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systematic, quantitative analysis of content of messages
-media-counting, quantitative
ex) count how many of something; indians in soap operas |
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-identify attitudes/behaviors
-issues: need representative sample; can't make casual conclusions
-only relationship between variables
-more of this, more of that, believe, think
-ex)do college students rely more on cable tv, comedy news or internet for their news? |
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-purpose: draw casual conclusions
-to do: manipulate the cause variable, control everything else and measure effect/outcome
-limits:participant sample limited , artificial setting, poor external validity
-keywords: leads, reduces, causes, increases, decreases, produces
-ex) does news source influence story? |
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| rule governed, capable of displacement (talk/refer to things that aren't in front of us)-> use language to refer to things |
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| Thought reference to symbol (word) and object referent with an arbitrary connection in between |
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| context, knowledge, experience, relationship |
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| explicit, agreed upon meaning typically widely shared among people of the same language |
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| idiosyncratic denotations |
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| unique, inside jokes, something others don't use word for |
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emotional, evaluative connections to the word, idiosyncratic or shared definitions
ex) house vs home |
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-Shift towards: gain favor, acceptance, establish belonging
-shift away: distinguish ones group or power ("us" vs "them" mentality) |
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| Language and Judgement of others/Perceptions |
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-ex) equivocal language: intentionally indirect language (say present was"thoughtful" when you didn't like it)
-ex) power of speech style |
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-low power: polite forms, hedges ("I would think..."), intensifiers (very, extremely), hesitations (ummm, uhhh), tag questions (question at end of the sentence)
-high power: fluent, direct competent (seem more competent) |
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| mechanism for creation of words/phrases and sentences |
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| placement of words in a sentence |
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| relationship, situation, cultural factors |
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| 5 Functional Communication Competencies |
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-how language behaviors work/function for people
-Controlling
-Informing
-Feeling
-Imagination
-Ritualizing |
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influence oneself, others, and environment
-control:neutral can be + or -
-persuasion: +
-whining, ridiculing, insulting, etc: - |
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-form basis of informational competency:
--questioning- ask
--reinforcing- take notes/repeat info
--describing- learn about world/others
--withholding-when to reveal when to withhold |
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| Language to express feelings |
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-capture and express emotions
-primarily relational-> show how much we value or don't value someone by the emotions we express |
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| convey a vision; think, play be creative |
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-learn rules for managing conversations and relationships
-depends on the situation |
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-evasion: avoid details
-equivocation: use words that are unclear/misleading
-euphemisms: inoffensive words or phrases that substitute worse terms
-slang: known by particular group only
-jargon: members of given procession, interest group, etc |
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-Semantics: relation between symbols, objects, people, concepts
--acquire language
-pragmatics:use symbol systems of cultural appropriately
--how to use language |
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| ignore individual differences, realm of bias, adopt labels |
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| deductions or conclusions |
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