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Definition
| • Errors in the structure of argument, the nature of the appeals they make, or the language used to make them. |
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| Sample size is too small or not representative enough |
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| – arguing against something the opponent hasn’t argued or you magnify and small point out of proportion |
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| – irrelevant points; not pertinent because of claim or evidence (Distractions) |
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| (begging the question) the claim is identical |
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o Simple evasion
o Ad hominem – attack person instead of argument
o Shifting ground – change position in argument
o Seizing on the trivial – trivial part of the argument is the whole argument |
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| you have two choices and no other option |
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| accept a claim is true because no evidence to the contrary exists (Ad ignoratium) |
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| Band wagon appeals (Ad populum) |
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| appeal to emotion overrides logic |
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| reduce a claim to its absurdity. Take it to its illogical lengths (reduction ad absurdum) |
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| when the time something has been done becomes the reason you’re doing it |
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| occurs when a term is used in legitimate but different senses by two or more persons involved in argumentation |
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Definition
| occurs when an individual uses a term in different ways in the context of the same argument |
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| • Emotionally loaded language |
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| – becomes a problem when we use terms that show more about our feelings on the issues that about the rational basis from which those feelings derive or when we use emotion as the sole means to alter the belief or behavior of others |
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| becomes a problem when the audience is overwhelmed with too many new terms or when it is used to impress the audience or replace sound reasoning |
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Definition
• Assert a relationship about something and what we are asked to believe about it
o About past or current state of things
o We debate how we should interpret the facts
EX - Joe Patterno should not have been fired from Penn State |
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Term
| • Analyze the Proposition |
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Definition
• Immediate cause – why look at the proposition now?
• Historical background – look for precedent
• Define Key Terms
• Use stock issues |
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Term
| Proposition of fact stock issues |
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Definition
o What information confirms or denies the alleged relationship between the subject and predicate of the primary inference
o What techniques of reasoning should be used to demonstrate this relationship (i.e. generalization, parallel case, cause and effect, etc.) |
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Term
Stock issues
• Policy Proposition |
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Definition
o is there a reason for change in a matter generally suggested by the policy proposition
o Does the policy proposed resolve the reason for change
o What are the consequences of the proposed change |
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Definition
• Look for effect arguments – what happens if we prove the relationship true?
• Significance argument – (immediate cause) Joe Patterno was a role model
• Inherency – why we do or do not believe something to be probably true |
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| • Opposing propositions of fact |
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Definition
• Evaluate the primary inference
• Establish you strategy – needs to clash with advocate
• Refute by denial or extension – attack reasoning and evidence
o Denial – deny advocates relationship between terms
o Extension – advocate ignores or leaves out information |
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Term
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Definition
| • Values are models of thought that can influence others |
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• Advocating propositions of value
• First step |
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| • Define the value object (the subject of the sentence) |
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• Advocating propositions of value
• second step |
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| • Identify the value hierarchy – responsibility of self and the responsibility of the others |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Third step |
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| • Prove superiority of the advocates interpretation of the value object |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Fourth Step |
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| • Offer the testimony of admiral people who support the interpretation of the value object |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Fifth step |
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| • Identify signs that the interpretation fits the norms of societal value |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Sixth step |
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| • Specify the criteria – criteria discovery and development (the discovered or created |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Seventh step |
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Definition
Measure the value object –
o Effect – what value object is reported to do or possess
o Significance – related to the magnitude, severity, and frequency in which the effect occurs |
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• Advocating propositions of value
Eighth step |
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| • Inherency – the societal structure or attitude responsible for causing the present state of belief or behavior to exist. |
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• Opposing value propositions
First step |
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Definition
| • Establish strategy – defend, present alternatives, show faults in argument |
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• Opposing value propositions
Second step |
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| • Examine definitions and hierarchy – accept, reject, provide alternative and/or modify |
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• Opposing value propositions
Third step |
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| • Did advocate identify a value hierarchy |
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• Opposing value propositions
Fourth step |
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| • Are there more appropriate value hierarchies? Did the advocate provide enough backing? |
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• Opposing value propositions
Fifth step |
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Definition
| • Challenge the criteria – main points, is there a more important main point? |
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• Opposing value propositions
Sixth step |
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| • Refute the measurement – argue against the effect, significance, and inherency, evidence (validity), and relevance. |
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• Opposing value propositions
Seventh step |
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Term
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Definition
• Intro’s and conclusions
o Story or a narrative
o Starting statistic
o Quotation
o Rhetorical question |
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Definition
• EX – uh, um, like, y’know, and right?
• Become a problem when they become a pattern or become predictable |
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Definition
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Definition
• Walk for a purpose
• Keep your feet planted
• Stand up straight |
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Definition
• Don’t just read!
• Use note cards for main and important points
• Put quotations and sources on them |
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Definition
| Using the authority of someone when it doesn’t relate |
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