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in symbolic interation, elements that have been constructed to represent something else in the social world |
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| news frames highlighting positive aspects or social movements and the need for and desirably of action |
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| commodification of culture |
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| the study of what happens when culture is mass produced and distributed in direct competition with locally based cultures |
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| theory that television "cultivates" or creates a world view that, although possibly inaccurate, become the reality because people believe it to be so. |
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| Cultural Indicators Project |
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| in cultivation analysis, periodic examinations of television programming and the conception of social reality cultivated by viewing. |
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| hyperritualized representations |
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| media content constructed to highlight only the most meaningful actions |
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| in cultivation analysis, a series of questions about the incidence of crime and violence, the answers of which can be used to differentiate heavy and light viewers. |
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in sybolic interaction, things occuring in nature that represent something else in nature
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| news accounts in which interested elites involve journalists in the construction of news drama that blurs underlying contextual realities. |
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| theory developed by European philosophers focusing on individual experience of the physical and social world |
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| communication theory examining who participates in transforming communication into action, in which sectors and institutions of society, with what basis in everyday life, by what form of consensus concerning criteria and procedures, and with what consequences for the structure of society |
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| primary or dominant reality |
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| in frame analysis, the real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules (sometimes referred to as the dominant reality) |
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| in symbolic interaction, any element in the environment used to represent another element in the environment |
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| in symbolic interaction, artificial signs that produce highly predictable responses |
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| school of social theory that argues that individuals' power to oppose or reconstruct important social institutions is limited |
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| social construction of reality |
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| theory that assumes an ongoing correspondence of meaning because people share a common sense about its reality |
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| theory that people give meaning to symbols and that those meanings come to control those people |
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| arbitrary, often abstract representations of unseen phenomena |
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| "mental images" that enable people to quickly classify objects and actions and then structure their own actions in response |
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| annual content analysis of a sample week of network television prime-time fare demonstrating how much violence is present |
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| the idea that media doesn't tell people what to think but what to think about |
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| In information/innovation diffusion theory, those who directly influence early adopters and opinion leaders |
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| in information/innovation diffusion theory, people who adopt an innovation early, even before receiving significant amounts of information |
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| in framing theory, a specific set of expectations used to make sense of some aspect of the social world in a specific situation |
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| idea that people use sets of expectations to make sense of their social world and media contribute to those expectations |
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| information diffusion theory |
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| theory that explains how innovations are introduced and adopted by various communities |
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| idea hat media have intruded into and taken over politics to the degree that politics have become subverted |
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| media system dependency thoery |
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| idea that the more a person depends on having needs gratified by media use, the more important the media's role will be in the person's life and, therefore, the more influence those media will have. |
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| in news production research, the term for professional practices designed to ensure objectivity that are implicitly biased towards support of the status quo |
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| in agenda-setting, the idea that media draw attention to some aspects of political life at the expense of others |
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| second-order agenda-settings |
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| the idea that media set the public's agenda at a second level or order- the attribute level ("how to think about it"), where the first order was the object level ("what to think about") |
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| idea that people holding views contrary to those dominant in the media are moved to keep them to themselves for fear of rejection |
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Cultivation analysis's four-step process to measure the impact of television on the culture includes message system analysis, which is
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A. a detailed content analysis of television programming
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According to George Gerbner, the view of the social world cultivated by prime-time television programming is
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| an inaccurate depiction that overemphasizes crime and violence |
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Cultivation analysis, the theory that television "cultivates" or creates a worldview that, although possibly inaccurate, becomes reality because people believe it to be so, was developed by:
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In cultivation analysis, a series of questions about the incidence of crime and violence, the answers to which can be used to differentiate heavy and light television viewers is called the:
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Stuart Hall sees media as ___________ where various forces struggle to shape popular notions about social reality.
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The 1969 Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior found that seeing violence on television acts cathartically to sublimate people's natural aggressive drives. T/F
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Stuart Hall views mass media in Western, pluralistic democracies as a "public forum" in which
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| elites and counterelites struggle to define the social world |
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The real world in which people and events obey certain conventional and widely accepted rules is called:
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In Gender Advertisements, Goffman argues that advertising routinely shows women to be ____________ than men
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Advertising strategies that encourage people to attach certain symbolic meaning to products and experience these as real-attributes are making an effort to
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| According to Erving Goffman, we are constantly |
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| shifting between various social worlds as we move through daily life |
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According to Tunstall, American mass media have been so successful in selling their cultural commodities worldwide because
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| they are based on simple formuals derived from folk culture |
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The theory that people give meaning to symbols and those meanings come to control those people is called symbolic interaction. T/F
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Sociologist Erving Goffman provided a systematic account of how we use expectations to make sense of everyday life situations and the people in them. His theory is called:
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Both symbolic interaction and social construction assume that it is ___________ that allows the construction, maintenance, and efficient operation of the culture.
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| When culture is mass produced and distributed in direct competition with locally based cultures, the result is the commodification of culture |
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Goffman's frame analysis argues that although people have the capacity to reframe their experience on an ongoing basis, we maintain the impression that our experiences are constant and routine. We do this by
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| committing ourselves to live in the primary reality |
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The theory developed by European philosophers that focuses on individual experience of the physical and social world is called:
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More or less highly structured sets of categories or patterns--sets of interrelated conceptual categories--are called hyperritualized representations. T/F
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According to social construction of reality, __________ are objects expressly designed to impart subjective meaning.
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