the process of examinin information about those who are expected to listen to a speech.

a problem-solving technique used to generate many ideas.

Knowledge Experience Research

An aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as informed, skilled, or knowledgeable.

competence & character

An audience's preception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic.

ethics

your conduct compared against your code 

behavior compare against the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right or wrong.

feedback

can be used as an attention getter at the introduction of your speech. You can also use it to frame a speech.

An example that might happen but that has not actually occurred.

rule 1: the aid is for the audience

rule 2: you should be able to do the presentation without the aid.

Anything tangible (drawing, charts, graphs, video images, photographs, music) that helps communicate an idea to an audience.

terminal credibility

the final impression listeners have of a speaker's credibility, after a speech concludes.

The audience controls this.

an aspect of a speaker's credibility that reflects whether the speaker is perceived as believable and honest.

Trustworthiness=character

Building confidence

• REHEARSE 
• know your audience
• select an appropriate topic and prepare it.
• visualiz your success
• know your introduction and conclusion
• use deep-breathing techniques
• focus on your message, not your fear
• give yourself a mental pep talk
• channel your nervous energy
• seek speaking opportunities
• look for positive listener support
• don't procrastinate on preparing your speech

listening vs. hearing

listening implies an effort to understand; this involves a mental process. You must select, attend, understand and remember in order to demonstrate your listening.

Hearing is something mechanical.

• listen with your eyes as well as your ears.
• monitor your emotional reaction to a message.
• avoid jumping to conclusions.
• be a selfish listener.
• listen for major ideas.
• identify your listening goals. (pleasure, empathy, to evaluate, for information)
• practice listening
• become an active listener

• piggybacking- writting ideas that come to mind.
• scanning web directories
• listening & reading for topic ideas.
• random search of reference

Situational audience analysis

• time
• size of audience
• location
• occassion

research strategies

keep track of resources

use a consistent format

evaluate the usefuleness

virtual library

Diversity

Usability

Recency

Objectivity

Accuracy

Accountability

a list of potential resources to be used in the preparation of a speech.

(Promising Resources)

Keep track of them to use in speech

Pattern to organize  body of speech

Primacy (most important mentioned first)

Recency (most important mentioned last)

complexity

chronologically

spatially (arranging according to locationa and directon)

Cause & Effect

Problem & Solution

Speech connectives/transitions

Internal Preview

Internal Summary

signposts

Aunt Isabel Reads Excelent Pieces 

1. Attention
2. Introduce topic (specific purpose)
3. Relate topic to audience (establish the benefits)
4. establish credibility
5. Preview the body (central idea)

what you want the audience to carry away.

use it in the conclusion

Preperation: use it to put your speech together

Speaking: use it to deliver your speech