition
“There is neither a uniform reason that teens become pregnant nor a universally acceptable solution. The causes of teen pregnancy are diverse and affected by changing moral attitudes, sexual codes, and economic circumstances.”
A nurse should be sensitive to subtle cues that a teenager may offer about sexuality and pregnancy concerns. Includes: questions about one’s fertile period, requests confirmation about missed period, etc. Any confirmation of pregnancy should require a physical examination and pregnancy counseling. |
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Term
| Primary level of prevention related to teen pregnancy |
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Definition
| Teach young people about sexual practices that will prevent untimely pregnancy |
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Term
| Secondary level of prevention related to teen pregnancy |
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Definition
| Provide services for early detection of teen pregnancy |
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Term
| Tertiary level of prevention related to teen pregnancy |
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Definition
| Counsel the young person or couple about available options, including keeping the baby (an making appropriate plans to care for the child), abortion, and adoption. |
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Term
| the guidelines for adoption counseling |
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Definition
1) Assess your own thoughts/feelings on adoption. Do not impose your opinion on the decision-making process of teen mothers.
2) Be knowledgeable about state laws, local resources, and various types of adoption services.
3) Choose language sensitively. Examples:
a. Avoid saying “giving away a child” or putting up for adoption.” It is more appropriate to say, “releasing the child for adoption,” “placing for adoption,” or “making an adoption plan.”
b. Avoid saying “unwanted child” or “unwanted pregnancy.” A more appropriate term may be unplanned pregnancy.
c. Avoid saying “natural parents” or “natural child,” because the adopted parents would then seem to be “unnatural.” The terms biological parents and adoptive parents are more appropriate.
4) Assess when a discussion of adoption is appropriate. It can be helpful to being with information on adoption and then explore feelings and concerns over time. Individuals will vary in how much they may have already considered adoption, and this will influence the counseling session.
5) Assess relationship between the pregnant teen and her partner and what role she expects him to play. Discuss reality of this.
6) It may be helpful for a pregnant teen to talk with other teens who have been pregnant, are raising a child, have released a child for adoption, or have been adopted themselves.
7) A young woman can be encouraged to being writing letters to her baby. These can be saved or given to the child when released to the adoptive family. |
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Term
| nursing care related to abortion |
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Definition
abortion services for adolescents are not clearly defined. No federal protection is extended to adolescents requesting abortion services, and the adolescent’s right to privacy and ability to give consent vary by state.
The book states that nurses should be aware of state regulations in regards to giving care. (p 769-70) In regards to birth control, there is apparently great variability who may access and release their medical records as it is protected by HIPAA (that if a minor consented to care, then only that individual could release records). However the Privacy Rule also defers to existing state law; which some states allow parent to legally access all medical records of their minor children. |
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Term
| abortion and adolescent rights Parental consent laws |
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Definition
| one or both parents of a young woman who is under 18 years of age seeking an abortion must give permission to the abortion provider before the abortion is performed. This is enforced in 28 states (WA is not listed here, see book for the rest). |
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Term
| abortion and adolescent rights Parental notification laws |
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Definition
| One or both parents of a young woman seeking an abortion must be notified by the abortion provider before the abortion is performed. This is enforced in 16 states (not WA). |
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Term
| abortion and adolescent rights Judicial bypass |
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Definition
| In a 1979 Supreme Court decision, it was ruled that any mandatory parent consent law must allow the young woman an opportunity to be granted an exception or waiver to the law. A young woman could appeal directly to a judge, who would decide that she was mature enough to make this decision or that the abortion would be in her best interest. |
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Term
| abortion and adolescent rights Nurses role: |
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Definition
Nurse must recognize teens need for confidential care. They can work with the teens to discuss reproductive health care needs with the family. They first should clarify family values about sexuality and family communication styles. The nurse can make referrals to community agencies (e.g., child protective services, Al-Anon) as necessary. The nurse may need to honor the adolescent’s need for confidentiality for unknown period and proceed with the usual intervention, such as pregnancy testing, options’ counseling, and referral for clinical care.
Note: Adolescents who terminate their pregnancies by abortion differ from those who give birth in the following ways: they are more likely to complete high school, are more successful in school, have higher educational aspirations, and are more likely to come from a family of higher socioeconomic status. |
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Term
|
Definition
| countries with a stable economy and wide range of industrial and technological development; i.e. USA, Canada, Japan, and UK, Sweden, France, and Australia |
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Term
| Lesser-developed country: |
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Definition
| country that is not yet stable with respect to its economy, and technological development; i.e. Bangladesh, Zaire, Haiti, Guatemala, most sub-Saharan Africa, Indonesia |
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Term
| Focal areas for Health for All in the 21st century |
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Definition
o Arthritis, osteoporosis, & chronic back problems
o Disability and secondary conditions
o Education and community-based programs
o Environmental health
o Health communication
o Injury and violence prevention
o Occupational safety and health |
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Term
|
Definition
| unincorporated land outside of major metropolitan areas in California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas that is settled by immigrants; lack of roads, transportation, water, or electrical services; increase in diseases related to amebiasis, respiratory and diarrheal diseases, and environmental health hazards associated with poverty, poor sanitation, and overcrowding |
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Term
| Multilateral Organizations: |
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Definition
| Receive funding from multiple government and nongovernment sources; include World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the World Bank. These are separate, autonomous organizations that by special agreement work through the United Nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single governmental agency that provides aid to lesser-developed countries; i.e. US Agency for International Development; all bilateral organizations are by political and historical agendas that determine who receives aid. Protecting private investment may play a role. |
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Term
| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs): |
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Definition
| Nonprofit organizations that look to resolve concerns that affect the world; i.e. - UNESCO |
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Term
| Private Voluntary Organizations (PVOs): |
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Definition
| Non-governmental professional and trade organization that are found mostly in the more developed and industrialized countries; often financed by big business (i.e. pharmaceutical companies); they have recently come under criticism for intense marketing of health care as “commodification”. |
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Term
| Global health is related to economic, industrial, and technological development; access to service and removal of financial barriers alone does not increase health. The interrelated nature of health and economic growth is demonstrated by health status of a population contributing to economic growth via: |
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Definition
o Reduction in production loss that was caused by workers who were absent from work because of illness
o An increase in the use of natural resources, that because of the presence of disease entities, might have been inaccessible
o Increase in number of children who can attend school and eventually participate in their country’s economic growth
o By monetary resources, formerly spent on treating diseases and illness, now available for economic development of the country |
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Term
| Global Burden of Disease (GBD): |
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Definition
indicator developed by the WHO to adequately describe the outlook of the health in the world; more reliable than mortality statistics; combines losses from premature death and losses of healthy life that result from disability.
Premature Death: difference between the actual age at death and life expectancy at that age in a low-mortality population
Disability: Caused by disease or injury and requires care; usually provided by family members; no longer can contribute to the family’s or the community’s economic growth |
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Term
| WHO: World Health Organization; |
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Definition
| separate, autonomous organization that, by special agreement, works with the United Nations through its Economic and Social Council; principle work is to direct and coordinate international health activities and to provide technical medical assistance to countries in need |
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Term
|
Definition
| United Nations Children’s Fund; formed after WWII to assist children in war-ravaged countries of Europe; over time, it developed programs to control yaws, leprosy, and TB in children; advocate for health needs of women and children under 5; current focus is safe drinking water, sanitation, education, and maternal and child health. |
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Term
|
Definition
Pan American Health Organization; one of the oldest continuously functioning international health organizations and predates the WHO; focus is improving the health and living standards of the Latin American countries; distributes epidemiologic information, provides technical assistance for health and environmental issues, supports health care fellowships, and promotes health and environmentally related research along with professional education. Focus is reaching people through their community; currently looking at scope of practice for nursing and midwifery and relationship of nurses w/other health care workers & providers.
World Bank: multilateral organization related to the UN; major aim is to lend money to the lesser-developed countries so they might use it to improve the health status of their people; poverty reduction is directly associated with improved health. |
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Term
PAHO: Pan American Health Organization; one of the oldest continuously functioning international health organizations and predates the WHO; focus is improving the health and living standards of the Latin American countries; distributes epidemiologic information, provides technical assistance for health and environmental issues, supports health care fellowships, and promotes health and environmentally related research along with professional education. Focus is reaching people through their community; currently looking at scope of practice for nursing and midwifery and relationship of nurses w/other health care workers & providers.
World Bank: multilateral organization related to the UN; major aim is to lend money to the lesser-developed countries so they might use it to improve the health status of their people; poverty reduction is directly associated with improved health. |
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Definition
| Tuberculosis: represents the largest cause of death from a single infectious agent, affecting nearly 3 million people each year |
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Term
| impact of tuberculosis, malaria and AIDS on a global level |
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Definition
TB: causes 25% of premature adult deaths; 1/3 of world pop (1.7 billion) harbor TB; HIV is contributing to increase & spread
Malaria: second leading cause of death (behind TB); 90 countries are malaria-ridden; affects 300-500 million people annually; efforts to eradicate it have been around for 50 yrs; goal is vector control (i.e. DDT sprays; Plasmodium sporozoites are becoming resistant)
AIDs: worldwide prevention programs are important because failing to control this virulent disease will result in damaging and costly consequences for all countries in the future; when primary prevention fails secondary prevention is early identification, and tertiary prevention is managing symptoms, providing psychosocial support, and teaching clients and significant others about care and other forms of symptom management. |
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Term
| population group that accounts for approximately one-third of the world’s disease burden |
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Definition
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Term
| most deaths among women around the world are related to |
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Definition
| Pregnancy and childbirth; burden comprises diseases and conditions that are either exclusively or predominantly found in women, including maternal mortality and morbidity, cervical cancer, anemia, STDs, osteoarthritis, and breast cancer |
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Term
| leading cause of death among children under 5 years of age throughout the world |
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Definition
| Diarrhea; result of diarrheal diseases related to unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene; symptom of a variety of different diseases and varies from country to country. Dehydration is an immediate result of diarrhea and leads to a loss of fluid and electrolytes; loss of 10% can lead to shock, acidosis, stupor, and failure of the body’s major organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| conventional warfare, nonconventional warfare (i.e. nuclear, chemical), transportation accidents, structural collapse, explosions/bombing, fires, hazardous material, pollution, civil unrest (i.e. riots, demonstrations), and terrorism (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, explosives), cyber and agriculture attacks, weapons of mass destruction, plane crash, radiological accidents, nuclear power plant emergency, critical infrastructure failure, telecommunication, electric power, gas and oil transportation, water supply and sanitation |
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Term
|
Definition
| hurricanes, tornadoes, hailstorms, cyclones, blizzards, drought, floods, mudslides, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, communicable disease epidemics, lightning-induced forest fires, tsunami, thunderstorms and lightning, extreme heat and cold |
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Term
| Purpose of the National Response Plan. |
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Definition
| Presidential directive under the Homeland Security Act of 2002; purpose is to “establish a unified, all-discipline, and all-hazards approach to domestic incident management’” |
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Term
| Disaster management includes four stages: |
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Definition
| prevention, preparation, response, and recovery |
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Term
| Disaster management stages Prevention: |
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Definition
| “deter all potential terrorists from attacking America, detect terrorists before they strike, prevent them and their instruments of terror from entering our country, and take decisive action to eliminate the threat they pose,” “activities may include: heightened surveillance and security operations; public health and agricultural surveillance and testing processes; immunizations, isolation, or quarantine.” |
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Term
Disaster management stages
Preparation: |
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Definition
facilitates expedient response; nurses should have advance plans in place for their families; maintain personal health and physically and mentally; Safety Plan in brief:
1) Find out what could happen to you
2) Create a disaster plan; pick 2 places to meet with your family, have out-of-state contact person
3) Complete a checklist with phone numbers, all members can dial 911, know how to turn power, water, gas off, have fire extinguisher, stock supplies, get CPR/FA certified
4) Maintain and practice your plan; every 6 months, test alarms and extinguisher; check food
Professionally: CBRNE: chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosive knowledge and readiness is recommended, have PPE; PLAN MUST BE SIMPLE REALISTIC WITH BACKUP CONTINGENCIES INTEGRATED THROUGHOUT. |
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Term
| Disaster management stages Response: |
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Definition
| First level occurs at the local level with the mobilization of entities such as fire department, law enforcement, public health, and voluntary organizations such ARC. Depending on the severity, additional response can be at a national level and a National Response Plan (NRP) is activated. |
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Term
| Disaster management stages Recovery: |
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Definition
| Individuals and the infrastructure of communities is often severely affected. Disaster affects public utilities, transportation, information, and access to health care services. Initially there may be relief aid, followed by impatience and the loss of momentum towards seeking normalcy. Focus during recovery should shift from short term to long term support with an emphasis of building on natural resilience of the community to recover from a disaster. |
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Term
| the goal of the smallpox vaccination campaign. |
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Definition
| Initially immunize HC workers & emergency response personnel |
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Term
| bioterrorism and emergency readiness competencies for all public health workers |
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Definition
1) Describe role of agency in emergency response for wide range of possible emergencies & maintain regular contact with professional partners
2) Identify and locate the agency emergency plan
3) Describe the agency chain of command
4) Describe and demonstrate in exercises your functional role
5) Recognize unusual events tha might indicate an emergency ;and describe appropriate action
6) Identify limits to one’s own knowledge, skills, and authority and identify key system resources for referring matters that exceed these limits
7) Describe communication roles within the agency, media, general public, as well as personal communications
8) Demonstrate use of all communication equipment and other pertinent equipment, including the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
9) Participate in continuing education to maintain up-to-date relevant information
10) Evaluate drills, exercises, or actual events: write after-action reports, update the emergency plan as needed, and implement the changes
11) Apply creative problem-solving skills |
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Term
| the first goal of any disaster response. |
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Definition
| “Establish sanity barriers” |
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Term
| Vicarious Traumatization: |
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Definition
| occurs as a response to listening to survivors’ stories of traumatic events; degree of worker’s stress depends on nature of disaster, their role in the disaster, individual stamina, and other environmental factors including: noise, adequate workspace, physical danger, and stimulus overload, especially exposure to death and trauma. Many do not think they are doing enough to help; anger and resentment can develop as job demands time away from their own situation. |
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Term
| what factors have increased the dangers of natural disasters. |
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Definition
| “Soaring urban populations, environmental degradation, poverty & dz are compounding seasonal hazards such as droughts & floods to create situations of chronic diversity” |
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Term
|
Definition
| To moderate (a quality or condition) in force or intensity; alleviate; should be part of emergency plan |
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Term
| the role of the Office of Emergency Management |
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Definition
| At state, county, tribal, and local level; responsible for developing and coordinating emergency response plans within their defined area; in charge of creating a comprehensive, all-hazard plan that incorporates scenarios that illustrate plausible major incidents that may affect their community. |
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Term
| examples of community preparedness for disasters |
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Definition
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002: Addresses the need to enhance public health and health care readiness and community health care infrastructures; Public health departments are on the front line of defense and the “nation needs emergency-ready public health and healthcare service in every community.” EXAMPLE: Mutual Aid agreements established between hospitals and health care facilities and other emergency responding entities within localities, jurisdiction(s), and states, and between states to ensure seamless service.
Emergency Support Functions (ESF): Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services; ARC, emergency shelters, tornado warning systems, Lahar warning system and escape routes |
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Term
| examples of older adults (elderly) common responses’ to disasters |
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Definition
| Depends on physical health, strength, mobility, self-sufficiency, and income source and amount; may react deeply to loss of personal possessions due to high sentimental value attached to them and limited time to replace them; may also minimize or hide seriousness of losses out of fear of loss of independence. |
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Term
| triage process in a disaster response. |
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Definition
Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) are part of the US Public Health Service and can be activated in a presidentially declared disaster; can arrive within hours and provide triage and continuing medical care to victims until they can be evacuated to a national network of hospital prearranged by the NDMS.
Triage: the sorting of and allocation of treatment to patients and especially battle and disaster victims according to a system of priorities designed to maximize the number of survivors b: the sorting of patients (as in an emergency room) according to the urgency of their need for care; the assigning of priority order to projects on the basis of where funds and other resources can be best used, are most needed, or are most likely to achieve success |
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Term
| nurses’ role in hospice care. |
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Definition
One criterion for hospice is that the disease process or condition has progressed to the extent that further tx cannot cure. It is the goal of hospice to increase the quality of remaining life with: pain management, symptom control, emotional support.
Hospice provides on-call nursing 24-hours a day to monitor changes in the client and includes a multidisciplinary team with knowledge, skill, compassion, and experience to work with the unique needs of this population. Primary goal is to help maintain the client’s dignity and comfort. Providing comfort transcends cultures and nurses should incorporate understanding of unique cultural values, expectations, and preferences into hospice and palliative care. Hospice nurses need: firm foundation in home care skills, knowledge of community resources, ability to function constructively as a team member, comfort with death and dying, mature ability to meet personal emotional needs as well as the emotional needs of the hospice client and family. |
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Term
| population focused home care |
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Definition
It is directed towards the needs of the specific groups of people including those with high-risk health needs such as mental health problems, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes; families with infants or young children; or older adults. This includes structured approaches to regular visits with assessment protocols, focused health education, counseling, and health-related support and coaching
Bk ex: interdisciplinary home care program included psychiatric nurses who made home visits to elders who lived in public housing and had psychiatric symptoms. The nurses conducted comprehensive psychiatric assessments of older adults who had been referred to them by building personnel. They provided counseling, coaching, medication monitoring, referrals, and coordinated care with social workers and physicians. The program was effective in reducing psychiatric symptoms. INTERDISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION is a REQUIRED process in home health care. |
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Term
| the goal of home health nursing. |
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Definition
Home health nursing in particular “refers to the practice of nursing applied to a client with a health condition in the client’s place of residence…Home health nursing is a specialized area of nursing practice with its roots firmly placed in community health nursing”. It involves the same primary preventive focus of care of aggregates of other population-focused nurses. It also involves he secondary and tertiary preventive foci of the care of individuals in collaboration with the family and other caregivers.
Bk ex (p. 963): The changing environment in home health care has several implications for the nurse providing care in the home. Clients are discharged from acute care at earlier stages of tx, thereby needing a highly skilled level of care at home. |
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Term
| Identify important to consideration when coordinating care to ensure a comfortable and peaceful death. |
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Definition
How to Use a Hospice Approach to Care in Any Setting: The hospice philosophy of care means providing comfort measures to an individual before death. The circumstances of death vary. The individual may be any age, from infancy to the older adult. A nurse may be faced with the death of a single individual or of many people during a limited time. Death may occur in the individual’s home, in a hospital setting, or in an uncontrolled setting such as the community.
Be prepared now. Consider your own philosophy of death so that you can assist others w/o distraction when the time comes.
Cultures vary in their beliefs about and responses to death. Know the differences in culture responses so that you can effectively help people in their time of need.
Death events cannot be totally controlled-even in a hospice environment where the eventual death has been illustrated to family and friends and the dying individual before the death. Expect the unexpected and take cues from the client and the loved ones regarding their needs.
Shock, disbelief, and crisis reactions occur even with prepared, hospice deaths. Ask family and caregivers what they need: provide the family/friends with personal effects or mementos of the individual; give sensitive, caring support. Sit with them and listen.
In a disaster, when many people are affected, the philosophy of care is to provide to the greatest good to the greatest number of people. In a triage situation, the needs of those with less severe injuries have priority over the needs of those who are closer to death. Responsibilities of caregivers and health professionals will be stretched to the maximum. How do we care for the needs of the dying? How do we attend to the responses of the public to their loved ones? Someone needs to be present to support them. A specified leader to a group of clients must delegate responsibility to a caregiver who can assist the dying and their loved ones. |
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Term
| examples of skilled nursing services. |
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Definition
These several factors are evaluated and adequately documented:
Evaluating a client’s health status and condition; administering tx, rehabilitative exercises, and medications; inserting catheters; irrigating colostomies; and providing wound care
Teaching the client and family to implement the therapeutic plan such as tx, therapeutic diets, and taking medications
Reporting changes in the client’s condition to the physician and arranging for medical follow-up as indicated |
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Term
| factors necessary for successful interprofessional functioning |
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Definition
KNOWLEDGE
1. Understand how the group process can be used to achieve group goals.
2. Understand problem solving.
3. Understand role theory.
4. Understand what other professionals do and how they view their roles.
SKILL
1. Use principles of group process effectively.
2. Communicate clearly and accurately.
3. Communicate without using the profession’s jargon.
4. Express self clearly and concisely in writing.
ATTITUDE
1. Feel confident in role as a professional.
2. Trust and respect other professionals.
3. Share tasks with other professionals.
4. Work effectively toward conflict resolution.
5. Be flexible.
6. Adopt an attitude of inquiry.
7. Be timely. |
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Term
Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) measures outcomes for quality improvement and client satisfaction with care. Describe the two stages (see Figure 41-1). (p. 969) Outcome analysis and improvement strategies can be accomplished through the Outcome Based Quality Improvement (QBQI) framework. The QBQI is a two-stage framework that includes “outcome analysis” and “outcome enhancement”. GOAL of OASIS and QBQI are the provision of cost-effective, quality care.
First stage- |
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Definition
| data analysis: enables an agency to compare its performance to a national sample, ID factors that may affect outcomes, and ID final outcomes that show improvement in or stabilization of a client’s condition. |
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Term
| Outcomes and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) measures outcomes for quality improvement and client satisfaction with care. Describe the two stages (see Figure 41-1). (p. 969) Outcome analysis and improvement strategies can be accomplished through the Outcome Based Quality Improvement (QBQI) framework. The QBQI is a two-stage framework that includes “outcome analysis” and “outcome enhancement”. GOAL of OASIS and QBQI are the provision of cost-effective, quality care. |
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Definition
| Second stage- outcome enhancement: involves selection of specific client outcomes & then determining strategies to improve care. |
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Term
|
Definition
was designed to guide practice decisions, sort and document pertinent client data uniformly, and provide a framework for an agency-wide, multidisciplinary clinical information management system capable of meeting the needs of practitioners, managers, and administrators.
Goals: To develop a structured and comprehensive system that could be both understood and used by members of various disciples
To foster collaborative practice |
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Term
levels of prevention as applied to home care
PRIMARY PREVENTION |
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Definition
| - Prepartum and post partum home visiting models can help vulnerable mothers learn how to cope successfully with stressful life events. |
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Term
| levels of prevention as applied to home care SECONDARY PREVENTION |
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Definition
| The nurse assesses clients in their homes for early signs of new health problems in order to contact the physician and initiate prompt tx to prevent worsening of the condition. An example is assessing clients for development of side effects from medications. |
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Term
| levels of prevention as applied to home care TERTIARY PREVENTION |
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Definition
| The nurse provides counseling on dietary modifications and insulin injections to the newly diagnosed diabetic client. The purpose of these interventions is to prevent development of complications from diabetes. The diabetic client and his/her family implement the therapeutic plan with the goal of maintaining health at the highest possible level. |
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Term
| primary objective for a home health nurse. |
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Definition
| Home care gives clients and families a chance to receive health care in their usual home environment where they may feel more comfortable, and where it may be easier to learn how to make health-related lifestyle changes. Home care includes disease prevention, health promotion, and episodic illness-related services provided to people in their places of residence. It is an approach to care that is provided in people’s homes because theory or research suggests this is the optimum location for certain health and nursing services. Home care includes home health services, in-home hospice services, home visiting by public health nurses, and a variety of home-based health care programs focused on specific populations such as new mothers, frail elders, and people with certain chronic health problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the actual physical aspects of nursing care- anything requiring physical contact and face-to-face interactions. This includes performing a physical assessment on the client, changing a dressing on a wound, giving medication by injection, inserting an indwelling catheter, providing IV therapy, and patient/family teaching on certain procedure/task. |
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Term
| standards of home health nursing practice developed by the ANA These ANA standards contain two parts: |
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Definition
1. Standard of care: 6 steps of the nursing process
Assessment > Diagnosis > Outcome identification > Planning > Implementation > Evaluation
2. Standards of Professional Performance: 8 components
Quality of care
Performance appraisal
Education
Collegiality
Ethics
Collaboration
Research
Resource use |
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Term
| activities of school nurses |
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Definition
Give comprehensive care to children and staff at school
Coordinate health education program & consult with school officials to help identify and car for other persons in community
Provide care to children in following settings:
Juvenile detention centers
Preschools and day-care centers
During field trips
At sporting events
At children’s homes
“School nurse must be flexible in giving care, education, and help to those in need” |
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Term
| 11 criteria for school nurses |
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Definition
1) Develop school health policies and procedures
2) Evaluate “their own” nursing practice
3) Keep up with nursing knowledge
4) Interact with the interdisciplinary health care team
5) Ensure confidentiality I providing health care
6) Consult with others to give complete care
7) Use research findings in practice
8) Ensure the safety of children, including when delegating care to other school personnel
9) Have good communication skills
10) Manage a school health program effectively
11) Teach others about wellness |
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Term
school nurse roles
Direct caregiver: |
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Definition
| traditional role of school nurse; gives immediate medical care to children |
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Term
| school nurse roles Health Educator: |
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Definition
| teach children individually and in classroom; examples include nutrition, safety, puberty/body changes |
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Term
school nurse roles
Case Manager: |
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Definition
| coordinate care of disabled and/or chronically ill children who may be seen by PT, OT, speech therapist, etc; minimize disruption of appointments to children’s academics |
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Term
| school nurse roles Consultant: |
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Definition
| provides health information to school administrators, teachers, and parent-teacher groups; provides professional information regarding school environment and impact on children; make recommendations concerning proposed changes in school policies |
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Term
| school nurse roles Counselor: |
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Definition
| person “whom children tell important secrets about their health.” Must be trustworthy; explain in advance that if what is shared endangers child, it must be shared with parents. Help with grief counseling and as members of crisis team |
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Term
| school nurse roles Community Outreach: |
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Definition
| involved in health fairs or festivals, participate in immunization education and do BP screenings; initiate a liaison with local DOH & charities to provide education for schools. |
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Term
| school nurse roles Researcher: |
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Definition
| Outcomes re: school nurse svcs need to be studied; school nurse is in position to advance school nursing practices |
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Term
| School based health centers: |
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Definition
| aka SBHC; Federally funded to provide health care services other than screening and first aid care to children who may not receive healthcare; started in 1990’s under Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities program. Services expanded to include mental health and dental care |
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Term
| Full-service school based health centers: |
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Definition
| aka FSSBHC; Evolution of successful SBHC in some areas; expand comprehensive health services to include people in community as well as students; may provide additional social services, day care, job training, and educational counseling |
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Term
levels of prevention in school nursing
Secondary Prevention: |
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Definition
| Screening for health problems, caring for ill or injured children and staff |
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Term
| levels of prevention in school nursing Tertiary Prevention: |
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Definition
| Caring for children with chronic health problems, health referrals and continuity of care |
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Term
levels of prevention in school nursing
Primary Prevention: |
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Definition
| Health promotion activities, teaching healthy lifestyles, immunizing children for school entry |
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Term
| how the Safe Kids Campaign can be used by the school nurse in the prevention of childhood injuries. Identify areas with high potential for injury. |
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Definition
| Provide educational programs reminding children to use their seat belts or bicycle helmets to prevent injuries, crossing the street, water safety and fire safety, prevention of playground injuries, ways to reduce sports injuries, promote skateboard and scooter safety, substance abuse prevention, lifestyle choices to reduce disease risk factors, highlight dangers of tanning, etc |
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Term
| nursing interventions with families where children are not immunized |
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Definition
| ) All states have laws requiring immunizations or vaccines prior to attending school; school nurse must keep complete file of children’s vaccination record. Although nurses are public servants, in many states HIPAA is interpreted to protect this information so a nurse may have to contact parents directly. Notices should be sent to child’s home one year prior to due date of new immunizations; if language is a barrier, get a translator, if information is lost, guide parents in contacting their providers; assist in locating programs that will assist families to afford immunizations if they need it; nurse should be sensitive to personal (i.e. religious) beliefs precluding their children from immunizations. |
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Term
| guidelines for school nurses related to the administration of medications at school |
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Definition
Part of secondary prevention; may include prescribed medications, OTC medications/vitamins the parents have requested; guidelines for specific schools/districts should be drafted with legal assistance.
Prescribed drug should be in original container, physician should inform nurse of possible SE, signed consent form from parents should be on file. Drug book should be in nurse’s office as they are responsible for knowing medication actions, SE & implications |
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Term
| future trends of school nursing |
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Definition
| Future trend in school nursing is strong; amount of health care being given at schools is increasing; telehealth and telecounseling are on the horizon; more internet usage; nurse is responsible for keeping up with the latest changes in health care. “Cutting edge: school nurses communicate with some families using the internet.” |
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Term
| minimum educational level of school nurses as recommended by the National Association of School Nurses |
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Definition
| NASN recommends RN with BSN and special certification in school nursing; half of US states require specialty certification. Currently, education preparation ranges from AND to MSN; most school nurses do not start nursing careers in schools. |
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Term
| role of the occupational health nurse. |
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Definition
| Planning and delivering worksite health and safety services; prevention of adverse health effects from occupational and environmental hazards; workplace assessment and surveillance, primary care, case management, counseling. |
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Term
| types of industries that are noted for high degrees of hazards associated with the work |
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Definition
| Manufacturing, mines, construction, agriculture |
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Term
| epidemiologic triad can be used to understand the relationship between work and health |
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Definition
Host: all employed individuals and groups and their families
Agents: occupational exposures (biological, chemical, environmental, physical, psychosocial)
Environment: all external conditions that influence the interaction of the host and agents (physical, social) |
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Term
| work-related hazards are including biological, chemical, enviromechanical, physical, and psychosocial hazards |
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Definition
Biological: infectious diseases transmitted by humans (bloodborne and airborne pathogens—think needlestick or TB) through contact with infected patients or contaminated bodily fluids
Chemical: carcinogens, teratogens, heavy metals, latex (allergy), medications, gases, vapors; toxic or irritating to the body
Enviromechanical: repetitive motion, poor posture, unsafe workstations, cluttered work areas, slippery floors, lifting heavy loads; these things cause or potentiate accidents, strains, injuries, or discomfort
Physical: temperature extremes, vibration, noise, laser, radiation, electricity; these can cause tissue trauma
Psychosocial: stress, burnout, interpersonal relationship strain, overtime, work-home balances |
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Term
identify levels of prevention as applied in occupational health.
Primary prevention: |
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Definition
eliminate or reduce risk of disease, identifying workplace hazards
Ex: nurse provides education of safety in the workplace to prevent injury |
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Term
| identify levels of prevention as applied in occupational health. Secondary prevention: |
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Definition
early detection, prompt treatment, prevention of further limitations; surveillance and screening
Ex: nurse screens for hearing loss resulting from noise levels in the plant |
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Term
| identify levels of prevention as applied in occupational health. Tertiary prevention: |
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Definition
restore health as fully as possible to achieve maximum level of functioning; rehab, return-to-work programs, limited duty programs
Ex: nurse works with chronic diabetic workers to ensure appropriate medication use & blood glucose screening to avoid lost work |
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Term
| the role of employee assistance programs |
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Definition
| Provide on-site assistance to address personal problems, like marital/family issues, substance abuse, or financial difficulties, which may affect the employee’s productivity. |
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Term
| first legislation that specifically required certain prevention programs for workers |
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Definition
| The Mine Safety and Health Act of 1968 |
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Term
| OSHA was created to develop and enforce workplace safety and health standards and regulations that regulate workers’ exposure to potentially toxic substances, enforcing these at the federal and state levels. |
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Definition
| Determines and sets standards and permissible exposure limits for hazardous exposures in the workplace. Enforces occupational health standards (including through inspection). Educates employees and employers about occupational health and safety. Develops and maintains a database of work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths. Monitors compliance with occupational health and safety standards. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the Hazardous Communication Standard established in 1983, provide information about any hazardous substances in a workplace, including what toxic agents are in the substances, and how to minimize exposures. |
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