ways to select a topic

1. pick topic of interest to speaker
2. pick topic speaker wants to learn more about
3. pick topic of interest to audience (egocentric)
4. personal inventory-people, places, events, concepts, policies, natural disasters, problems
5. branching/mind mapping-engaging in free association of ideas
6. browse research materials
7. brainstorm

brainstorming

an analysis of your own reading, viewing, and listening habits and behavior to discover topics of personal interest

ex: I-Pod selections, chat room choices, video and audio downloads, website selections.

1. what you like best and least at owrk, family life, community, etc.

2. what causes take your time and energy: religion, politial party, etc

3. what personal issues bother you: discrimination, environment, etc.

ways to narrow a topic

1. general purpose? inform, persuade, entertain, special occasion

2. specific purpose? what we want to do as a result of a speech

3. central idea/thesis statement? what do you want the audience to know as a result of the speech

Heterogenous = Captive = audience has not chosen to hear a particular speech

Homogenous = Voluntary = collection of people who choose to listen to a particular speech

collection and interpretation of data about the characteristics of people

observable traits (sex, age, race, religion, socioeconomic, education)

1. observations

2. interview

3. survey/questionaire

4. research

• so audience respects you
• audience will listen to you
• earn the right to talk about a topic

in an outline cues as to how to present.

example: pause. show visual aid. make eye contact.

1. competence-degree to which a speaker is perceived as skilled, qualified, experienced, reliable, and informed
2. trustworthiness-degree to which speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, friendly, honorable, and kind
3. dynamism-extent to which an audience perceives the speaker as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathic, and assertive
4. common ground-sharing of values, beliefs, attitudes, and interests

Types of evidence/support

statistics: numbers

examples: stories/anecdotes

testimony: quotations

1. how reliable is the source?
2. how broad was the sample used in the survey?
3. who was included in the survey?
4. how representative was the survey sample?
5. who performed the survey?
6. why was the survey done?

magazine article: "According to Fox Butterfield, a reporter for The New York Times, the crime rate declined in 2001."

research study:"Elizabeth Graham, a communication researcher, found in a 1997 study that relationships go through different patterns after a divorce."

web page: "The American Red Cross website, which I visited on October 25, 2001, stated that over 90 million dollars has been raised for the September 11 disaster relief efforts."

lay: statements made by an ordinary person that substantiate or support what you say

expert: statements made by someone who has special knowledge or expertise about an issue or idea

celebrity: statements made by a public figure who is known to the audience

1. Is the supporting material clear?
2. Is the supporting material verifiable?
3. Is the source of the supporting material competent?
4. Is the source objective?
5. Is the supporting material relevant?

Academic Search Premier

MnPals--books

LexisNexis--Newspapers

WorldCat--Books/around the world

ComAbstracts

ComMega

Communication & Media

rough: preliminary key phrases/words

full sentence: used for memorizing entire speech word for word. includes bibliography

what is included in outlines?

Introduction

Body: main poins. sub points. sub-sub points.

Conclusion

citing a source outloud in a speech

1. chronological
2. spatial
3. problem-solution
4. problem-cause-solution
5. cause-effect
6. Monroe's motivated sequence
7. topical

• designed in a time pattern
• commonly used in informative speeches

• main points are arranged from direction to direction, or by side to side
• commonly used for informative speeches
• ex: The left side of the house has a porch. The right side of the house has a pool.

• cause-effect relationship within the internal points of the speech
• usually has 2 main points: (1) The causes and (2) Effects
• commonly used in informative and persuasive speeches

• identifies a problem and then suggest a solution
• solution must adequately fix and correct the problem area
• most commonly ysed for persuasive speeches

• listing of topics
• most commonly used
• works well for informative and persuasive speeches

1. attention getter (ex: ask question. quote. state a fact.)
2. reveal topic
3. establish credibility
4. provide a justification statement (fact)
5. preview main points

1. foreshadow phrase/brakelight function ("In conclusion")
2. review of main points
3. tie to introduction
4. big bang (can use same way as attention getter)

1. keep relatively brief
2. be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research
3. be creative in devising intro/conclusion
4. don't worry about exact wording until after you finish the body
5. work out intro/conclusion in detail

ask a question

state a fact

quote

full sentences that are put between main points; review what was discussed and preview next point

(between subpoints also in really long speeches)

ex: "Now that we have seen why computers are coming down in cost, let us look next at why software is so expensive."

words or phrases that indicate direction

example: first, second, finally, next, in addition

1. memorized: memorized word for word
2. manuscript: read word for word
3. extemporaneous: speech that is prepared and relies on limited notes (prof. teaching class)
4. impromptu: little to no preparation, practice, or notes

eye contact

gesturing

posture

body movement

facial expressions

rate of speech

volume

pitch

pronunciation

articulation

quality

enunciation (pronunciation & articulation)

quality

fluency

dialect

vocalized pauses (umm, like, uh)

vocal sounds (nonword sounds)

umm

like

uh

variation of pitch, rate, and volume

opposite of monotone

Increase:

• interest
• understanding
• retention
• confidence of speaker
• credibility

poster

brochure

overhead

video

picture

powerpoint

hints for using visual aids

• don't talk to visual aid
• display only when discussing them
• make sure everyone can see it
• leave in front of audience long enough for complete assimilation
• use a pointer or inside arm for pointing
• explain clearly and concisely
• don't ciculate your visual aid
• practice with your visual aid

bar graph

line graph

pie chart

causes of communication apprehension

not enough practice

unprepared

worried about what audience will think

• skills approach: systematically improving your presenting skills. take a public speaking course
• cognitive modification approach: use positive thinking  to boost speaker's confidence
• visualization approach: picture yourself succeeding
• relaxation approach: combining deep relaxation with fear inducing thoughts

informative: teaches. explains. clarify. expounding. logos/ethos. increase knowledge.

persuasive: advocates. change beliefs and/or behaviors. logos/ethos/pathos. call to action.

speeches about:

objects

processes

events

concepts

• significant societal concern
• reasonable problem area and potential solutions
• calls for macro change in action by some entity (usually aided by institution)
• current topic
• fresh topic
• societal concern is not already being fixed
• research available on topic
• topic which you are curious about
• topic you feel strongly about
• topic you can explain and cover in alloted time
• topic audience will learn something about
• topic audience will find interesting
• topic which is relatively new to all participants

continuance: further a belief/behavior

deterrence: prevent belief/behavior

adoption: accept belief/behavior

adoption: accept belief/behavior

discontinuance: change to a new belief/behavior

policy persuasive speech: need to change and adopt policy

change to a new belief/behavior

(most difficult to accomplish)

consistency

degree

benefits

needs

approach

1. problem-solution
2. problem-cause-solution
3. monroe's motivated sequence
4. cause-effect
5. topical

1. attention step
2. need step
3. satisfaction step
4. visualization step
5. action step
   

diagram of an argument

Proof/data ->

warrant/reasoning (link) ->

argument/claim

ex:

Proof: it's dark, cloudy & moist
Warrant: past experience says that dark cloud & moist weather leads to rain
Argument: it is going to rain

Logos: logic/evidence

ex: statistics, examples, testimony

Pathos: emotion/values

ex: thriftiness, social needs, physical

Ethos: credibility

ex: competence, trustworthy, goodwill

• non sqeuitur
• bandwagon
• appeal to ignorance
• faulty cause & effect
• appeal to inertia
• false analogy
• personal attack
• false dilemma
• hasty generalization

non sequitur

bandwagon

faulty cause & effect

personal attack

hasty generalization

false analogy

statistics

examples

testimony

• use to quantify ideas
• use sparingly
• identify source of statistics
• explain
• round off complicated stats.
• use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

• quote/paraphrase accurately
• use testimony from qualified sources
• use testimony from unbiased sources
• identify the people you quote