Term
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Definition
| The process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Interaction that builds connections between people that helps them to understand each other and to recognize common interests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responses from the audience to the speaker, often in the form of nonverbal cues. |
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Term
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Definition
| A space (imagined, rather than physical) in which citizens gather to discuss issues affecting them; discussion characterized by certain assumptions about the need for cooperative actions and subjective judgment to resolve a problem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how messages affect people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking that focuses on the present and is usually concerned with praise. Used to present an award or give a eulogy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what should be done. (Oral reports, sales pitches, advocating policies) |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking that focuses on the past and is usually concerned with justice. This is the dominant form of speaking in a court of law, but only plays a small role in public speaking elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| A problem that cannot be avoided but that can be solved, or at least managed, through the development of an appropriate message. |
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Term
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Definition
| Providing listeners with new information or ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Influencing listeners' attitudes and behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulating a sense of community through the celebration of common bonds among speaker and listeners. |
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Term
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Definition
| The generation of materials for a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The structuring of materials within the main ideas, the organization of main ideas within the body of the speech, and the overall structure of introduction, body, and conclusion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presentation of the speech to an audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental recall of the key ideas and the basic structure of the speech. |
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Term
| extemporaneous presentation |
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Definition
| A mode of delivery in which the speech is planned and structured carefully but a specific text is not written in advance nor memorized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mode of delivery in which the speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech. |
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Term
| Respect for Your Listeners |
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Definition
| 1. Meet listeners where they are: Be willing to acknowledge their current position and make it your point of departure. 2. Don't insult listener's intelligence or judgment. 3. Make sure your message merits the audience's time. 4. Respect listener's ability to assess your message: Do not mislead them about your purpose or try to manipulate them by hiding options or by casting any particular option in unduly favorable or unfavorable light. 5. Respect the cultural diversity of your audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using another person's words as if they were your own. |
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Term
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Definition
| The goal of the speech, the response sought from listeners. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main idea of the speech, usually stated in one or two sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The speaker's character as perceived by the audience. This may not necessarily reflect their actual character as a person. |
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Term
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Definition
| The beginning of the speech, designed to get the audience's attention, to state the thesis, and to preview the development of the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest portion of the speech; includes the development of supporting materials to prove the thesis and any subsidiary claims. |
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Term
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Definition
| All forms of evidence that lend weight to the truth of the claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ending of the speech; draws together the main ideas and provides a note of finality. |
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Term
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Definition
| An outline used in developing a speech; main ideas and supporting material are usually set forth in complete sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| An outline used while presenting a speech; typically consists only of key words written on an index card. |
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Term
| Steps to Practicing Your Speech |
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Definition
| 1. Develop and talk through the preparation outline. 2. Reduce the preparation outline to a presentation outline. 3. Develop exact wording for the introduction and the conclusion. 4. Simulate the conditions under which you will speak. |
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Term
| Tips for Presenting Your Speech |
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Definition
| 1. Walk confidently to the front of the room and do not begin to speak until you get there. 2. Speak a bit more slowly than you think you normally do. 3. Try to maintain eye contact with your audience. 4. When you don't need your hands to emphasize a point, let them hang naturally by your sides. 5. Make sure you are speaking loudly enough to be heard, and vary your pitch and rate so you don't speak in a monotone. 6. Think of what you are doing as communication with others, not as a performance. |
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Term
| communication apprehension |
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Definition
| Fears and worries people have about communicating with others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased anxiety felt by a speaker while thinking in advance about giving a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The increased anxiety felt by a speaker when beginning to speak. |
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Term
| How to Deal with Speech Anxiety |
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Definition
| 1. Acknowledge your fears, but recognize that you can overcome them. 2. Think about what you are going to say and the effect you want to have on your audience. 3. Act confident, even if you feel apprehensive. 4. Visualize in your mind what it will be like to be a successful speaker. 5. Work carefully on the introduction so that you can start the speech on a strong note. 6. End the speech on a strong note and pause for a second before returning to your seat. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feeling what listeners feel and knowing what they think. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Placement of the voice on the musical scale, ranging from high to low. |
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Term
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Definition
| A very narrow, unchanging pitch range. |
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Term
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Definition
| The speed at which a person speaks, measured in words per minute. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periods of brief silence within the speech. Do not pause too often, and be aware of pauses in the wrong places. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pauses filled with sound, such as "uh" or "um". These arise from nervousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Precision and clarity in the production of individual vocal sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Precision and distinctness in sounding words. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sounding of a word in the accepted way. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pronunciation pattern that characterizes a particular geographic area, economic or social class, or cultural factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pronunciation pattern for a sentence as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Before you speak, consider the arrangement of the speaking space, the intimacy and formality of the event, and the ability for eye contact to determine your personal appearance. 2. When approaching the podium, walk with confidence no matter how you feel. 3. Your physical appearance will be what creates your audience's first impression of you. Be aware that your dress should match the formality of the event and be appropriate for the setting. Typically, speakers dress more formally than the audience does. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of hands and arms during the speech as a means of emphasis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first step of a gesture; involves bringing the hands into a position from which the gesture can be made. |
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Term
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Definition
| The execution of a gesture, raising the hand and moving it in the intended manner. |
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Term
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Definition
| Returning the hands to a normal relaxed position at the conclusion of a gesture. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Make eye contact with your audience. It will allow them to view you as being honest and open, and it will allow you to take in any nonverbal feedback from them. 2. Maintain eye contact even while using notes. It is fine to pause briefly to glance at your notes and resume eye contact when you speak again. 3. Speaking to a large audience can make eye contact more difficult. Focus on general areas of the audience by mentally dividing listeners into three or four groups and shift your focus among those groups. 4. Speaking for a camera is different because you are focusing your eye contact on one "listener" basically. The camera will pick up shifts in eye contact, so be aware of that. 5. Be dynamic; a dynamic speaker is animated and enthusiastic. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mode of presentation in which the speaker has done little or no specific preparation for the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief periods of practice spread over time. This is the most effective way of practicing speeches. |
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Term
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Definition
| A few lengthy practice sessions shortly before delivering the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sensory process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and someone becomes conscious of sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing their meaning in memory. |
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Term
| Why Listening is Difficult |
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Definition
| 1. Listener distractions. 2. Limited attention span. 3. Jumping to conclusions. 4. Situational distractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distractions such as daydreaming, or a chain of thoughts being cued by words within the speech. Mental channel surfing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The length of time a person will attend to a message without feeling distracted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A factor that makes listening difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to regard two similar messages as basically identical, blurring the distinction between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distracting events that cannot be controlled, such as a door slamming shut or construction nearby the speaking location. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagramming the relationship between the thesis of a speech and its main ideas. The steps of mapping are: Extracting the thesis, identifying the main ideas, assessing the main ideas, and deciding whether the main ideas support the thesis or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Focus on the thesis and main ideas. 2. Use key words rather than full sentences. 3. Organize notes in a rough outline. 4. Abbreviate and use symbols whenever possible. 5. Make notes to help you evaluate the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Listening that enables you to offer both an accurate rendering of the speech and an interpretation and an assessment of it. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to form and defend your own judgments rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Critical Thinkers |
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Definition
| 1. Reluctant to accept assertions on faith. 2. Distinguish facts from opinions. 3. Seek to uncover assumptions. 4. Open to new ideas. 5. Apply reason and common sense to new ideas. 6. Relate new ideas to what they already know. |
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Term
| Skills of Critical Thinking |
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Definition
| 1. Questioning and challenging both your own ideas and the ideas of others. 2. Recognizing differences between ideas, facts and opinions, etc. 3. Forming opinions and supporting claims. 4. Putting ideas into a broader context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Judgments that can be articulated and defended by providing the reasons for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluation of a speech according to the effects it produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evaluation of a speech according to its ethical execution of principles of public speaking without regard to its actual effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| The analytical assessment of messages that are intended to affect other people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variety or diversity among audience members; dissimilarity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Buzzwords or phrases that are devoid of specific content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming that all members of a demographic category are alike in all respects. |
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Term
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Definition
| Subjective factors that characterize a particular audience and make its situation distinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personal gain or loss resulting from an action or policy. |
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Term
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Definition
| What an individual regards as interesting or important. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements that listeners regard as true. |
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Term
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Definition
| Positive or negative judgments that listeners apply to a person, place, object, event, or idea. |
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Term
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Definition
| Talking down to an audience; assuming that listeners are not capable of thinking about a subject and reaching their own conclusions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Facts that are commonly known among the members of a culture; common knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brief references to something with which the audience is assumed to be familiar. |
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Term
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Definition
| Socially assigned positions, such as parent, student, employee, and citizen. |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups with which listeners identify, regardless of whether or not they belong to them. Reference groups serve as guides or models for behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency to expose oneself to messages that are important personally and that are consistent with what one already believes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conscious or unconscious choice about whether or not to focus intently on a speech, absorb and process its contents, and take it seriously. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interpretation or understanding given to a speech; the meaning it has for a listener. |
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Term
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Definition
| An imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying whatever will please an audience even if it is not what the speaker really believes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Common or typical categories for organizing subject matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of view from which one approaches a topic. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causing listeners to be aware of and to think about a topic that previously had escaped their attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| The replacement of one set of beliefs by another that is inconsistent with the first. |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors beyond your control that limit your options. These can arise from audiences in general, your specific audience analysis, your ethos, the nature of your topic, and the rhetorical situation. |
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Term
| general purpose statement |
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Definition
| Statement of the overall goal of the speech: providing new information or perspective, agenda setting, creating positive or negative feeling, strengthening commitment, weakening commitment, conversion, or inducing a specific action. |
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Term
| specific purpose statement |
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Definition
| Statement of the particular outcome sought from the audience; a more specific version of a general purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question raised by the thesis statement that must be addressed in order for the thesis itself to be addressed effectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of looking for an discovering supporting materials for the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exploration of a speech topic to determine which subordinate topics must be covered. |
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Term
| Types of Supporting Material |
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Definition
| Personal experience, common knowledge, direct observation, examples, documents, statistics, testimony. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption that a statement or claim is true until shown otherwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Brief example. 2. Hypothetical example. 3. Anecdote (story). 4. Case study. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary source that can establish a claim directly without opinion or speculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Numbers recording the extent of something or the frequency with which it occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Simple enumeration (the results of a counting exercise). 2. Surveys and polls. 3. Rates of change. 4. Experiments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Information or an opinion expressed by someone other than the speaker. |
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Term
| Sources of Supporting Material |
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Definition
| Periodicals, newspapers, books, reference works, government publications, interviews. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question with a finite number of choices from which the respondent must pick. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that does not restrict the range of possible responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that explores the implications of a personal response. |
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Term
| How to Determine the Quality of Internet Evidence |
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Definition
| 1. Does it meet the basic standards of credibility by providing author(s), contributor(s), or sponsor(s)? 2. Who set up the website? 3. What are the source's credentials? 4. What is the purpose of the website? 5. Does the content appear to reflect scholarship? 6. Can you confirm the information? |
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Term
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Definition
| A file of clippings, quotations, ideas, and other gleanings on a variety of subjects that may be used as supporting materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proof established through interaction between the speaker and the listeners; provides support for a conclusion but not assurance that it is true. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mental leap from the supporting material to the claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| Typical of the lager category from which a case is selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inference that appears to be sound but that, on inspection, contains a significant flaw. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming that what is true of the whole is automatically true of the part. |
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Term
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Definition
| A comparison of people, places, things, events, or more abstract relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| A direct comparison of objects, people, or events. |
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Term
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Definition
| A comparison of the relationships between objects, people, or events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something that stands for something else. |
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Term
| physical observation (as a sign) |
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Definition
| Regarding something that can be observed as a sign of something that cannot. |
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Term
| statistical index (as a sign) |
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Definition
| A statistical measure that is taken as a sign of an abstraction. |
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Term
| institutional regularity (as a sign) |
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Definition
| A sign relationship that results from norm or social convention. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern that suggests that one factor brings about another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor really is the cause of both. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assuming that, because one event occurred before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testimony from a person who is generally recognized as an authority on a particular subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| Testimony from a person who is not an expert. |
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Term
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Definition
| To offer judgments without providing any basis for them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The quality of striking a responsive chord with listeners, causing them to identify with what one is saying. |
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Term
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Definition
| A claim that, on its face, is unrelated to the supporting material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Only restating the claim in slightly different words, rather than supporting the claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making an inference that diverts attention from the issue at hand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having multiple meanings. |
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Term
| Why Organization is Important |
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Definition
| 1. Recall. 2. Active listening. 3. Personal satisfaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The separation of one main idea from another. When ideas overlap, the structure of a speech becomes confusing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure in which phrases are of similar syntax and length. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clear relationships among ideas and topics so that the speech appears to hang together as a natural whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot stand on its own but requires that some other claim or statement be true. |
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Term
| logically independent idea |
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Definition
| Does not require the truth of any other claim or statement as a condition for its own truth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency for what is presented first to be best remembered. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tendency for what is presented last to be best remembered. |
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Term
| Patterns for Arranging Main Ideas |
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Definition
| 1. Chronological. 2. Spatial. 3. Categorical (topical). 4. Cause-effect. 5. Problem-solution. 6. Comparison and contrast. 7. Residues (process of elimination). |
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Term
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Definition
| Ideas that are components of or support for the main ideas in the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of the body of the speech among selected categories for discussion. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Identifying with your audience. 2. Referring to the speech situation. 3. Stating your purpose. 4. Stating the importance of your topic. 5. Citing statistics, making claims. 6. Telling a story. 7. Using an analogy. 8. Asking a rhetorical question. 9. Quoting someone. |
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Term
| Strategies for Preparing an Introduction |
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Definition
| 1. Prepare the body of the speech first. 2. Relate the intro to the body. 3. Keep the intro brief. 4. Make the intro complete. 5. Keep a file of potential intros. 6. Plan the intro word for word. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Signal that the end is coming. 2. Summarize the main ideas. 3. Make a final appeal to the audience. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Summarizing. 2. Quoting someone. 3. Making a personal reference. 4. Challenging the audience. 5. Offering a utopian vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| A connection, or bridge, between the main elements of the speech and between the main ideas within the body of the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A summary within the body of the speech, drawing together one of the main ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| A preview within the body of the speech, leading into one of the main ideas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using verbal cues to indicate to an audience where you are in the structure of the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designating the supporting materials for a main idea with the subordinate symbol and indentation system in an outline - for example, supporting materials, indicated by capital letters, indented under their main idea, indicated by Roman numerals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Designating all ideas that are on the same level of importance with the same symbol series and level of indentation in an outline. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pattern of choices attributed to a person by others to characterize or to distinguish him or her. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a particular person. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern of stylistic choices that characterizes a group with which a person identifies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making self-reference to the speaker or situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unintentional but possibly meaningful confusion of words or usages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Explaining what a term means by identifying specific operations to be performed. |
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Term
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Definition
| The referent for a given word. |
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Term
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Definition
| The feelings or emotional responses associated with a given word. |
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Term
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Definition
| A shift in connotation applied to the same denotation or a shift in denotation applied to the same connotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A concise statement of a principle, often in the form of a proverb; also called an aphorism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized or technical terms within a given field of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| A term that may or may not be widely used in ordinary conversation but that has a specific meaning within a particular field of knowledge. |
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Term
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Definition
| Efficiency in the use of words; avoidance of unnecessary words. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word pattern that focuses on who di what and prominently features the agent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A word pattern that focuses on what was done and largely ignores the agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying or writing the opposite of what is meant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of being interpreted with more than one meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| A word, phrase, or thing that harmoniously accommodates (condenses) diverse ideas or references within a single positive or negative connotation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking simultaneously with different "voices" or on different levels of denotative meaning but with similar connotations. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of movement or pacing within a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pattern in which the audience responds to a speaker's questions or prompts, often with repetitive refrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pairing of opposites within a speech, often to suggest a choice between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Graphic, easy to picture. A speech is vivid if its language enables listeners to develop mental pictures of what is being said. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An explicit statement that one things is like another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Naming one thing in terms of another; discussing one thing as though it were another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repetitive consonant sounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of sounds that resemble what they describe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Discussion or abstract complex ideas in human terms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Reproducing a conversation within a speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| A memorable phrase that is recalled from a speech and used to identify a speech. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A speaker's ability to appeal to their audience's emotions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The speaker's logic of argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy to relate what happened with little analysis or interpretation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A strategy in which a cumulation of details characterizes, or evokes a mental image of, the subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| A curve that displays the rate at which something learned is forgotten over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A response by a speaker that rewards the listener to strengthen the listener's positive attitude toward the speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| An audience that is strongly committed in opposition to the views of the speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| The refusal to accept the claim in a message no matter how strong its justification is. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disregarding a message (even if it is generally true) because one disputes that it applies to oneself. |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeping two conflicting beliefs separated so that one need not be conscious of the conflict between them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of being understood in more than one way. |
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Term
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Definition
| The opposite effect from that which a speaker intends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making people aware of values and commitments that they previously took for granted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A prediction that comes true because of actions that people take upon hearing the prediction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attack or defense of a challenged statement or claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements that are not in the speaker's self-interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| Statements that are suspect because they are influenced by the self-interest of the source. |
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Term
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Definition
| Materials that the speaker shows to the audience during the speech. |
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Term
| Benefits of Using Visual Aids |
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Definition
| Interest, credibility, comprehension and retention, argument. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charts, graphs, representations (textual graphics, diagrams), objects and models, people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Computer generated slides, transparencies, audiovisual media, multimedia, flip charts and posters, handouts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Fittingness or appropriateness to the occasion. Pay attention to formality, length, intensity, supporting material, and identification. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group presentation in which a subject is organized topically and each speaker addresses a limited portion of the subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for groups to approve more extreme solutions than would an individual because no one is personally responsible for the group's decision. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presiding officer of a meeting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rules for the conduct of public meetings. |
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Term
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Definition
| A statement proposing what an assembly should do. |
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Term
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Definition
| A question that presupposes a value judgment adverse to the speaker. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identifying two unacceptable options and assuming that they are the only alternatives. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Speaking at ceremonial occasions; it reaffirms a community's common bonds and values, strengthening ties between individuals and the group. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conscious awareness, salience. |
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Term
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Definition
| A special form of the testimonial speech, honoring someone who has died. |
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Term
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Definition
| A brief testimonial speech, usually delivered in the presence of the person honored and accompanied by raising a glass in the person's honor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech of tribute that both honors and pokes fun at a person. |
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Term
| commemorative celebration |
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Definition
| A speech of remembrance delivered on the anniversary of an important event. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech marking the issuance of an award. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech presented when one receives an award or a nomination for office. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech presented near the beginning of a meeting to guide its thematic agenda and to help set its tone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of being heard in different ways by different listeners, all of whom find the term or concept positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech that is intended to motivate a group and inspire enthusiasm for a task. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech presented following a ceremonial meal, usually humorous in tone but with a serious message. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech in which a person is named for an office or honor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speech delivered when assuming an office to which one has been elected. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. To gain the attention and interest of your audience. 2. To influence the audience to view you and your topic favorably. 3. To clarify the purpose or thesis of your speech. 4. To preview the development of your topic. |
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Term
| Criterion for Selecting Main Ideas |
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Definition
| 1. Is this idea essential? 2. Can a more general statement combine several ideas? |
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