Term
| Intentional verbal messages |
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Definition
| conscious attempts we make to communicate with others through speech |
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Term
| Unintentional verbal messages |
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Definition
| things we say without meaning to. |
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Term
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Definition
| the way that communication is sent and received |
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Term
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Definition
| • Attention, hearing, understanding, remembering |
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Term
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Definition
| return to you of behavior you have generated |
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Term
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Definition
| basic unit of communication; generally occurs between two people. Can be superficial or intimate. |
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Term
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Definition
| communication between members of different cultures (whether defined by ethnic, racial, or socioeconomic differences) |
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Term
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Definition
| communication transaction that emphasizes questions and answers |
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Term
| Small group communication |
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Definition
| process by which three or more members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another |
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Term
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Definition
| public speaking; Occurs in public places, relatively formal, usually planned in advance, clear-cut social norms (e.g. commencement ceremony, speech) |
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Term
| Organizational communication |
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Definition
| flow of messages within a network of interdependent relationships |
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Term
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Definition
communication that is mediated
o Most formal, most expensive
o TV, internet news, newspaper, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| accurate reception of the content of the intended stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| purpose of maintaining human contact |
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Term
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Definition
| Something happening that blocks message from getting to you |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences between interpretation of terms – e.g. someone from China has a different idea of political freedom than someone from the US |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbances in human relationships that result from misunderstandings |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological process of receiving aural stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| we attend to certain stimuli while filtering out others |
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Term
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Definition
| talking as a means of socializing; movies, music, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily used for understanding and remembering (e.g. the classroom, meetings, directions) |
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Term
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Definition
| needed when we suspect the source we are listening to is biased and we need to make a choice about something. |
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Term
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Definition
| the listener tries to demonstrate empathy for the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| hearing too much, having to attend to too many stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| thinking faster than the person talks and thus getting bored |
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Term
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Definition
| listening to the little piece of info that can be used to attack the speaker |
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Term
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Definition
| taking everything the speaker says for face value |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| listening only for emotion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Concentrate, acknowledge, respect, empathize |
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Term
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Definition
| relatively stable impressions of yourself such as physical characteristics and judgments about what you “have been, are, aspire to be” |
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Term
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Definition
| expanding of the self to achieve various goals/desires is a basic human motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| – success in a relatively unsuccessful group, preferred over situations in which performance of the group outshines individual performance |
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Term
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Definition
| Tend to think of ourselves and our groups as more human than people outside our groups. |
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Term
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Definition
| you see your own behavior as a sequence of responses to the demands of a situation; but you view the same behavior in others as generated by their disposition |
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Term
| Private theory of personality |
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Definition
| select and organize info about others on the basis of what behaviors we think go together |
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Term
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Definition
| likely to attribute other negative characteristics to someone just because you observe one |
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Term
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Definition
| dimension of nonverbal communication that influences our first impressions, has been linked with animation, dynamism, expansiveness, intensity of verbal and nonverbal behaviors. |
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Term
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Definition
| occupational status may be used to make judgments of personal attributes |
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Term
| Traditional marriage relationship |
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Definition
| husband sees self as masculine, woman sees self as feminine. “Bringing home the bacon” for the man; housework for the woman |
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Term
| Reluctant wife marriage relationship |
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Definition
| wife views self as feminine, husband sees self as androgynous; wife may perceive husband as “too feminine”; may feel undermined by husband’s willingness to help with womanly tasks |
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Term
| Reluctant husband marriage relationship |
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Definition
| husband sees himself as masculine and wife sees herself as androgynous – man may feel threatened in his masculinity. |
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Term
| Androgynous marriage relationship |
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Definition
| husband sees himself as masculine and wife sees herself as androgynous – man may feel threatened in his masculinity. |
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Term
| Interpersonal sensitivity |
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Definition
| success in decoding nonverbal communication; accurate recall of another person’s nonverbal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
so called because listening is hard, like exercise
Concentrate
Acknowledge (asking questions, giving feedback)
Respect
Empathize |
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Term
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Definition
| very throroughly analyze a unique event |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypotheses become observations, which result in empirical generalizations, which then allow us to make theories. These theories cause us to come up with more hypotheses/predictions. |
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Term
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Definition
| start going on about when something that happened to the talker happened to you |
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Term
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Definition
| an instrument that can test a person’s reaction to any concept or term. Uses 7-interval scale concerned with feelings rather than description. |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning meaning to word without others’ agreement. Schizophrenic people do this without realizing it. |
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Term
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Definition
| requires some correspondence between the message as perceived by the sender and the receiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| different groups of people use a certain language (e.g. physicians) |
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Term
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Definition
| when a very small group of people have a meaning for a word – more prevalent in romantic relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| codes which provide areas of commonality but which also contain areas of unshared codification |
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Term
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Definition
| words, phrases, or nonverbale signs they had created that had meaning unique to their relationship |
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Term
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Definition
| shifting to different styles (Casual, quasi-literary, etc) and introducing shifts in vocab or syntax |
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Term
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Definition
| the world is perceived differently by members of different communities and this perception is transmitted and sustained by language. |
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Term
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Definition
| cause communication difficulties that have to do with vagueness of words |
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Term
| weak determinism (Sapir-Whorf) |
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Definition
| language influences but doesn’t control our thoughts |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as “polar words” – tend to say something is a “success” or a “failure”; “attractive” or “unattractive”. No scale between – black or white. |
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Term
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Definition
| communication about communication |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus stands out from others |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus provokes emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| physical/physiological limits due to human capacity (limits of our senses) |
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Term
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Definition
| expectation based responses. Motivation or interest; past experiences or expectations |
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Term
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Definition
| Select, organize, interpret |
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Term
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Definition
| build our self concept as we interact/talk with other people |
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Term
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Definition
| compare ourselves to others to form our self-concept. |
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Term
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Definition
| important aspect of self-concept (broader than biological sex) |
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Term
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Definition
| assigning meaning to others’ behavior (e.g. why did my boss pass me up for a raise?) |
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Term
| Stable traits (consistency) |
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Definition
| if it doesn’t fit, we push it aside |
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Term
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Definition
| personal magnetism that enables an individual to attract and influence people |
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Term
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Definition
| see our own behavior as governed by demands of a situation |
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Term
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Definition
| see others’ behavior as governed by their disposition |
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Term
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Definition
| overuse of personality “reasons” or dispositions with others |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to overuse situational attributions with yourself. Preserves self-esteem. |
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Term
| Impersonal personality theory |
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Definition
o Solomon Asch
o How we select and organize info about others on the basis of what behaviors we think go together |
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Term
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Definition
| make traits organize well, explain away/avoid inconsistent info |
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Term
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Definition
| person’sportable territory, which each individual carries along wherever he or she goes. |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how human beings communicate through their use of space |
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Term
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Definition
| 18 inches or less; best for nonverbal communication, or discussing private matters. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5 – 4 feet – Topics discuss may be personal; varies from close relationships (1.5-2.5 ft) to conversing with friends (2.5-4 ft) |
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Term
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Definition
| 4-12 ft – conversations at social gatherings; further = meetings |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 feet or more – public speaking, projecting voice |
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Term
| High/low contact cultures |
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Definition
| touch more/less often, stand/sit closer/further, make more/less eye contact |
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Term
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Definition
| group having sufficient distinctive traits to distinguish from other members of the same dominant culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| angle of your body as you interact with another person |
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Term
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Definition
| how human beings communicate trhough use of time |
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Term
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Definition
| study of body movements in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| manage and adapt how we express emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| unconscious mimicry of the other person’s expression |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the role of eye behaviors such as eye contact, movements, etc. in communication |
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Term
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Definition
| study of how we use touch to communicate |
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Term
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Definition
study of how we select and make use of physical objects in our nonverbal communication
• Clothing, car you drive, furniture (personal style)
• E.g. glasses may make someone be perceived as smart |
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Term
| Paralinguistics/paralangauge |
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Definition
– refers to something beyond or inaddition to language itself. Two components:
Voice qualities (pitch, range, resonance, etc)
Vocalizations – noises without linguistic structure such as laughing and grunting |
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Term
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Definition
| number of words you utter within a specified times |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rules of word organization (changing word organization may change meaning of sentence) |
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Term
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Definition
| how language is used practically (e.g. catch the bus – phrase that does not directly mean what it says) |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to things and ideas with language |
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Term
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Definition
assuming a word or phrase has only one meaning (one word one meaning fallacy)
• “Let’s get a drink after the show” – what kind of drink? Alcoholic? Soda? |
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Term
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Definition
| using monologues – one person talks for a bit, other waits; take turns doing this. Declarative. Men more likely to speak |
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Term
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Definition
| Free for all, lack of clear turn taking; Conversational overlap, repetition; Agreement structures; Women more likely to speak this way |
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Term
| Verbal/nonverbal contradiction |
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Definition
| people believe nonverbal (kinesic slips) |
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Term
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Definition
| researched use of space/proxemics in America |
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Term
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Definition
| substitute for word (e.g. wave hand for “hello” |
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Term
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Definition
| show emotions (sometimes unintentional) |
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Term
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Definition
| habits and small gestures without inherent meaning |
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Term
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Definition
| parent expected to minister to the needs of the child, provide financial support |
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Term
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Definition
| choose to be in certain roles; however, some of the norms of those roles are internalized |
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Term
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Definition
| occupying two or more roles that entail contradictory expectations about a given behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| contradictory expectations within a single role |
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Term
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Definition
| views relationships in terms of sets of contradictory or opposing impulses that create tension between two people |
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Term
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Definition
offers a way of looking at the interdependence of intrapersonal/interpersonal affairs
• Four quadrants to represent awareness of your behavior, feelings, motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| when one person discloses something about him or herself to another, tends to elicit reciprocal level of openness in second person |
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Term
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Definition
| comfortable with intimacy/dependence. Describe close relationships as characterized by love, trust, happiness. Easy to know, few self-doubts. |
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Term
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Definition
| closeness makes avoidant people uncomfortable. Fear intimacy of close relationships, difficult to depend on others. Fearful avoidance (protect oneself from hurt) and dismissive avoidance (defensively denying one’s need for closeness) |
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Term
| Anxious ambivalent attachment style |
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Definition
| yearn for close relationships, but have fears about being abandoned. Troubled by self-doubt. |
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Term
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Definition
| based on differences between the partners – one dominant, one submissive |
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Term
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Definition
| based on similarities – both dominant/both submissive |
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Term
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Definition
| based on some combination of complementary and symmetrical interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of changes, mutual exchanges |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Percieved reciprocity of liking |
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Definition
| whether you feel that the people you like also like you |
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Term
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Definition
| have few dates in a specific period of time, feel inhibited around members of opposite sex, dissatisfied with current dating frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| setting and social-psychological environment |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| social-psychological context |
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Term
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Definition
| perception and communication by resonance, identification, experiencing in ourselves a reflection of the emotional tone being experienced by other person |
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Term
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Definition
| changes over time; when two people meet, they are as explicit as possible. After time, they get to know each other better and develop insight |
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Term
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Definition
| variety of topics communicated (deeply or superficially) |
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Term
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Definition
| intimacy of what is communicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| belief or feeling that no harm will come to you from the other person in the relationship |
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Term
| Memory Structure approach |
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Definition
| have expectations for relationship development, based on past experience as well as what we have seen in media, by others, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| five relationship maintenance strategies (Positivity, openness, assurances, networks, tasks) |
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Term
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Definition
| how closely connected or bonded family members are in terms of intimacy |
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Term
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Definition
| Secure, preoccupied (clingy), dismissive (big ego, don't care about others), fearful (dislike self and others) |
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Term
| Independent marriage style |
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Definition
| • Independent use of time and space |
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Term
| Separate style of marriage |
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Definition
| • Independent use of time and space. Not connected. |
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Term
| Traditional marriage style |
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Definition
| • Interdependence, do things together |
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Term
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Definition
| sets of opposing or contradictory impulses that create tension between two people |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals |
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Term
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Definition
| feel that if you gain, they lose |
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Term
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Definition
| feel that if you work together, everyone gets more |
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Term
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Definition
| internal conflict. E.g. torn between wanting to go out with friends, or studying for an exam. |
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Term
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Definition
| between individuals. Usually direct communication. Most common type of conflict |
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Term
| Traditional marriage style |
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Definition
| • Interdependence, do things together |
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Term
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Definition
| within a small group (family team, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| between groups – families, gangs, governments, nations. Complicated, involves many people. |
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Term
| Latent conflict/emergence |
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Definition
| potential or latent conflict, brought out by a trigger (miscommunication, negative comment or verbal exchange) |
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Term
| Escalation and resolution |
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Definition
| conflict escalates until stalemate, which causes parties to decide to de-escalate the conflict. Negotiation. |
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Term
| Avoidance (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| easiest way to deal with a conflict often seems to avoid it |
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Term
| Denial (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| pretending there’s no conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to acknowledge/deny presence of a conflict following a statement about the conflict |
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Term
| Semantic focus (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| person trying to avoid conflict focuses on what is being said and then makes statements about what the words mean or how to characterize the conflict and this discussion of words. |
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Term
| Competition (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| one party tries to use aggression or power to beat the other party (battleground) |
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Term
| Presumptive attribution (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| making statements that attribute to the other person feelings thoughts, motives that he or she does not acknowledge |
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Term
| Prescription (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| Threats (e.g. if you don’t do this, you’re grounded) |
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Term
| Accommodation (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| person suppresses his or her needs and emphasizes harmony with other party (appeasement, smoothing over) |
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Term
| Collaboration (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| high degree of concern for both parties as well as relationship |
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Term
| Qualification (conflict resolution) |
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Definition
| limiting the subject at issue to what will make things work |
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Term
| Ethnic conflict management |
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Definition
| territorial autonomy for minority groups = most desired solution. Not always feasible – offer alternative approach |
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Term
|
Definition
| reciprocal exchanges seen as more fair than negotiation exchanges |
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Term
| Six step model for negotiation |
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Definition
| Analyze, plan, organize, gain/maintain control, close negotiations, continuous improvement |
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Term
| integrating negotiation style |
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Definition
| collaborate with others to make a decision acceptable to us; work for a proper understanding of problem; try to resolve all issues; satisfy everyone’s expectations |
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Term
| Obliging negotiation style |
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Definition
| Try to satisfy others’ expectations, accommodate others |
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Term
| Dominating negotiation style |
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Definition
| use my authority to make a decision in my favor, use influence, use expertise |
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Term
| Compromising negotiation style |
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Definition
| try to find a middle course to resolve, negotiate with others for compromise |
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Term
| Avoiding negotiation style |
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Definition
| stay away from disagreement, avoid encounters, keep disagreements to myself |
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Term
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Definition
| deciding an issue based on its merits rather than by taking positions and trying to get the other party to come to our position |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| idea that person with greater power “encourages” other person into silence |
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Term
| • Duck’s Four Relationship Dissolution Phases |
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Definition
| Intrapsychic (internal focus), dyadic (confrontation), social (talk to others), grave dressing |
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Term
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Definition
| social group of two or more people characterized by ongoing interdependence with long-term commitments that stem from blood, law, affection/love |
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Term
|
Definition
| according to Aristotle, morality is to be found in moderation. Each virtue is the mean of two extremes – between excess and deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| command or obligation to act that is absolute with no exceptions or conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness, wrong as they tend to produce reverse of happiness |
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Term
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Definition
| free selves from bias of our positions, circumstances, etc to get rid of self-interest (ignorance of ourselves) |
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Term
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Definition
| to reach good outcomes and results rather than on the motives or rules that guided us in our choices |
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Term
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Definition
| stress unchanging universal codes of behavior. Duty and obligation. |
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Term
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Definition
| what would we want others to do to us? Links care-based principles with compassion. |
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Term
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Definition
| target groups such as Jews, homosexuals Muslims, women, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| organization or individual that advocates violence against or unreasonable hostility toward those persons or organizations identified by their race, religion, etc. through the internet. |
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Term
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Definition
| a member of a group makes a charge about the violation of ethical standards/norms within the group itself |
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Term
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Definition
| courage to be moral, adhering to five core moral values of honesty, respect, fairness, responsibility compassion |
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Term
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Definition
| previously unknown info that is made known to others, but its source remains anonymous |
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Term
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Definition
| web page established to attack reputation of a person, corporation, or another site |
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Term
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Definition
| passionate, intense emotion, erotic component, strong commitment. |
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Term
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Definition
| game-playing. Manipulative, “playing the field”. Lacks emotional intensity/commitment. |
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Term
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Definition
| friendship-based love. Down-to-earth, not passionate. Committed, long-lasting. |
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Term
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Definition
| practical love style. Makes choices based on rationality, focus on matching desired traits |
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Term
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Definition
| possessive, dependent love style. Self-doubt, uncertainty. |
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Term
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Definition
| selfless, all-giving love. Altruistic, undemanding. No strings/qualifications. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Triangular Theory of Love |
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Definition
| Intimacy, passion, committment |
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Term
|
Definition
most traditional, build on scientific method
Assumption that behavior can be observed, measured, predicted
Descriptive, quantitative |
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Term
|
Definition
anthropology and linguistics.
Goal is to understand a behavior
Perspective within culture |
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Term
|
Definition
creating change by examining power dynamics
Power relationships characterize all intercultural transactions
Minorities |
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Term
|
Definition
| dispersal or scattering; dispersal of people from their homeland |
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Term
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Definition
| more skilled in reading nonverbal behaviors, assume that others are as well |
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Term
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Definition
stress direct and explicit communication; emphasize verbal messages and shared information they encode
Asian cultures tend to be higher-context, Western = lower |
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Term
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Definition
| degree to which people accept authority and hierarchical organization as a natural part of their culture |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the extent to which members of a given culture attempt to avoid uncertainty or ambiguity about others |
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Term
|
Definition
| single universal principle that underpins all systematic ethics (e.g. sacredness of life) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| seeing our own undesirable qualities in other people |
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Term
| Intergroup contact theory |
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Definition
| four conditions are needed for intergroup contact to be optimal: equal status between groups, authority support, shared goals, intergroup cooperation |
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Term
|
Definition
| two parts: obligation to others and recognition that human beings are different and that we can learn from each others’ differences |
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Term
| Lippard's Excuses for Lying |
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Definition
o Protect/acquire material resources
o Increase/decrease affiliation (to make friends/distance self from someone)
o Protect oneself
o Avoid conflict
o Protect others |
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Term
| Killman-Thomas Conflict Model |
|
Definition
| assertiveness and coopertiveness |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of people to increase their willingness to take risks as a resulot of group discussions |
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Term
|
Definition
| human beings have a need to evaluate own opinions and abilities and that when they cannot do so by objective nonsocial means, they compare them with those of others |
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Term
| Group development - Forming |
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Definition
| prior to first meeting when members begin separating selves from attachments that could interfere with group, attempt to learn about the group and/or other members. |
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Term
| Group Development - Storming |
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Definition
| Group loses part of group identity, confusion over goals increases, minimal work is accomplished. |
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Term
| Group Development - norming |
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Definition
| levels of balance in response to storming phase. Individuality and groupness balance. Group cohesion begins to emerge. |
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Term
| group development - performing |
|
Definition
| period of consensus and maximum productivity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| activities that help the group achieve its goals |
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Term
|
Definition
| any activities that improve emotional climate or increase satisfaction of individual members |
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| typical of high-risk organizations such as police departments, surgeons, etc. |
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| Work-hard-play-hard culture |
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| focus on sales, meeting customers needs. Mary Kay Cosmetics, McDonalds, etc. Sales-type organizations; celebrate a lot of keep up energy and motivation |
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| requires that you endure high risks, slow feedback (big oil, developing new aircraft) |
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| low-risk, slow-feedback. Governmental organizations, utilities, heavily regulated industries. Rarely see results of work. Focus on processes. |
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| – no reason to doubt person’s competence; can rely on person to not make my job more difficult |
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| sharing relationship with person; can share ideas, feelings, hopes. Talk freely; share problems. |
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| Noncontrolling communication |
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| not micromanaging, oversupervising. Fosters employee creativity and productivity. |
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| boss who seems to be on your side; help employees solve problems; encouragement and praise |
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| attempt to change attitude of powerful individuals by bringing them into partnership |
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| people with overlapping group memberships to help coordinate efforts upward, downward, across system |
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| person who, by selecting, changing, and/or rejecting messages, can influence the flow of information to a receiver or group of receivers. |
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| journalists placed in individual military units who live and travel with the troops |
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| independent journalists (not protected by the military) |
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| each audience member receives messages directly from the source of a given medium; if it’s powerful enough it will influence the receiver in some way |
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| someone who, through day-to-day personal contacts/communication, influences someone else’s opinions and decisions fairly regularly |
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| information passed from various mass media to certain opinion leaders; and from these leaders to other people within the population |
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| press tells us what to think about by establishing relative importance of certain issues |
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| television cultivates through its stories, common worldviews, common perspectives on how men/women should think, behave, and act |
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| set of attitudes that the world is a relatively mean and dangerous place |
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| perceive others as more influenced by media content than we are ourselves |
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| • Performance of group exceeds capabilities of individual group members |
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