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image you are trying to vonvey
presented image of the communicator
interaction is always identity |
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| all activities of a person that occur while he or she is before a particular set of observers. |
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| idea that you have to mobilize your activities to express the idea/ image you are trying to convey |
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| any set of individuals who cooperate in a given performance.expected to project unanimity. |
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| allocates roles in the play, corrects and performer whose performance is unsatisafactory |
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| a violation of accepted social norms (for example, standard customs or etiquette rules), a socially awkward or tactless act |
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| inadvertently disrupt performance |
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| people where they are not supposed to be |
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| specifically started to disrupt something, all out disregard |
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| people who are loyal to the team,work to keep the team members loyal to the team members and to the performance itself. |
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| do no want people to unintentionally create disruptions,dedicating oneself to the performance but without losing oneself in it. Self-control, making sure one can play the part properly, rehearsal |
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| dramaturgical circumspection |
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| minimizing risk by preparing for expected problems |
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| audience practices to avoid disruption |
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| voluntary avoidence of back region |
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-In front of outsiders
-Implicit ignoring of people (sitting to close to person at dinner) |
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| the other person is someone you know |
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| inattentive to civilized society - want to give others room and space |
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| Names of Revelation Strategies |
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Definition
| repressed bubbling (yeah!), accidental revelation (accidentally leave exam face up), Passive Persuasion (positive nonverbal behaviors, active persuasion (blatanly obvious nvb's), question answer (ask one question that leads to another), foot in the door (you got question 8 right?! thats really good), Selective revelation |
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| Absenteeism, lieing, emphatic concealment (stuffed into notebook), subtle concealment (elbow over score without drawing attention),a adopting an air of nonchalance |
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a claim and its supporting reason
interactions marked by overt disagreement |
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| justification , correctness, persuasiveness |
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Definition
a claim can be correct but poorly justified
can make a sound argument for a claim that can be incorrect
can have a persuasive argument but poorly justified |
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| statement advanced for the acceptance of others, conclusion of the argument |
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| the specific info relied on to support the claim. evidence |
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| The reason for what you are saying. answers how you get from grounds to claim |
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| a statement that supports the warrant or grounds or both |
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| exceptions in argument, claim will be true unless |
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| indicate the force or strength with which claim is advanced (certainly definatly, prob) |
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| warrant makes a very weak connection: appeal to tradition, authority, pity, force, ad hominem (criticizing person rather than the claim) |
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| language in imprecise ways to manipulate claim: fallacy of equivocation (my America different from your America), straw man fallacy (ending lives of people when it is not true the people don't want it to end, the family doesn't like them or something) |
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| begin with a false (or at least unwarranted) assumption, and so fail to establish their conclusion: begging the question, false dichotomy (force listener to pick 2 choices when there are more), slippery slope (one thing leads to another and goes out of control), post hoc(because of one time it must have been that one thing), hasty generalization (small sample - large population), tu quoque (you too) |
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| accepting influence in hopes of receiving favorable reaction. hoping to avoid punishment or get rewards |
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| if you want compliance you need to make someone think you care about them |
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| primary source of influence in compliance, authority to control something the person wants |
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| you may have control over someone but if you don't check up on it, then they might not do it |
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| accepting influence due to relationship with the persuader, agents effectiveness is based on attractiveness |
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| Accepting influence because the new behavior or opinion fits with the value system, agents effectiveness based on credibility, effective change is based on changing persons perceptions of value maximization |
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| Dimensions of credibility |
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Definition
`Competence: ability to know whats true (product: how much you know about a topic, process: ability to talk in persuasive ways about a topic, pratfall effect: someone so knowledgeable that they actually intimidate people)
trustworthiness: whether you think they tell the truth
Extroversion: how willing you are to talk, you want to be high but no off the charts high
Sociability: ability to have pleasant convos with others |
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complaince: punish if does not comply, reward if does
identification: encourage person to identify with you smell good
internalization: convince a person that there are good values in showering, kept for life |
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| complexities and caveats of social influence |
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Definition
processes not mutually exclusive, given behavior/opinion can be based on different processes at different times
persuasion is not the only relevant goal |
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condition 1: high cred --- test of attitude
condition 2: low cred --- test of attitude |
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| subliminal message elements |
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Definition
something in a message that is beyond being consciously aware of.
no proof it works
cannot work alone |
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Definition
if ad is moderately enjoyable, it is more persuasive
if people already like the product ads are less likely to do anything |
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low involvement: attractive spokesperson, not having to do with argument per say
high involvement: content must be engaging |
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visual, audio, written,
not a strong impact |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological reactance theory: how individuals respond when their freedom is threatened or eliminated |
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| 4 theoretical principles of PRT |
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Definition
1. reactance can only be aroused if individuals believe they have freedom over a specific outcome
2. the threatened behavior increases in attractiveness, so does the amount of reactance aroused
3.PR increases as number of threats increase
4.when implied threats are present, the magnitude of PR is greater. |
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Term
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Definition
news media commonly cover political campaigns in sports frame of reference
conflict: people compete against other people
resolution: winners/losers
events leading to resolution: missed kick |
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Definition
you can see who is winning by the number of votes online or the states that have been finalized
gubernatorial scorecard
personal attacks on other person, focus strategy: what are they doing (talking about healthcare etc.) |
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| Proposed alternative to sportsframe |
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Definition
prob: job interview
proposal: what will person say they are going to do
Performance: what shows in the past they will actually do what they are claiming |
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Definition
objectivity: must remain neutral, describe rather than say what is true
entertainment: keep people entertained so they pay attention
Informativeness: something new, not same old things
Brevity: not a lot of time to cover, people dont have time to read long articles or watch for hours |
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| makes things dramatic, quick and easy story, voters do not learn much about actual candidates, allows for public cynicism (all politicians the same) |
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| Most people get news here |
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| Agenda setting hypothesis |
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Definition
| the attention given to issues by the news influences public perception of the importance of issues |
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| simple correlation design |
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Definition
amount of media coverage - percieved issue importance
Topics given attention to, the higher people percieve them as important |
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Definition
amount of media coverage - - percieved issue importance time 1
amount of media coverage - - percieved issue importance time 2
not full proof of cause |
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Definition
| Purposely manipulate news coverage, have people watch doctored news coverage |
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| finding of agenda setting |
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Definition
| can and does occur, strength of effect related to amount of exposure, newspaper exposure has more effect |
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| Study 1 and study 2 of face ratio |
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Definition
study 1: content analysis and count # of times certain characteristics appear
Study 2: participants look at photos with different face ratios and rate them based on intelligence, power, amition etc. |
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| Cognitive benefits: kids tend to be more ready for kindergarten |
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| Socio Emotional: cooperation, handle anger |
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