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Communications Exam 2
Terms of Commiucations Exam 2
99
Communication
Undergraduate 1
10/20/2011

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Term
Appeasement
Definition
Giving into the other part during conflict situation.
Term
Avoidance
Definition
Not dealing with a conflict between two or more people.
Term
Avoiding Topics
Definition
Not bringing up topics that are sensitive in a conflict situation.
Term
Competition
Definition
Where one part tries to use aggression or power to beat the other party in a conflict.
Term
Conflict
Definition
An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties each of whom perceives incompatible goals, scares rewards, and interference from the other in attempts to achieve goals.
Term
Denial
Definition
A negotiation tactic in which one party does not admit to an earlier agreement.
Term
Inter-group Conflict
Definition
Conflict between groups.
Term
Interpersonal Conflict
Definition
Conflict between people.
Term
Intra-group Conflict
Definition
Conflict with in a group.
Term
Intrapersonal Conflict
Definition
Conflict with in an individual. (Torn between two choices.)
Term
Postponement
Definition
Putting off an agreement in a negotiation.
Term
Prescription
Definition
A threat that would effectively end the conflict. (Get the job done by tomorrow or I'm not paying.)
Term
Presumptive Attribution
Definition
Making statements that attribute to another person's feelings, thoughts, or motives that he or she does not acknowledge. (You only say that because you know it makes me mad.)
Term
Principled Negotiation
Definition
Deciding an issue based on its merits rather than by taking positions and trying to get the other party to come to our position.

1. Separate People from the problem.
2. Focus on interests not positions.
3. Invent various options for mutual gain.
4. Use objective criteria.
Term
Qualification
Definition
Limiting the subject at issue. (Lets not get into why we don't have enough money, can we figure out how to manage what we have right now?)
Term
Semantic Focus
Definition
An attempt to avoid a conflict in which a person focuses on what is being said and then makes statements about what the words mean or how to characterize them.
Term
Shifting
Definition
Changing your requirements during negotiation.
Term
Underresponsivness
Definition
When the party is not responding to your communication efforts.
Term
Norms
Definition
Rules, whether implicit or explicit about behavior.
Term
Disruptive Power
Definition
The Power a person has to keep the other from doing something he/she wants to do.
Term
Role
Definition
A set of norms that apply to a specific subclass with in society.
Term
Expected Roles
Definition
The norms a person is expected to abide by in society.
Term
Enacted Roles
Definition
The norms a person actually enacts in society.
Term
Interrole Conflict
Definition
Occurs when you occupy two (or more) roles that entail contradictory expectations about a given behavior. (Proctoring an exam and see a friend cheating.)
Term
Intrarole Conflict
Definition
Contradictory expectations concerting a single role. (Friend tells you something very personal that you believe is wrong but you're not sure if you should interfere and voice your opinion.)
Term
Self-Disclosure
Definition
The process of intentionally making information known about oneself.
Term
Johari Window
Definition
A model representing levels of awareness and self-disclosure.

Q1 - Known Self (Everyone Knows)
Q2 - Hidden Self (You know but others don't)
Q3 - Blind Self (Things other know but we don't)
Q4 - Unknown Self (Things no one knows)
Term
Dyadic Effect
Definition
When one person discloses something about himself to another, he or she usually in return causes level of openness in 2nd person. (Telling your partner something secret will make the partner more likely to tell you something of the same magnitude in return.)
Term
Secure Attachment
Definition
People who are comfortable with intimacy and dependence; warm.
Term
Avoidant Attachment
Definition
People who are very uncomfortable with intimacy and dependance.
Term
Anxious-Ambivalent
Definition
People who yearn for intimacy and dependance but fear abandonment and being unloved.
Term
High Affiliator
Definition
Has a strong need to be with others and seeks out companionship.
Term
Low Affiliator
Definition
Has a week need to be with other and usually prefers to be alone.
Term
Commitment
Definition
The resolve to continue in a relationship indefinitely and to make the efforts necessary to ensure that it will continue.
Term
Eros Love Style
Definition
A style marked by intense emotion and strong commitment to the other person.
Term
Ludus Love Style
Definition
A style marked by manipulation and usually lacks intensity and commitment.
Term
Storage Love Style
Definition
A style marked by the fusion of love and friendship, tends to be very long lasting.
Term
Pragma Love Style
Definition
A style marked by rational decisions and matching desired traits.
Term
Mania Love Style
Definition
A style marked by possessiveness and tends to be very emotional; contains jealousy.
Term
Agape Love Style
Definition
A style marked by a selfless, all giving love.
Term
Complementary Structures
Definition
Based on differences between the partners; one is dominate and other is submissive.
Term
Symmetrical Structures
Definition
Based on similarities between the partners; both are dominate or submissive.
Term
Parallel Structures
Definition
Based on some combinations of complimentary and symmetrical structures; partners react differently depending on the situation.
Term
Status
Definition
The Position of an individual in relation to another or others.
Term
Interpersonal Communication
Definition
Communication that occurs between two or more people.
Term
Content Dimension
Definition
Actual context of a message.
Term
Relational Dimension
Definition
How a message affects our relationships.
Term
Reciprocity
Definition
An act of giving information on some level; usually in conversations.
Term
Onion Theory
Definition
AS levels of intimacy increase, more critical information is usually shared with a partner.
Term
Reciprocal Liking
Definition
If someone like you, you will like them back.
Term
Knapp Model
Definition
1. Initiation Phase - Non personal things
2. Experimenting Phase - Non Superficial Talk
3. Intensifying Phase - Actually becoming a friend.
4. Integrating Phase - You and Me -> Us
5. Bonding - Announcing things
Term
Knapp's Coming Apart Stages
Definition
1. Differentiating - Us -> me and you
2. Circumscribing - No more personal conversations
3. Stagnating - "Just There"
4. Avoiding - Psychical Separating
5. Terminating - Break Apart
Term
Duck's Model
Definition
1. Intrapsychic - 2nd guess relationship
2. Diatic - Talk about problems
3. Social - Start to talk to others in social network.
4. Grave Dressing - Burring relationship
Term
Catastrophe Theory
Definition
An event that causes the relationship to end suddenly.
Term
Positive Face
Definition
Desire to maintain image/motivation to be seen in a certain way.
Term
Negative Face
Definition
Desire to have control over actions and behaviors.
Term
Oxytosin
Definition
Feel good hormone.
Term
Stage of Conflict
Definition
1. Latent Conflict
2. Emergence
3. Escalation
4. De-escalation
5. Resolution
6. Reconciliation
Term
BATNA
Definition
Best alternatives to negotiable agreement.
Term
WATNA
Definition
Worst alternative to a negotiated agreement.
Term
Negotiating Process
Definition
1. Introductions
2. Telling the stories
3. identifying the issues
4. Generating opinions
5. writing the agreement
Term
Caucus
Definition
One party leaves the room so you can talk to only one party, usually confidential.
Term
Ethics
Definition
The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person.
Term
Aristotle's Golden Mean
Definition
The answer lies between two extremes.
Fear - (Courage) - Over Confidence
False Modesty -(Truthfulness)- Narcissism
Term
Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative
Definition
A command you must follow regardless of the situation.
1. Laws
2. In America, children get education
3. Telling the truth
Term
Bentham and Mill's Utilitarianism
Definition
Based on the outcomes of your action(s).
1. Moral choice maximizes the number of people helped and minimizes the number of people harmed.
Term
Wral's Veil of Ignorance
Definition
"All things equal, would you make the same choice?"
Term
Plagiarism
Definition
Using or presenting information as your own that in fact doesn't belong to you.
Term
Wistleblowing
Definition
A member of a group makes a charge about the violation or a moral code or social norm with in the group itself.
Term
Moral Courage
Definition
The ability to stand up for your morals.
Term
Leak
Definition
Previously unknown information is made public but its source is unknown.
Term
Relational Satisfaction
Definition
We feel satisfied if all of our goals are satisfied.
Term
Close Relationship Satisfaction (Steps)
Definition
1. Intimacy 2. Commitment 3. Excellent Communication 4. Uniqueness (Rules are unique)
Term
Liking-Disclosure Hypothesis
Definition
The more we like someone, the more we disclose to them.
Term
Disclosure-Liking Hypothesis
Definition
The more someone discloses to us, the more we like them.
Term
Adult Attachment Styles
Definition
Secure, Preoccupied, Dismissive, Fearful
Term
Selection Effect
Definition
Religious values and morals that influence cohabitation and divorce.
Term
Fatal Attraction
Definition
Thing that draws you together ends up tearing you apart.
Term
Similarity Effect
Definition
We tend to like people who are similar to ourselves.
Term
Self Esteem Effect
Definition
The lower our self esteem is, the more people we are attracted to. (Solitary Confinement)
Term
Proximity Effect
Definition
Where they are. (The closer you are geographically, the more attractive they appear.)
Term
Physical Attractiveness
Definition
We tend to be attracted to more "attractive" people.
Term
Social Isolation Effect
Definition
We are attracted to everyone because we've had no communication.
Term
Anxiety Effect
Definition
People who are feeling anxiety tend to want to people with other people suffering from anxiety.
Term
Time (In Re-guard to Relationships)
Definition
The more time we spend with someone the closer we are going to become with them. This also has to do with the amount of time we want to spend with someone.
Term
Lying and Deception
Definition
Sometimes used in relationships to protect the interests of the relationship or the feelings of the other person.
Term
Confirming Message
Definition
Any behavior that causes another person to value himself more.
Term
Disconformation
Definition
A type of communication that discounts what you are saying and basically make you feel "invisible".
Term
Relationship Maintenance
Definition
How people, regardless of the level of intimacy, maintain close relationships.
Term
Canary & Stafford's Model of Relationship Maintenance
Definition
Positivity - Being forgiving and doing things to increase the other persons self-esteem.
Openness - Talking about the relationship.
Assurances - Stressing commitment to the other person.
Networks - Spending time with common friends, include the other person.
Tasks - Sharing duties or tasks with the other person.
Term
Gottman's Magic Ratio
Definition
5 good times for every bad 1 time in a relationship.
Term
Stress-Buffering Model
Definition
A factor that helps reduce the impact of negative aspects of life on a persons health.
Term
Kilmann-Thomas Conflict Model
Definition
Avoid (Nothing gets done)
Accommodate (To give in)
Compromise (Come to an agreement)
Collaborate (Both parties win)
Compete (Aggressive)
Term
Wish, Want, Walk
Definition
What you wish to get, what you want to get, when to walk away from an offer.
Term
Integrating Strategy
Definition
Most positive, similar to collaborating.
Term
Obliging Strategy
Definition
Accommodating
Term
Dominating Strategy
Definition
Using force or position to make a decision.
Term
Compromising Strategy
Definition
Finding a "middle" group.
Term
Avoiding Strategy
Definition
Avoiding the disagreement or argument all together.
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