Linear Model - one-way view of communication that assumes a message is sent by a sources to a receiver through a channel (Shannon & Weaver)

Transacitional Model - view of communication at the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages 

1) Symbole are abstract/arbitrary/ambiguous

2) Stand for different things

3) Random to connection between the sumbole and the thing it represents 

4) Open to more than one interpretation 

1) Susceptible to misunderstanding - different meanings

2) Irreversible - once something is communication it can't be taken back

3) Functional - use communication as a tool to accomplish goals

4) Learned 

words or terms that label the most important elements in a theory (variables)

- Nominal concepts - unobservable (anything inside your brain, can't be touched like IQ)

- Real concepts - observable (age, eye color, height...)

1) Paradigm are intellectual traditions, or ways of viewing the world, that are shraed by a community of scholars 

2) The world of scholarly inquiry is populated by a variety of paradigms (our lense to see theourh the world)

3) Paradigms are distinguised by their meta-theoretical positions (communicating about communicating/theory about theory)

Assumptions about the nature of human existence  

Ex. What is human nature? Do people have free will? (humanistic extreme, not scientific extreme)

Assumptions about the nature, methods, and limits of human knowledge (subjective: you create your reality everywhere you go, there's no reality)

Ex. Can people know reality? What counts as knowledge? Is there one universal truth can be known? (Not humanistic, scientific extreme)

1) Scopt and Boundaries - efficient scopt for a theory, a theory that doesn't have boundaries isn't useful

2) Logical Consistency - does it make sense? Should be non-contradictory

3) Parisimony - Simplistic, should contain concepts that are useful without leaving anything out

4) Utility

5) Testability

6) Heuristic - Generates new idea

7) Test of Time - Does it last?

1) Language relies on a common ground shared meaning (two people communicating need to speak same language in order to exchange)

2) Language is a relatively precise symbole system (usually we only have one word that corsponds our feelings)

3) Language allows the expression of abstract ideas

4) Language is self reflexive (we use language to talk about language)

1) Abstract - words stand for object, but not the things they represent themselves, use "concrete language" to avoid misunderstandings

2) Arbitrary - open for interpretations, ambiguous

3) Related to Culture - create the world view (mail men, stewarts)

4) Consequential - complex reality (dreams)

1) Totalizing - a tendency for language to neglect or ignore the details, nauances, or complexity of real life experience

2) Reification - reacting to words as though they are an accuraet and complete representation of reality 

1) Human beings live in communication (create reality that we live in)

2) Human beings cocreate a social reality (social constructionism like emotions, events, self...are constructed through communication)

3) Information transactions depend on personal and interpersonal meaning 

Influenced by a sense of

1) morality - each person brings various moral orders into a conversation to create and complete the episode 

2) availability of resources - they refer to "the stories, images, symbols, and institutions that persons use to make their world meaningful". Resources also include perceptions, memories, and concepts that help people achieve coherence in social realities 

1) Variable intensity - variation, degrees of expressions

2) Potential for universal meaning - people can understand without a shared language 

3) Simultaneous transmission - you can send a lot of cues at the same time

4) Spontaneous transmission - you don't ahve to think too much in order to respond

5) Automatic processing - you don't have to think very hard about other's emotions/facial expressions

1) Strengths - easy to examine one behavior at a time

2) Weakness - behaviors do not occur in isolation

1) Kinesic Cues - how we move our bodies

2) Proxemic Cues - how we use our personal space

3) Touching Behaviors - haptics: shaking hands

4) Facial Cues - facial expressions

5) Eye Contact - how you make eye contact

6) Paralinguistic Cues - how we say things (tone/speed/accent)

Fouces on a comprehensive, integrated description of nonverbal behaviors in the service of different social functions 

1) Strengths - Patterns are what determine meaning; focuses attentino on the functions of messages (looking at all cues, focus on functions first, cues second)

2) Weaknesses - Inferences about function are often uncertain (uncertain of goals and intentions)

1) Providing information

2) Regulating interaction

3) Expressing intimacy

4) Exercising social control or dominance

5) Facilitating service or task goals (different jobs have different tasks to complete)

1) Complementing

2) Accenting - 加強語調，放慢速度以致強調

3) Repeating - to repeat a verbal messae, 以手勢來加強

4) Substituting - instead of saying something, you can just use actions

5) Contraicting - 有帶點諷刺

1) Expectancies drive human interaction

2) Expectancies for human behavior are leanred

3) People make predictions about nonverbal behavior

Violation of our expectations, tolerance for distance violations

2) Arousal - When something happens that wasn't expected, then attention rises up

3) Communicator Reward Valence - Postitive/negative characteristics of the person who violate the expectations. The sum of the characteristics of a 

4) Violation Valance - Perceived negative or positive assessment of an unexpected behavior. Fouces on the deviation of an expectation 

When something happens that wasn't expected, then attention rises up

1)Characteristics of the Perceived; devides what we are going to pay attention to; things we are perceiving 

2) Characteristics of the Perceiver

- Point of view

- Present needs/purposes/goals

- Personal relevance

- Expectations (consistent/inconsistent)

1) Proximity - close together in our own minds

2) Similar

3) Simplicity 

4) Experience

5) Exoectations

1) Expectations

2) Relative intensity - experiencing the cues 

3) Unique

1) General Traits

- Used to evaluate everyone

- Articulate

2) Sepecfic Traits

- Used to evaluate only a few people

- Unarticulated

3) Halo Effect

- One positive trait perceived, assume other traits are also positive 

1) Primacy Effect

- Initial information carries the most weight

2) Recency Effect

- Most recent information carries the most weight (impressions)

1) Human act toward others on the basis of the meanings those others have for them

2) Meaning is created in interaction between people

3) Meaning is modified throuh an inerpretative process

1) Self - the ability to reflect on ourselves from the perspective of others (think of who we are based on others' perspectives)

2) I - the subject or acting self that is spontaneous, impulsive and creative (the real self)

3) Me - the object or observing self that is reflective and socially aware 

1) Imagine how we appear to others

2) Imagine their judgment of our appearance

3) We feel hurt or pride based on these self-feelings

1) Mind - the ability to use symbole that have common social meanings, or the way people internalize society (socialized identity)

2) Thought - inner conversations with ourselves that help us to make sense of reality (role-taking: envision yourself in a situation, how you would act)

Refers to the construction of casual explanations for people's behaviors (what made you the way you behave?)

1) Internal - inheritantto that person that made them the way they behave (Stable)

2) External - something about that situation that forces the behavior 

1) Fundamental Attribution Error (internal)

- When observers explain another person's behavior in terms of internal rather than external causes (find bad excuses people we don't know well)

2) Actor/Observer Effect (external)

- When actors observe their own behavior in terms of external rather than internal causes (we never want to take the responsibility of doing something wrong, we give ourself/family/friends benefits) 找藉口

1) Perceptual Salience - attribute cause to what is most salient in our perceptual field (選擇性看見)

2) Self-Concept Concerns - we are motivated to maintain a stable sense of self (we all have perception of who we are, and we want to maintain it 為錯誤找藉口)

3) Predictability Concerns - make an attribution that allows you to predict what's going to happen next (we live in a world of uncertainty, alllows you to prepare before doing something)

1) Initial interactions give rise to two types of uncertainty in interpersonal settings

- Cognitive uncertainty: doubts/ambiguity you have about this person's thoughts/beliefs

- Behavioral uncertainty - what behaviors we should have in this situation 

2) Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive stress

3) When strangers meet, they strive to reduce their uncertainty and increase predictability

4) Interpersonal communication is the primary means of uncertainty reduction 

1) Entry Phase - beginning moment of interaction, rule-guided stace, norms

2) Personal Phase - communicte more spontaneously and personally, sharing more private information 

3) Exit Phase - to decide if you want to continue or end the relationship

1) Passive - doesn't involve any overtprocess observational (表面的)

2) Active - engaging interactions with others than person you're interested in (從旁人得知訊息)

3) Interactive - when you go straight to the source (直接下手)

Refers to the doubts that people have about their close personal relatoinships 

1) Self Uncertainty - doubt you have of your own involvements in a relatoinship (do I want to be in relationship?)

2) Partner Uncertainty - doubts about partner's involvement in relationship

3) Relationship Uncertainty - doubts about the relationship as its own entity 

1) Secret Tests

- Questioning social network 

- Evaluating partner's interest in competitors

- Physical separation

- Reducing relationship rewards (holding sex)

- Labeling the relationship in public

- Indirect references to the nature of the relationship

2) Relationship Talk

- Explicit about the nature of this relationship 

1) Social Penetration - the process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate

2) Social Depenetration - the slow deterioration of a close relationship (deeper, more detailed)

3) We accomplish social penetration through self-disclosure - the purposeful process of revealing information about one's self (personal based)

1) Public Image - the outer layers of a person that are visible to others (thin skin; easy to peal off)

2) Private Self - the innermost layers of a person that are only revealed to significant others

3) Breadth - the number of various topics that are discussed in a relationship (shows important information of who we are)

4) Depth - the degree of intimcary that guides topic discussions (不是很多方面的)

1) Reciprocity (相互作用) - the return of openness from one person to another

2) Reciprocity is associated with increased satisfaction and perceptions of equality (more satisfied when equitable; equal amount information of each other)

1) Reward/Cost Ratio - balance between positive and negative relationship experiences (rewarding or risky disclosure? is it going to be benefitial for me to share this information?)

2) Rewards and costs have a greater impact early in the relationship than later in the relationship 

3) Relationships with a history of postivie reward/cost experiences are better able to handle conflicts effectively 

1) Is the other person important to you?

2) If the risk of dislosing reasonable? 
3) Are the amount and type of disclosure appropriate

4) Is the disclosure relevant to the situation at hand? (don't share everything all the time)
5) Is the disclosure reciprocated (相互的)

6) Will the effect be constructive? 

1) Mutual Awareness - both people aware of relationship, but doesn't need to put same effort into it

2) Developt through coordinated interaction - different system of communication that characterizes the relationship

3) Analyzed and evaluated as they develop - analyze what it means when your partner say or do

4) Influenced by outside forces - family/friend/other people in our lives 

5) Enabling and limiting - positive/negative effects

6) Constructed and maintained through communication 

1) Characteristics of individuals drive relationship formation and stability; who you are (preferences) of any given moment and time

 Factors affecting attraction

- Proximity: closer proximity, bigger chance

- Similarity

- Complementary needs: looking for someone that has complementary needs

- Temporary states: date someone you probably wouldn't date, but because in the same environmment so you start dating; "I need a friend now" 

1) Different behaviors are enacted as relatoinships develop over time (comfortable stage)

2) Ability to negotiate relational stages determines relationship development (negotiate the transition)

3) Relationship definitions are negotiated through communication 

1) Comparison Level affects Satisfication

- Ratio of rewards to costs is greater than my expectations for this type of relationship

2) Comparison Level of Alternatives affects Commitment 

 - Ratio of rewards to costs is greater than my expectations for what I could get from an alternative relationship