Term
|
Definition
A way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation.
- Can be between members of different cultures.
- Not all members of a culture share all the same elements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Culture with in a culture that shares common language, values, etc.
Ex. Surfers or New Yorkers |
|
|
Term
| Social Scientific Approach |
|
Definition
Behavior can be observed, measured and predicted, quantitative approach.
- Primarily used to compare different cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An approach that emphasizes subjective experience of the individual. A qualitative approach.
- Researchers get to know individuals.
- Might collect narratives or other writing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concerned with creating change by examining power relationships within a culture.
- Focus on social rather than individual relationships.
- Goal is to understand behavior and enact change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Set of codes and signals shared between members of a culture.
- The less a code system is shared the less comm. is possible. |
|
|
Term
| Principals and Problems (Verbal) |
|
Definition
The failure to understand slang and idioms creates misunderstandings.
Ex. Love Vs. Jung |
|
|
Term
| Principals and Problems (Non-Verbal) |
|
Definition
Failure to understand what different gestures mean.
- Vary from culture to culture.
Ex. Thumbs Up -> Good Job or Fuck You. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contributes to the smooth flow of conversation and ultimately to understanding.
- Those who stay in sync have better understanding of relationships.
- Effected by non-verbal gestures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Our culture is superior to others.
- When to draw the line on cultural acceptance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Established rules of what is accepted and appropriate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of norms that apply to specific groups. Vary among cultures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determines what we think is right, good and important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single, universal principle that underpins all systematic ethics.
Ex. Sacredness of life. |
|
|
Term
| Master Norms (core Values) |
|
Definition
1. Respect for human life
2. Telling the truth
3. Non-violence |
|
|
Term
| Hofstede's Dimensions of Culture |
|
Definition
1. Individualism Vs Collectivism
- Individual Vs. Group
2. High Context Vs. Low Context
- Meaning is inferred Vs. not inferred
3. High Power Distance Vs. Low Power D.
- Degree which people accept authority
4. Masculinity Vs. Femininity
- Work Vs. Compassion
- Achievement Vs. Nurture
5. High Uncertainty Avoidance Vs. Low
- Do not like unknown Vs. open to unknown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of people in a certain culture to value individual identity over group identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The tendency of people in a given culture to value group identity over the individual identity.
- 2/3 of cultures are collective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Skilled in reading non-verbal cues and behaviors, assume others are skilled as well.
- Speak less, listen more.
- Indirect communication.
- Less explicit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Stress direct and explicit comm.
- Emphasize verbal messages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More receptive to authoritarian comm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Equality is emphasized and assumed. |
|
|
Term
| Masculine/Achievement Culture |
|
Definition
Values work, strength, competition and assertiveness.
- Authoritarian. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Values affection, compassion, nurturing and interpersonal relationships.
- Importance to non-verbal behaviors. |
|
|
Term
| High Uncertainty Avoidance |
|
Definition
Comfortable where there is little ambiguity (unknowns)and there is a great deal of info.
- Prefer more rules and predictable behaviors.
- What is different is dangerous. |
|
|
Term
| Low Uncertainty Avoidance |
|
Definition
More open to change and diversity.
- What is different is curious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the values, beliefs and customs of your culture clash with those of a new culture. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you first experience a new culture, everything is interesting and exciting. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| You start to become stressed due to barriers such as language. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Find solutions to your issues and adapt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Engage with the culture and start to develop your intercultural identity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When you return to your native culture, you experience culture shock again due to the change in lifestyle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Honeymoon Phase
2. Culture Shock
3. Adjustment Phase
4. Acculturation Stage
5. Re-Entry Shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Seeing our own undesirable qualities in other people.
Ex. "Your greedy" -> "At least I'm not as greedy as the Jews!" |
|
|
Term
| Inter-Group Contact Theory |
|
Definition
Four conditions needed for optimal interaction between cultural groups.
1. Authority Support
2. Equal status between groups
3. Shared goals
4. Inter-group cooperation
Later a 5 was suggested...
5. Friendship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"Citizen of the world".
- Obligation to others and recognition of our responsibilities for every human being.
- Recognition that humans are different and that we can learn form each other differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for cultures in contact with one another to become increasingly similar to one another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The basic social unit to which we belng.
Ex. Family, childhood friends etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Extended primary group relations.
- Usually short lived but can have influence on a persons life.
Ex. Neighbors, classmates, teammates etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of at least 3 people that work together towards a goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cognitive took used to define one's self though the world in which they live/ |
|
|
Term
| Learning/Education Groups |
|
Definition
A group that meets to teach or learn something about a given topic or subject.
Ex. Book Club. |
|
|
Term
| Problem Solving/Work Group |
|
Definition
A group that has a specific goal to achieve, often in the context of a job.
- Group may have a little in common other than the goal of completing a task. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A group of employees who have day to day responsibilities of managing themselves and the work they do with minimum direct supervision.
- Motivates employees, makes them feel important. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposing new ideas or a change way regarding the group's goal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Asking for clarification, authoritative information and fact relevant to the problem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actions directed towards accomplishing the groups objective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Looking for information that isn't so much factual but for values underlying the suggestions being considered. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Offering facts or generalizations based on experiences or authoritative sources. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stating beliefs or opinions relevant to a suggestion made. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Expanding on suggestions with examples or restatements. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicating the relationships among various ideas and suggestion. Trying to coordinate the activities of group members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulating the group to acting or a decision, attempting to increase quality or activity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicating the position of the group by summarizing the processes made. What direction is the group going in? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Comparing the groups accomplishments to some criterion or standard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helping or facilitating group movement by doing things for the group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Writing down suggestions, recording decision/outcomes. Provides results of the groups efforts. |
|
|
Term
| Group Building and Maintenance Roles |
|
Definition
Encouraging
Harmonizing
Compromising
Gate-keeping and expediting
Following |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Praising, showing interest in, agreeing with, accepting contributions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediating the differences among the other members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operating frm within a conflict situating, by admitting a mistake, disciplining one's self for the sake of group harmony. |
|
|
Term
| Gatekeeping and Expediting |
|
Definition
| Attempting to keep comm. channels open by encouraging the participation of some or by curbing the the participation of others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Going along with the group, passively accepting the ideas of others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Roles designed to satisfy an individual's needs than to contribute to the needs of the group.
Aggressing
Blocking
Recogniting Seeking
Self Confessing
Acting the Joker
Dominating
Help Seeking
Special Interest Pleading |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deflating the status of others, attack the group or the problem it is attempting to solve.
- Take credit for ideas.
- Negative. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Resisting, disagreeing and opposing beyond reason.
- Bringing up a dead issue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calling attention to oneself though boasting, reporting on personal achievement etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using the group as an opportunity to express person non group related feelings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Goofing off, showing a lack of involvement. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trying to assert authority/superiority by manipulating others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attempting to get sympathy from other group members though expressions of insecurity. |
|
|
Term
| Special Interest Pleading |
|
Definition
Speaking on the behalf of some group.
- Speaking on behalf of woman as a man. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideal groups have 5-7 members, as they get bigger, member satisfaction decreases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- One person is the leader
- Leader connected to everyone
- Members not connected
0 0 < - Members
\ /
0 <- Leader
/ \
0 0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-People can communicate with those besides them
- Not everyone can communicate with leader
--0-- <- Leader
/ \
0 0 <- Members
| |
0 0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Shape of a "Y"
- Leader in the middle
0 0
\ /
0 <- Leader
|
0 <- Members
|
0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Decentralized
- Connected to 2 other members
- Pentagon Shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Decentralized
- Access to everyone in the group
- Devil's pentagon shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chat rooms, skype, etc.
- Distance is not an issue
- Non-verbal not seen as well if at all |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Activities that help the group achieve its goal: giving and asking for suggestions, opinions, info. orienting the group. Clarifying remarks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any activities that improve the emotional climate or increase the satisfaction of individual members: agreeing, showing support, Gatekeeping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conformity test using vision. Did this object move?( it really did) On their own they say yes, but when the rest of the group says no first, they say no. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A person who challenges the norms of a group or society. |
|
|
Term
| Public compliance vs. Private acceptance |
|
Definition
| Whether people change their thinking as a result of hearing opinions different fom their own or whether they say they agree with the group when in fact they disagree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agree with group but don't actually believe it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The opinions of others starts to make you doubt your own opinons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all human beings have a need to evaluate their own opinions and Abilities and that when they cannot do so by objective nonsocial means, they compare them with those of other people.
- Am I a good driver? -> Compare to others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We are more likely to engage in risky behaviors if other members of the group do it as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We conform to other opinions because we strive to be uniform. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Illusion of Invulnerability
Rationalization
Perception of Morality
Demonization
Individual Pressure
Self-Censure
Illusion of Agreement
Information Screening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The total field of forces acting on members to remain in the group.
- Emotional commitment to the group
- Cohesiveness group leads to greater effeteness from the group. |
|
|
Term
| Phase of Group Development |
|
Definition
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Small Talk
- Before first meeting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Argue about goals
- Minimal work gets done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Balance
- Cohesion Emerging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Maximum Productivity
- Group morale high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Silently Brainstorm
2. Write down all ideas
3. Discussion and clarification
4. Individually rate ideas
5. Clarification of vote
6. Raking of ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Agreement among all members of a group concerning a given decision. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The vote of a 51% of group members. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Members within a group from a coalition to help each other.
- Over power majority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One or a few group members force their will on a group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creates a feeling of obligation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make Large Request -> They Say No -> Make small request -> They comply to your mall request. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A discomfort caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If the person makes the change/decison themselves, they wil belive it more.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Because you put effort into something its OK to go along with it.
- Buying a car |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A shield, avoiding what you don’t want to see in yourself, avoiding info you don’t want to hear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
You are made to do something and that decison doesn't affect that way you view yourself becuase you didn't do it under your own judgement.
- Someone puts a gun to your head and tells you to kill someone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Make small request -> They Agree -> You increase the request -> They feel obligated to conform. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dressing as if you have authority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more scarce an object is, the more you want it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Make it appear that something is scare event when its not.
- "Limited edition." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Want more when you told you can't have it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the end of something nears, attracting goes up because the resources are running out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reward - Reward for something
Coercive - Do this or else
Referent - Power over someone becuase they like us
Legitimate - Granted power by law
Expert - Power though expertise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High risk organizations.
- Achievement is valued |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Focuses on sales and meeting customers needs.
- Incentive based reward systems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High risk but low feedback.
- Takes time to see results. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Low risk, slow feedback.
- Governments
- Schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organization is a system.
- When one part breaks, the whole organization suffers. |
|
|
Term
| Components of Organizational Cultures |
|
Definition
1. Individualism
2. Power Distance
3. Time
4. Uncertainty Avoidance
5. Continuum of innovative Vs. Traditional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Depends on the relationship with the leader.
- Is he approachable? |
|
|
Term
| Organizational Citizenship Behaviors |
|
Definition
| Accommodating others, assisting others, overall compliance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relative strength of an individuals identification with an organization.
-The more committed a person is, the more likely he/she is to comply. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Communication that is initiated by the organizations upper management and then filters downward through the chain of command.
- Most effective with oral and written comm. |
|
|
Term
| Law of Diminishing Returns |
|
Definition
| Sending to many messages works against goals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From employees to executives.
- Failure of upward comm. can be disastrous.
- Columbia space ship. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An attempt by individuals to increase their attractiveness in the eyes of others. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The exchanges between and among people on the same level of the organization.
- Clarify points
- Overlap and redundancy occurs w/o |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Informal communication that can either be self or group serving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process whereby some of the detail are omitted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The exaggeration of certain points of the rumor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way people distort messages in accordance with their own view of things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dissemination of info, builds relationships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Spread rumors for ones own entertainment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Willingness of an organization to change/no change.
- Failure to change -> failure of org. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An indirect form of communication that passes through a medium.
- Source is anonymous
- Wide spread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Large target audience
- Public message
- Feedback |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The press tell us what to think about by establishing the relative importance of certain issues and through framing they also tell us how to think about the presented information. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prioritized list of items. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dissemination information from a certain point of view.
Ex. 4 Loko's |
|
|
Term
| Media Saturation of an Issue |
|
Definition
| Media presents issues they want to become popular/big. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How people tend to remain silent when they feel that their views are in the minority. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organization that keeps the media from advertising vulgar things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Each audience member receives messages directly from the source of a given medium.
- Wars are bad -> We think they are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Information is passed from the vaious mass media to certain opinion leaders and from these leaders to other people within the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Certain people who have a particularly strong influence.
- Friends
- Parents
- Leaders |
|
|
Term
| Passive vs. Active Audience |
|
Definition
Active - Choose what we are expose to.
Passive - Do not choose what we are exposed to. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency to choose communication that will confirm your own opinions, attitudes or values. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The receiver processes certain stimulus while filtering out others. |
|
|
Term
| Garbner's Cultivation Theory |
|
Definition
| Those who spend more time watching television are more likely to perceive the real world in ways that reflect the most common and recurrent messages of the television world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basing things on the media and not actual research. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choosing to select the most popular sources of media. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If we can relate to a message the impact of that media message is increasd. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Media fulfills needs & desires (we have certain needs, goals; we consume media to meet those needs/goals). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Progressive, experimentalist, first to get something. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre-Order, first in line. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Normal People
- Wait a few months after release. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Wait until "iPhone 2" comes out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Very reluctant to change. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breaks consumers into different categories.
1. Innovators - "The shit"
2. Thinkers - Ideals, mature, responsible
3. Believers - Ideas, traditional, religious
4. Achievers - Career/family oriented, religious
5. Strivers - Fun, not enough money to do things but they try
6. Experiencers - Like variety, excitement, risk
7. Makers - Practical, constructive skills, self sufficent
8. Survivors - Few resources, driven by safety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Writers, artists, viral marketers, they create stories and produce the ideas/products. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determine how much it all costs. |
|
|
Term
| Account & client management |
|
Definition
| The middleman salespeople. Try to please the client. They pitch the ideas |
|
|
Term
| Conventional Persuasive Strategies |
|
Definition
Famous Person Testimonial - "Tiger Woods"
Plain Folks Pitch - Applies to everyone
Snob Appeal - Elevate status "Mac"
Band Wagon - Everyone else is doing it
Hidden Fear - Solve a problem we dont have
Irritation - Irritating commercial
Association - Association a product with a culturally accepted idea
Dissociation - Separate from mother brand
Product Placement - Hidden adverts (coke) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Try to prevent something from being published. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term that only applies to some states, has to do with shield laws. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reporters do not have to disclose their sources unless it is vital towards solving a case. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A claim that harms the reputation of a person or company. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any time a knowingly inaccurate, harmful statement is written and published. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Like libel but spoken instead of written. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything copy-written is extended for the life of the author +70 years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Should internet providers have the ability to restrict the the speed of internet if people go on certain sites. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Programming designed to target a specific segment of the media audience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The merging or coming together of computing, telecommunications, and media in a digital environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Computer Mediated Communication
- Skype
- AIM
- Email |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
We are constantly connected to one another now through technology.
- Must stay connected so we don't miss things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We are able to develop intimate relationships more quickly because gathering info that creates intimacy is readily available online. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ask for a big favor, then tone it down. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Present something you have no intention of following up with, then ask for a larger request. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A view that men should be tough, in control of their feelings, self-reliant, and unaffected by problems. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A view that men should be ruthless, aggressive, and committed to work more than family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A view that a man earns to primary income for the family. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Your views on the world depend on your status in society. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sex Segregation on the job. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invisible barrier that limits advancement for minorities and women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aims to increase acceptance in the work place. |
|
|
Term
| Affirminative Action (Org Comm) |
|
Definition
| Minorities rewarded with a job because they were discriminated against. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Judge someone based on their sexual appeal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication that is goal oriented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Communication that is relationship oriented. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Describes a woman who is very friendly, supportive and welcoming. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A view that women are less mature and competent at make decisions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A woman who is harsh and has masculine features.
- Hillary Clinton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a person is exposed to a lot of violent media, they start to actually think the world is more violent than it actually is. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to read, interpret and control emotions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sometime we don't know how to act so we look to see what others are doing.
- 1st day of college, look around to see what others are doing. |
|
|
