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Communication Disorders
N/A
102
Speech-Language Pathology
Undergraduate 1
12/19/2012

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Term
language disorder
Definition
An impairment or deviant development of the form, content, or use of language. The impairments can impact language comprehension, production, or both.
Term
speech disorder
Definition
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are rarely seen in normally developing children.
Term
speech delay
Definition
Articulation errors or phonological processes that are commonly seen in normally developing children.
Term
language form
Definition
The structure of language, relating to the linguistic systems of phonology, morphology, and syntax.
Term
language content
Definition
The meaning of an utterance or word, relating to the linguistic system of semantics.
Term
language use
Definition
Choices that speakers make about the words and sentence structures in order to best express their intended meanings, referring to the linguistic system of pragmatics.
Term
lexicon
Definition
A mental dictionary of words.
Term
phonology
Definition
The study of organization of sounds; language rules that govern how sounds are combined to create words. [language form]
Term
morphology
Definition
The part of grammar that concerns the study of morphemes (the smallest units of meaning). [language form]
Term
syntax
Definition
Conventions related to the way words are ordered to create sentences. [language form]
Term
semantics
Definition
The meaning of individual words (lexical semantics) or the meanings that are expressed when words are joined together (relational semantics) [language content]
Term
pragmatics
Definition
Conventions related to the use of language in various speaking situations [language use]
Term
functional/developmental language disorder
Definition
Language disorder that occurs during childhood
Term
acquired language disorders
Definition
Language disorder that occurs in late childhood or adulthood
Term
articulation / phonological disorder
Definition
Problems with the production of speech sounds. [subset of speech disorder]
Term
fluency disorder
Definition
An unusual interruption in the flow of speaking. [subset of speech disorder]
Term
phonatory disorder
Definition
A type of voice disorder that results from abnormalities of the vocal fold vibration that yield changes in loudness, pitch, or quality. [subset of speech disorder]
Term
resonance disorder
Definition
A type of voice disorder that results from problems with closing the opening between the nose and mout during the production of speech and sound. [subset of speech disorder]
Term
organic disorders
Definition
Disorders that have a physical cause.
Term
ASHA's code of ethics
Definition
I -honor responsibility to hold welfare paramount, II - best service, III - promote public understanding of the professions, IV - uphold dignity of profession
Term
reduplicated babbling
Definition
ba-ba-ba (6-8 months)
Term
variegated babbling
Definition
ba-do-ke-ga-do (6-8 months)
Term
first word
Definition
(10-14 months)
Term
two word utterances
Definition
(16-20 months)
Term
first grammatical morphemes
Definition
(1yr 10mo - 2yr 2 mo)
Term
multiword sentences
Definition
(2yr 2mo - 2yr 6 mo)
Term
dialect
Definition
Variation of a language that is understood by al speakers of the "mother language." May include sound, vocabulary, and grammatical variations.
Term
accent
Definition
A particular nonnative stress on syllables in words, which connotes the influence of a second language.
Term
code-switching
Definition
The alternating use of two or more languages at the word, phrase, and sentence levels with a complete break between languages in phonology.
Term
CALP
Definition
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - language proficiency that requires high cognitive load.
Term
BICS
Definition
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - Language proficiency at a level that requires low cognitive load.
Term
elective bilingual
Definition
Learn a language in school, then travel to other country where the language is spoken.
Term
circumstantial bilingual
Definition
Immigrated to a second country and must learn a language to communicate - no formal education in the second language.
Term
simultaneous bilingual
Definition
Exposed to two languages from birth.
Term
sequential bilingual
Definition
Learn a second language when they go to school, or as an adult.
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
made of gray matter (neuron cell bodies) and white matter (myelin and neuron axons). Has four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
Located in the cerebrum, important for control of movement - Damage Parkinson's Disease
Term
thalamus
Definition
Sensory information is relayed through this.
Term
brainstem
Definition
Lies at the base of the brain and in front of the cerebellum. It includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. Sensory information from head - important for speech
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Important for balance and coordination.
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
Located in the front of cerebrum - motor planning and execution
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
Located in underpart of cerebrum - auditory processing
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
Located in the back of cerebrum - visual processing
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
Located in the upper back of cerebrum - sensory association and spatial processing.
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
Important for programming movements of speech production.
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
Part of temporal lobe - important for the understanding of speech.
Term
Trigeminal cranial nerve
Definition
A cranial nerve specializing in the movements for chewing.
Term
Facial cranial nerve
Definition
A cranial nerve specializing in movements of face
Term
Vagus
Definition
A cranial nerve specializing in laryngeal and pharyngeal movements.
Term
Hypoglossal
Definition
A cranial nerve specializing in motor tongue movements.
Term
phonological disorder
Definition
Problems understanding and implementing rules for producing sounds and sequences.
Term
articulation disorder
Definition
Difficulty producing sounds.
Term
Otitis Media
Definition
Middle ear fluid secondary to hearing infection - risk of delay in speech development.
Term
sensorineural loss
Definition
Genetic or postnatal disease resulting in hearing loss
Term
cleft lip/ palate
Definition
Oral-facial malformations resulting from interruption of development during prenatal period.
Term
dysarthria
Definition
Neuromuscular impairment resulting in speech disorder.
Term
apraxia
Definition
Neurological damage resulting in inconsistent speech production abilities.
Term
spontaneous speech and language sample
Definition
Clinicians collect a speech sample by talking and playing with the child - determines child's ability to produce consonants and vowels
Term
single-word articulation test
Definition
Assess child's ability to produce consonants in varied word positions.
Term
oral-peripheral examination
Definition
Used to evaluate the ability to move tongue, lips, and palate.
Term
Edema
Definition
vocal fold tissues become swollen
Term
Aphonia
Definition
complete loss of voice
Term
Harshness
Definition
associated with excessive muscle tension
Term
breathy
Definition
vocal folds brought together but there is still space between them - whisper
Term
Hoarse
Definition
harsh and breathy
Term
videoendoscopy
Definition
uses a camera to allow clinician to view vocal folds
Term
stroboscopy
Definition
slow motion technique - clinicians can examine the movement of vocal folds.
Term
visipitch
Definition
instrument that provides objective data regarding a number of acoustic parameters.
Term
hypernasality
Definition
coupling of oral and nasal cavities
Term
nasal emission
Definition
audible escape of air through nose
Term
hyponasal
Definition
like a stuffy nose
Term
spasticity
Definition
resistance to muscle lengthening
Term
hypertonicity
Definition
arms that are bent upward - legs that are positioned like scissors - most prominent in antigravity muscles
Term
athetoid
Definition
involuntary movements characterized by writhing and twisting motions
Term
flaccid dysarthria
Definition
atrophy
Term
hypokinetic dysarthria
Definition
muscles are hypertoned and rigid, tremors i.e. Parkinson's disease
Term
hyperkinetic dysarthria
Definition
tremors don't ever stop
Term
cerebrovascular accident
Definition
stroke
Term
embolus
Definition
moving clot from another part of the body lodges in an artery
Term
thrombosis
Definition
an artery that gradually fills with plaque
Term
anoxia
Definition
deprevation of oxygen to the brain
Term
infarct
Definition
dying tissue in the brain
Term
transient ischemic attack
Definition
closing of an artery with symptoms that disappear within 24 hours
Term
hemorrhages
Definition
stroke caused by bleeding in the brain
Term
aneurysm
Definition
a weakening in the artery that bulges and eventually breakes
Term
contusions
Definition
bruises on the surface of the cortex
Term
lacerations
Definition
tearing of structures and blood vesseles
Term
hematomas
Definition
areas of encapsulated blood
Term
neoplasms
Definition
new growths or head tumors
Term
dementia
Definition
deterioration of neurons
Term
aphasia
Definition
language disorder caused by left-hemisphere damage, typically resulting from a stroke.
Term
neologisms
Definition
new words or "nonsense" word
Term
verbal paraphasia
Definition
selection of alternate for intended word in a category i.e. "lion" for "tiger"
Term
literal paraphasias
Definition
substitutions for sounds (gable for cable)
Term
circumlocution
Definition
an individual can name the items circumstances but not the item
Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition
difficulty with fluency/ agrammatism or trouble with grammar
Term
Prosody
Definition
changes of pitch, stress, intensity, and duration of sounds during connected speech; the intonation of spoken language
Term
Conduction Aphasia
Definition
inability to repeat what was just named.
Term
Anomic Aphasia
Definition
Difficulty retrieving names of objects
Term
Transcortical Aphasia
Definition
either damage is done to motor pathway or sensory pathway
Term
Global Aphasia
Definition
nonfluent verbal expression, poor auditory comprehension, and difficulty repeating words.
Term
homonymous hemianopsia
Definition
loss of half of the visual field on the side opposite the brain hemisphere that was damaged.
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