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| Parts of the communication process: |
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Definition
| Communicators send and receive messages. The sender encodes (creates) and the receiver decodes (interprets) these messages. The message channel is how you get the message. Both the message and the message channel are effected by noise (any distraction) and the environment (everything that both communicators are). |
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| Putting thoughts into symbols, usually words, to create the message. Examples: body language, demeanor, tone of voice, etc. |
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| Makes sense of the message, or interprets the message. |
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| What’s included in the communications environment? |
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| Everything that the you are: age, gender, sexual orientation, religion, geographic location, educational level, personality, health, culture, life experiences, etc. |
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| Content Dimensions of Communication |
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| Involves the information being explicitly discussed: “Turn left at the next corner.” “You can buy that for less online.” Obvious content. |
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| Relational Dimensions of Communication |
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| Expresses how you feel about the other person: whether you like or dislike, control or submissive, comfortable or anxious, etc. |
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| Are more accurate in judging others’ emotional states, better at remembering information about others, less shy, and more assertive. |
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| Aren’t able to recognize their own incompetence, are blissfully ignorant of their own short comings, and more likely to overestimate their skill than better communicators. |
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| Is the tendency to seek and attend to information that conforms to an existing self-concept. We tend to seek out people who support our self confidence. |
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| Is our public image, the way we want others to see us. |
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| Is the person you believe yourself to be in moments of self- examination, sometimes called the “private self.” You are not likely to let the public see this version of yourself. |
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| The communication strategies that people use to influence how others see them. |
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| Who you think you are, the relative set of perceptions you hold of yourself. |
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| How you feel about yourself. |
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| Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (stages): |
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Definition
1) Holding an expectation (for yourself or others)
2) Behaving in accordance of that expectation
3) The expectation coming to pass
4) Reinforcing the original expectation |
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| The ability to re-create another person’s perspective, to experience the world from another’s point of view. |
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| Your view of the other person’s situation from your point of view. |
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| The attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others. |
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| Are socially approved ways that women and men are expected to act. |
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| Refers to the biological characteristics of a male or female. |
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| How does stereotyping influence communications? |
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Definition
| They may be based on a kernel of truth, yet they go beyond the facts at hand and make claims that usually have no valid basis. |
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| Detract from effective functioning. |
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| Contribute to effective functioning. |
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| Believes a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with confidence and skill. |
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| It is not only desirable but vital to get the approval of virtually every person. |
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| The inability to distinguish between what is and what should be. |
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| Fallacy of Overgeneralization |
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Definition
| 1st, bases a belief on a limited amount of evidence. 2nd, occurs when we exaggerate short comings. |
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| Irrational belief that emotions are caused by others rather than by our own self-talk. |
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| That satisfaction in life is determined by forces not in your control. |
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| Fallacy of Catastrophic Expectations |
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| Operates on the assumption that if something bad can happen, it will. |
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| The process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another. |
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| Dwelling persistently on negative thoughts that, in turn, intensify negative feelings. |
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| The nonvocal process of thinking; sometimes referred to as intrapersonal communication. |
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| Language that is vague and general rather than concrete and specific. |
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| Language that describes observable behavior. |
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| A statement in which the word “but” cancels out the expressions that precede it. |
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| Cultures that avoid direct use of language; relying on the context of the message to relay meaning. |
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| Cultures that use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible. |
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| The notion that the world-view of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language that its members speak. |
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| A statement that clearly identifies the speaker as the source of the message. |
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| Communicators who use the "it" statement to avoid responsibility of the ownership of a message. |
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| Implies that the issue is the concern of both the speaker and the receiver of the message. |
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| Expresses a judgement of the other person. |
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| The study of how people use interpersonal space and distance. |
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| The study of body position and motion. |
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| The study of how humans use and structure time. |
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| Types of ineffective listening: |
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| Message overload, preoccupation, rapid thought, effort, external noise, faulty assumptions, lack of apparent advantages, lack of training, hearing problems. |
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| Is the physiological dimension of listening. |
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| Is the process of making sense of others messages. |
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| Prompting, questioning, paraphrasing, supporting, analyzing, advising, and judging. |
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